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The shell of Pyrifusus Newberryi, a species of gastropod.

Pyrifusus Gastropod

The shell of Pyrifusus Newberryi, a species of gastropod.

The interior of the shell of Bulla speciosa, a species of gastropod.

Interior of Bulla Gastropod

The interior of the shell of Bulla speciosa, a species of gastropod.

The exterior of the shell of Bulla speciosa, a species of gastropod.

Exterior of Bulla Gastropod

The exterior of the shell of Bulla speciosa, a species of gastropod.

The shell of Anchura (Drepancheilus) Americana, a species of gastropod.

Anchura Gastropod

The shell of Anchura (Drepancheilus) Americana, a species of gastropod.

The shell of Fasciolario buccinoides, a species of gastropod.

Fasciolario Gastropod

The shell of Fasciolario buccinoides, a species of gastropod.

A mollusk radiate from the Paleozoic time, Rhynchotreta cuneata from the United States and Great Britain.

Rhynchotreta Mollusk

A mollusk radiate from the Paleozoic time, Rhynchotreta cuneata from the United States and Great Britain.

A mollusk radiate from the Paleozoic time, Pterinea emacerata from the Niagara group.

Pterinea Mollusk

A mollusk radiate from the Paleozoic time, Pterinea emacerata from the Niagara group.

A mollusk radiate from the Paleozoic time, Cyclonema cancellata from the Clinton group.

Cyclonema Mollusk

A mollusk radiate from the Paleozoic time, Cyclonema cancellata from the Clinton group.

A mollusk radiate from the Paleozoic time, Platyceras angulatum from the Niagara group.

Platyceras Mollusk

A mollusk radiate from the Paleozoic time, Platyceras angulatum from the Niagara group.

An ancient mollusk from the Paleozoic time, Spirifer mucronatus.

Sprifer Mollusk

An ancient mollusk from the Paleozoic time, Spirifer mucronatus.

An ancient mollusk from the Paleozoic time, Goniatites Marcellensis from the Hamilton group.

Goniatites Mollusk

An ancient mollusk from the Paleozoic time, Goniatites Marcellensis from the Hamilton group.

A Jason mollusk from the Reptilian age of the Mesozoic time.

Jason Mollusk

A Jason mollusk from the Reptilian age of the Mesozoic time.

Distortions of fossils from uplifting: 1) natural form of the shell Spirifer disjunctus (1-4), 2) shortened one-half, 3) shortened above the middle and lengthened below it, 4) upper pressed, lower drawn out, 5) like 3, 6) similar cleavage-plane, 7) lower part prolonged, 8) natural form of Spirifer giganteus (5-8).

Distortion of Fossils

Distortions of fossils from uplifting: 1) natural form of the shell Spirifer disjunctus (1-4), 2) shortened…

"Formation of shell in a simple Foraminifer. In A the shell has one chamber; B, C, and D show the formation of a second. Note outflowing pseudopodia and the enclosure of the shell by a thin layer of protoplasm; note also the nucleus in the central protoplasm." -Thomson, 1916

Foraminifer Shell Formation

"Formation of shell in a simple Foraminifer. In A the shell has one chamber; B, C, and D show the formation…

"A Foraminifer (Polystomella) showing shell and pseudopodia." -Thomson, 1916

Foraminifer

"A Foraminifer (Polystomella) showing shell and pseudopodia." -Thomson, 1916

"A pelagic Foraminifer." -Thomson, 1916

Foraminifer

"A pelagic Foraminifer." -Thomson, 1916

"Optical section of a Radiolarian. a, Nucleus; b, wall of central capsule; c, siliceous shell within nucleus; c1, middle shell within central capsule; c2, outer shell in extra-capsular substance. Four radial spicules hold the three spherical shells together." -Thomson, 1916

Radiolarian

"Optical section of a Radiolarian. a, Nucleus; b, wall of central capsule; c, siliceous shell within…

"Colony of Hydractinia on back of a Buccinum shell tenanted by a hermit-crab." -Thomson, 1916

Hydractinia

"Colony of Hydractinia on back of a Buccinum shell tenanted by a hermit-crab." -Thomson, 1916

"The formation of a coral shell (Asteroides). st., Stomodaeum; ms., mesentery; s., calcareous septum; B., basal plate." -Thomson, 1916

Coral Shell

"The formation of a coral shell (Asteroides). st., Stomodaeum; ms., mesentery; s., calcareous septum;…

"Life history of liver fluke. 1. Developing embryo in egg-case; 2. free-swimming ciliated embryo; 3. sporocyst; 3a. shell of Limnaus truncatulus; 4. division of sporocyst; 5. sporocyst with rediae forming within it; 6. redia with more rediae forming within it; 7. tailed cercaria; 8. young fluke." -Thomson, 1916

