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At the end of the lengthy series of entrance ways leading into the interior is the structure's main chamber, the King's Chamber. This chamber was originally 10 × 20 × 11.2 cubits, or about 5.25 m × 10.5 m × 6 m, comprising a double 10 × 10 cubit square, and a height equal to half the double square's diagonal.

Section of the King's Chamber

At the end of the lengthy series of entrance ways leading into the interior is the structure's main…

Piers and columns sustained the roofs for chambers that were too wide for single lintels, and produced, in halls like those of Karnak, of the Ramesseum, or of Denderah, a stupendous effect by their height, massiveness, number, and color decoration. The simplest piers were plain square shafts. The most striking were those against whose front faces were coarved colossal figures of Osiris, as at Luxor, Medinet Habu, and Karnak.

Osiris Pier, Medinet Habu

Piers and columns sustained the roofs for chambers that were too wide for single lintels, and produced,…

A coffer in architecture, is a sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. A series of these sunken panels were used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault. The stone coffers of the ancient Greeks and Romans are the earliest surviving examples.A, from Palmyra; B, Basilica of Constantine.

Roman Ceiling Panels

A coffer in architecture, is a sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling,…

Circular and polygonal plans appear in a number of Syrian examples of the early sixth century. Their most striking feature is the inscribing of the circle of polygon in a square which forms the exterior outline, and the use of four niches to fill out the corners. This occurs at Kelat Seman, a small double church, perhaps the tomb and chapel of a martyr; in the cathedral at Bozrah, and in the small domical church of St. George at Ezra. These were probably the prototypes of many Byzantine churches like St. Sergius at Constantinople, and San Vitale at Ravenna.

Cathedral at Bosra

Circular and polygonal plans appear in a number of Syrian examples of the early sixth century. Their…

A pendentive is a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. The pendentives, which are triangular segments of a sphere, taper to points at the bottom and spread at the top to establish the continuous circular or elliptical base needed for the dome. In masonry the pendentives thus receive the weight of the dome, concentrating it at the four corners where it can be received by the piers beneath.

Diagram of Pendentives

A pendentive is a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or…

The most imposing and original of all Indian domes are those of the Jumma Musjid and of the Tomb of Mahmûd, both at Bijapur. Gol Gumbaz is the mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah (1627-1657) of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Indian sultans, who ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur from 1490 to 1686. The structure consists of a massive square chamber measuring nearly 50 m (160 ft) on each side and covered by a huge dome 37.9 m (124 ft) in diameter making it the second largest pre-modern dome in the entire world (after the dome of Hagia Sophia and Pantheon).

Gol Gumbaz (Section)

The most imposing and original of all Indian domes are those of the Jumma Musjid and of the Tomb of…

"Zircon, a mineral composed of of zirconium silicate, sometimes used as a gem-stone... THe mineral crystallizes in the tetragonal system, generally in combinations of square prisms and square pyramids" (Britannica, 1910).

Zircon

"Zircon, a mineral composed of of zirconium silicate, sometimes used as a gem-stone... THe mineral crystallizes…

"Zircon, a mineral composed of of zirconium silicate, sometimes used as a gem-stone... THe mineral crystallizes in the tetragonal system, generally in combinations of square prisms and square pyramids." -Britannica, 1910

Zircon

"Zircon, a mineral composed of of zirconium silicate, sometimes used as a gem-stone... THe mineral crystallizes…

A French Gothic capital from Sainte Chapelle in Paris from the thirteenth century. The capitals were tall and slender, concave in profile, with heavy square or octagonal abaci. After the middle of the thirteenth century the carving became more realistic; the leaves, larger and more mature, were treated as if applied to the capital or moulding, not as if they grew out of it.

French Gothic Capital

A French Gothic capital from Sainte Chapelle in Paris from the thirteenth century. The capitals were…

A fourteenth century capital from transept of Notre Dame, Paris. The capitals were tall and slender, concave in profile, with heavy square or octagonal abaci. After the middle of the thirteenth century the carving became more realistic; the leaves, larger and more mature, were treated as if applied to the capital or moulding, not as if they grew out of it.

French Gothic Capital

A fourteenth century capital from transept of Notre Dame, Paris. The capitals were tall and slender,…

A fifteenth century capital from the north spire of Chartres. The capitals were tall and slender, concave in profile, with heavy square or octagonal abaci. After the middle of the thirteenth century the carving became more realistic; the leaves, larger and more mature, were treated as if applied to the capital or moulding, not as if they grew out of it.