Liver Fluke Stages

"Life history of liver fluke. 1. Developing embryo in egg-case; 2. free-swimming ciliated embryo; 3.…

"Interior of Brachiopod shell, showing calcareous support for the 'arms'" -Thomson, 1916

Brachiopod

"Interior of Brachiopod shell, showing calcareous support for the 'arms'" -Thomson, 1916

"Daphnia. E., Eye; A.2, second antenna; A.1, first antenna; dg., digestive caeca; s.g., shell gland; go., gonad; h., heart in pericardium; o., ovum; B.p., brood-pouch; sp., spine; f., furca; s., setae; Ab., rudimentary abdomen; t., caudal fork; g., gut; 1-5, thoracic limbs." -Thomson, 1916

Daphnia

"Daphnia. E., Eye; A.2, second antenna; A.1, first antenna; dg., digestive caeca; s.g., shell gland;…

"Acorn-shell (Balanus tintinnabulum). T., tergum; CR., thoracic legs; R., outer shell in section; D., aperture of oviduct; F., mantle cavity; X., depressor muscle of tergum; AN., antennae; OV., ovary; G., depressor of scutum; H., oviduct; AM., adductor muscle of scuta; S., scutum." -Thomson, 1916

Acorn Shell

"Acorn-shell (Balanus tintinnabulum). T., tergum; CR., thoracic legs; R., outer shell in section; D.,…

"Nebalia. SH., Shell; A.1, first antennae; A.2, second antennae; TH., 8 thoracic limbs; Ab.4, Ab.6, fourth and sixth abdominal limbs." -Thomson, 1916

Nebalia

"Nebalia. SH., Shell; A.1, first antennae; A.2, second antennae; TH., 8 thoracic limbs; Ab.4, Ab.6,…

"Hermit-crab withdrawn from its shell. The anterior appendages are broken off. hd., Head; th., thorax; abd., abdomen." -Thomson, 1916

Hermit Crab

"Hermit-crab withdrawn from its shell. The anterior appendages are broken off. hd., Head; th., thorax;…

"Ideal mollusc. m., Mouth; g.c., cerebral ganglia; c., edges of mantle skirt; z.g., duct of right lobe of digestive gland; s., pericardial cavity; f., edges of shell-sac; v., ventricle of heart; u., nephridium; an., anus; n., posterior part of the foot; l., opening of nephridium; k., genital aperture; g.ab., abdominal ganglion on visceral loop; g.v., visceral ganglion; z.l., left lobe of digestive gland; p., foot; g.pe., pedal ganglion; g.pl. pleural ganglion." -Thomson, 1916

Mollusc Parts

"Ideal mollusc. m., Mouth; g.c., cerebral ganglia; c., edges of mantle skirt; z.g., duct of right lobe…

"Roman snail (Helix pomatia). Note shell covering visceral hump; p.ap., pulmonary aperture (including anus and opening of ureter); f., the foot; g.ap., genital aperture; m., mouth; e., eye on long horn; s.h., one of short horns." -Thomson, 1916

Roman Snail

"Roman snail (Helix pomatia). Note shell covering visceral hump; p.ap., pulmonary aperture (including…

"Vertical section of the shell of a species of Helix. M., Mouth of shell; A., apex; C., columella." -Thomson, 1916

Shell

"Vertical section of the shell of a species of Helix. M., Mouth of shell; A., apex; C., columella."…

"The fresh-water mussel...the inside of the shell (left valve)...u., The umbo; L., the ligament; c.t., lateral teeth; a.a., anterior adductor mark; a.r., mark of protractor of the foot; p.l., pallial line; p.a., posterior adductor mark; p.r., mark of posterior retractor of the foot; A., anterior (the blunter end); P., posterior." -Thomson, 1916

Freshwater Mussel

"The fresh-water mussel...the inside of the shell (left valve)...u., The umbo; L., the ligament; c.t.,…

"The fresh-water mussel...the outside of the shell (right valve)...u., The umbo; L., the ligament; l.g., a line of growth; A., anterior (the blunter end); P., posterior; V., ventral." -Thomson, 1916

Freshwater Mussel

"The fresh-water mussel...the outside of the shell (right valve)...u., The umbo; L., the ligament; l.g.,…

"Diagram of the structure of Sepia. a., Eight short arms around mouth; l.a., one of the two long arms; b., beak of the mouth; c.g., cerebral ganglia, with commissures to the others; E., eye; g., gullet; d.g., digestive gland (the "salivary glands" are not represented); st., stomach; a., anus; sh., shell-sac with sepiostaire; k., kidney; R., reproductive organ; br.h., branchial heart; g., a gill; i.b., ink-bag; m.c., mantle cavity; f., funnel." -Thomson, 1916

Cuttlefish Structure

"Diagram of the structure of Sepia. a., Eight short arms around mouth; l.a., one of the two long arms;…

"Section of shell of Nautilus." -Thomson, 1916

Nautilus Shell

"Section of shell of Nautilus." -Thomson, 1916

"Internal view of the plastron of the Greek tortoise. EP., Epiplastron (clavicle?); ENT., entoplastron (interclavicle?); HYO., hyoplastron; HYPO., hypoplastron; XIPHI., xiphiplastron." -Thomson, 1916

Greek Tortoise Plastron

"Internal view of the plastron of the Greek tortoise. EP., Epiplastron (clavicle?); ENT., entoplastron…

"Scales on ventral surface of plastron of Greek tortoise. G., Gular; H., humeral; P., pectoral; Ab., abdominal; F., femoral; A., anal; M., marginal." -Thomson, 1916

Greek Tortoise Plastron

"Scales on ventral surface of plastron of Greek tortoise. G., Gular; H., humeral; P., pectoral; Ab.,…

"Internal view of tortoise skeleton. H., humerus; SC., scapula running dorsally; PC., precoracoid; C., coracoid; EC., epicoracoid cartilage; P., pubis; IL., ilium running dorsally to sacral vertebrae; IS., ischium; DV., dorsal vertebrae fused in carapace; R., head of a rib; CEV., cervical vertebrae free; CAV., caudal vertebrae free." -Thomson, 1916

Tortoise Skeleton

"Internal view of tortoise skeleton. H., humerus; SC., scapula running dorsally; PC., precoracoid; C.,…

"Actinomma, a radiolarian with a shell and no mouth. A, whole animal with a portion of two spheres of shell removed. B, section, showing relation of protoplasm to the skeleton. c., central capsule; n, nucleus; p, protoplasm; o, openings through which the pseudopodia extend." -Galloway, 1915

Actinomma

"Actinomma, a radiolarian with a shell and no mouth. A, whole animal with a portion of two spheres of…

"Diagram showing some stages in the life history of the Tapeworm (taenia). A, Cysticercus or Bladderworm stage, before the "head" protrudes from the bladder; B, same, later stage; C, Strobila, or chain of proglottides, many being omitted; D, embro, such as fill the uterus of the mature proglottides. It is protected by a shell. b, bladder; ex., excretory canals; g, genital pore; h, head or scolex provided with hooks and suckers (s); u, uterus in a mature posterior proglottis; z, zone of budding or segment formation. The numerals show the approximate number of the segments, reckoning from the front." -Galloway, 1915

Tapeworm

"Diagram showing some stages in the life history of the Tapeworm (taenia). A, Cysticercus or Bladderworm…

"Helix. A, an empty shell in section from apex to base...a, apex of shell; ap., aperture of shell; c, columella or axis of shell; l, lip of shell; s, suture, between whorls." -Galloway, 1915

Helix Shell

"Helix. A, an empty shell in section from apex to base...a, apex of shell; ap., aperture of shell; c,…

"Helix. B, the relation of the animal to the shell when extended...a, apex of shell; an., anus; e, eyestalk; f, foot; l, lip of shell; m, edge of mantle, which secretes the shell; r.a., respiratory aperture; t, tentacles." -Galloway, 1915

Helix Snail

"Helix. B, the relation of the animal to the shell when extended...a, apex of shell; an., anus; e, eyestalk;…

"Mya arenaria, a burrowing clam. The siphon is represented as fully extended. This is quickly retracted when the animal is disturbed." -Galloway, 1915

Burrowing Clam

"Mya arenaria, a burrowing clam. The siphon is represented as fully extended. This is quickly retracted…

"Helix albolabris, a pulmonate Gasteropod." -Galloway, 1915

Helix Albolabris

"Helix albolabris, a pulmonate Gasteropod." -Galloway, 1915

"The Paper Nautilus (Argonauta argo). e, eye; m, mouth; f, siphon; sh, shell; t, tentacles." -Galloway, 1915

Paper Nautilus

"The Paper Nautilus (Argonauta argo). e, eye; m, mouth; f, siphon; sh, shell; t, tentacles." -Galloway,…

"Various forms of Dinoflagellata. 1. Glenodinium 2. Ceratium 3. Prorocentrum 4. Polykrikos. 2 shows the shell only; 4a is an undischarged, and b a discharged stinging-capsule; chr, chromatophores; fl. 1, longitudinal flagellum; fl. 2, transverse flagellum; l. gr, longitudinal groove; ntc, nematocyst; nu, meganucleus; nu, micronucleus; pg, pigment spot; t. gr, transverse groove." -Parker, 1900