French Gothic Capital

A fifteenth century capital from the north spire of Chartres. The capitals were tall and slender, concave…

The same gothic principles controlled the designing of houses, farm buildings, barns, granaries, and the like. The finest palaces are well represented by the Ducal Palace at Nancy (1476), the Hotel de Cluny at Paris (1485), and the Hotel Jacques at Bourges. These palaces are elaborately planned, with large halls, many staircases, and handsome courts; they are also extremely picturesque with their square and circular towers, slender turrets, elaborate dormers, and rich carved detail.

Hotel Jacques Coeur, Bourges

The same gothic principles controlled the designing of houses, farm buildings, barns, granaries, and…

"A coin, generally of unusual shape and rude workmanship, issued in a town or castle during a siege, when the operations of the ordinary mints are suspended." -Whitney, 1911 <p>This illustration is of the obverse side of the piece.

Newark Siege Piece - Obverse

"A coin, generally of unusual shape and rude workmanship, issued in a town or castle during a siege,…

&quot;Spanish reef, a derisive term for a jib having a knot tied in its head, or for one of the square-sails whose yard has been lowered and left on the cap.&quot; -Whitney, 1911

Spanish Reef Jib

"Spanish reef, a derisive term for a jib having a knot tied in its head, or for one of the square-sails…

A pillar is similar to a column which is a vertical support structure in architecture, but the base section is any shape but circular. Tschultri, or choultry, is a resting place for visitors where rooms and food are provided by a charitable institution for nominal rates. Some were guest-houses where accommodation is free of charge. Choultries were famous in Colonial India. It was an Hindu-Caravanserai or a Colonnade. It was a typical ancient Indian type of hotel.

Pillar in Trimal Naik's Tschultri

A pillar is similar to a column which is a vertical support structure in architecture, but the base…

The Fairbairn steam crane is a type of harbourside crane of an 'improved design', patented in 1850 by Sir William Fairbairn. The crane's innovation was in the use of a curved jib, made of riveted wrought iron platework to form a square-section box girder. This could reach further into the hold of a ship, clear of the deep gunwales alongside the quay. A typical size for these cranes would be able to lift 35 tons at a radius of 35 feet (11 m). They were powered by self-contained steam engines, with both boiler and engine mounted on-board the crane.

Fairbairn Steam Crane

The Fairbairn steam crane is a type of harbourside crane of an 'improved design', patented in 1850 by…

Instead of columns, square piers are not infrequently introduced in the tombs. In structural buildings they only occur in connection with colossal statues; in which case the pier supports the roof, and the statue, while connected with the pier at the back, has its head free, without supporting anything.

Profile of the Colossal Statue on a Pier at the Luxor Temple

Instead of columns, square piers are not infrequently introduced in the tombs. In structural buildings…

Instead of columns, square piers are not infrequently introduced in the tombs. In structural buildings they only occur in connection with colossal statues; in which case the pier supports the roof, and the statue, while connected with the pier at the back, has its head free, without supporting anything.

Front View of the Colossal Statue on a Pier at the Luxor Temple

Instead of columns, square piers are not infrequently introduced in the tombs. In structural buildings…

There is another form of Egyptian temples called Typhons. They consist of a simple house in the shape of an oblong square, which has the entrance on the shorter side, and two or three consecutive chambers in the interior; whilst a colonnade surrounds all the four sides of the exterior.

Small Temple on Elephantine Island, Floor Plan

There is another form of Egyptian temples called Typhons. They consist of a simple house in the shape…

In 1959 an international donations campaign to save the monuments of Nubia began: the southernmost relics of this ancient human civilization were under threat from the rising waters of the Nile that were about to result from the construction of the Aswan High Dam. This image gives a perspective view of the entrance hall, in which are seen eight standing colossal statues 33 feet high, supported by square piers.1

Entrance to the Great Temple at Abu Simbel

In 1959 an international donations campaign to save the monuments of Nubia began: the southernmost relics…

The structural tendency which prevails in the capitals of all orders to change from the circular form of the shaft into the square is modified in the Ionic by the voluted nature of the capital, and in the Corinthian by representations of vegetable life.

Corinthian Capital

The structural tendency which prevails in the capitals of all orders to change from the circular form…

The Doric capital is an Italian Renaissance design consisting of the abacus, which is square and the echinos, which is circular.

Doric Capital

The Doric capital is an Italian Renaissance design consisting of the abacus, which is square and the…

The byzantine capital is found in the St. Sophia in Turkey. This design is called a Trapeziform, a byzantine design that has a cylindrical shaft continued to the square abacus.