Dinoflagellates

"Various forms of Dinoflagellata. 1. Glenodinium 2. Ceratium 3. Prorocentrum 4. Polykrikos. 2 shows…

"Teredo navalis, in a piece of timber. P, pallets; SS, siphons; T, tube; V, valve; of shell." -Parker, 1900

Shipworm in Wood

"Teredo navalis, in a piece of timber. P, pallets; SS, siphons; T, tube; V, valve; of shell." -Parker,…

"Helix nemoralis. an, anus; gen. ap, genital aperture; oc. tent. posterior eye-bearing tentacles; pulm, opening of pulmonary sac; tent, anterior tentacles." -Parker, 1900

Snail Parts

"Helix nemoralis. an, anus; gen. ap, genital aperture; oc. tent. posterior eye-bearing tentacles; pulm,…

"Shell of Solarium perspectivum from the under side." -Parker, 1900

Solarium Shell

"Shell of Solarium perspectivum from the under side." -Parker, 1900

"Cypraea moneta (Cowrie). Showing the mantle, provided with marginal tentacles, partly enveloping the shell. Br, branchia; M, M, mantle; F, foot; T, tentacles at the edge of the mantle." -Parker, 1900

Money Cowry

"Cypraea moneta (Cowrie). Showing the mantle, provided with marginal tentacles, partly enveloping the…

"Shell-bearing Pteropoda. f, f, fins; l, liver; o, ovary; sh, shell." -Parker, 1900

Pteropoda

"Shell-bearing Pteropoda. f, f, fins; l, liver; o, ovary; sh, shell." -Parker, 1900

"Patella vulgata, seen from the ventral side. f, foot; g.l, circlet of gill lamellae; m. e, edge of the mantle; mu, attachment muscle; sl, slits in the attachment muscle; sh, shell; v, efferent branchial vessel; v', aorta; ve, smaller vessels." -Parker, 1900

Limpet

"Patella vulgata, seen from the ventral side. f, foot; g.l, circlet of gill lamellae; m. e, edge of…

"Section of the shell of Nautilus pompilius, showing the septa (s, s), the septal necks (s. n., s. n.), the siphuncle (si, represented by dotted lines), and the large body-chamber (ch)." -Parker, 1900

Chambered Nautilus

"Section of the shell of Nautilus pompilius, showing the septa (s, s), the septal necks (s. n., s. n.),…

"Spirula peronii, lateral view. d, terminal sucker; f, funnel; s1, s2, projecting portions of the shell, the internal part of which is indicated by dotted lines." -Parker, 1900

Spirula Peronii

"Spirula peronii, lateral view. d, terminal sucker; f, funnel; s1, s2, projecting portions of the shell,…

"Oral surface of a male (A) and female (B) Nautilus pompilius in an expanded state. a, shell; b, external annular lobe carrying 19 tentacles on each side, and anteriorly enlarged to form the hood; c, right and left inner lobes, each carrying 12 tentacles in the female, and divided in the male into two parts; d, posterior inner lobe; e, oral cone; f, tentacles of the outer annular lobe projecting from their sheaths; g, two anterior tentacles of this lobe belonging to the hood; i, superior, k, inferior, ophthalmic tentacle; l, eye; n, lamellated organ on the posterior inner lobe of the female; o, funnel; p, spadix; q, antispadix." -Parker, 1900

Nautilus Oral Surface

"Oral surface of a male (A) and female (B) Nautilus pompilius in an expanded state. a, shell; b, external…

The shell of the brachiopod, Lingula Lewisii.

Brachiopod

The shell of the brachiopod, Lingula Lewisii.

"Pentamerus Knightii." -Taylor, 1904

Pentamerus

"Pentamerus Knightii." -Taylor, 1904

"Spirifer striatus, Derbyshire; b valve showing internal coil; c portion of coil." -Taylor, 1904

Brachiopod

"Spirifer striatus, Derbyshire; b valve showing internal coil; c portion of coil." -Taylor, 1904

"Ammonites bifrons. Side view of ditto." -Taylor, 1904

Ammonite bifrons

"Ammonites bifrons. Side view of ditto." -Taylor, 1904

"Ammonites obtusus. Side view of ditto." -Taylor, 1904

Ammonites obtusus

"Ammonites obtusus. Side view of ditto." -Taylor, 1904

"Ammonites communis. Side view of ditto." -Taylor, 1904

Ammonites communis

"Ammonites communis. Side view of ditto." -Taylor, 1904

"Terebratula biplicata–a common fossil." -Taylor, 1904

Brachiopod

"Terebratula biplicata–a common fossil." -Taylor, 1904

"Gryphea–a common Oolitic and Liassic fossil." -Taylor, 1904

Gryphea

"Gryphea–a common Oolitic and Liassic fossil." -Taylor, 1904