Byzantine Capital

The byzantine capital is found in the St. Sophia in Turkey. This design is called a Trapeziform, a byzantine…

The square plan baluster is an Italian Renaissance design that is found in Venice, Italy. Arranged side by side they are typically used on balconies, Attics and staircases.

Square Plan Baluster

The square plan baluster is an Italian Renaissance design that is found in Venice, Italy. Arranged side…

The square plan baluster is an Italian Renaissance design that is found in Venice, Italy. Arranged side by side they are typically used on balconies, Attics and staircases.

Square Plan Baluster

The square plan baluster is an Italian Renaissance design that is found in Venice, Italy. Arranged side…

The modern French Baluster is a rich variety of square and cylindrical forms. This is used as supports on stalls and on furniture.

Modern French Baluster

The modern French Baluster is a rich variety of square and cylindrical forms. This is used as supports…

The square wooden baluster is used at times as supports for stalls and furniture.

Square Wooden Baluster

The square wooden baluster is used at times as supports for stalls and furniture.

The square wooden baluster is used at times as supports for stalls and furniture.

Square Wooden Baluster

The square wooden baluster is used at times as supports for stalls and furniture.

The Greek square panel is found on the coffer of the Propylaea ceiling, the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. The design is of many rays of stars.

Greek Square Panel

The Greek square panel is found on the coffer of the Propylaea ceiling, the entrance to the Acropolis…

The Roman square panels is an 1879 bas-relief design found near the Tiber river in Rome, Italy. This panel is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Roman Square Panel

The Roman square panels is an 1879 bas-relief design found near the Tiber river in Rome, Italy. This…

The Assyrian pavement square panel is a divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Assyrian Pavement Square Panel

The Assyrian pavement square panel is a divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated…

The Greek square panel is found on the coffer of the Propylaea ceiling, the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. This panel is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Greek Square Panel

The Greek square panel is found on the coffer of the Propylaea ceiling, the entrance to the Acropolis…

The Greek square panel is found on the coffer of the Propylaea ceiling, the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. This panel is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Greek Square Panel

The Greek square panel is found on the coffer of the Propylaea ceiling, the entrance to the Acropolis…

The Greek square panel is found in Athens. This panel is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Greek Square Panel

The Greek square panel is found in Athens. This panel is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated…

The Greek square panel is found on the coffer of the Parhtenon ceiling, a Greek Temple. This panel is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Greek Square Panel

The Greek square panel is found on the coffer of the Parhtenon ceiling, a Greek Temple. This panel is…

This Roman square panel is a mosaic pavement design.

Roman Square Panel

This Roman square panel is a mosaic pavement design.

The Byzantine square panel design is a bas-relief design found in San Marco, Venice, Italy.

Byzantine Square Panel

The Byzantine square panel design is a bas-relief design found in San Marco, Venice, Italy.

This decorated square panel is found on a 10th century book. This panel is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Decorated Square Panel

This decorated square panel is found on a 10th century book. This panel is divided into eight equal…

The Gothic square panel is a 15th century design of tiles found in Bloxham church, England.

Gothic Square Panel

The Gothic square panel is a 15th century design of tiles found in Bloxham church, England.

The Scandinavian square panel is a bas-relief design found on a Celtic stone cross. This panel is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Scandinavian Square Panel

The Scandinavian square panel is a bas-relief design found on a Celtic stone cross. This panel is divided…

This bas-relief square panel is a 12th century design that is found on the tomb of Peter the Venerable who was an abbot in France.

Bas-Relief Square Panel

This bas-relief square panel is a 12th century design that is found on the tomb of Peter the Venerable…

The Medieval square panel is a tile that is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Medieval Square Panel

The Medieval square panel is a tile that is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with…

The Medieval square panel is a tile that is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Medieval Square Panel

The Medieval square panel is a tile that is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with…

The Medieval square panel is a tile that is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Medieval Square Panel

The Medieval square panel is a tile that is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with…

The Medieval square panel is a tile that is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Medieval Square Panel

The Medieval square panel is a tile that is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with…

The tiles square panel is found in the Cistercian monastery in Bebenhausen a village in Germany.

Tiles Square Panel

The tiles square panel is found in the Cistercian monastery in Bebenhausen a village in Germany.

Moorish tiles square panel.

Moorish Tiles Square Panel

Moorish tiles square panel.

The inlaid work square panel is a geometrical interlaced band.

Inlaid Work Square Panel

The inlaid work square panel is a geometrical interlaced band.

Arabian mosaic square panel.

Arabian Mosaic Square Panel

Arabian mosaic square panel.

The inlaid work square panel is a geometrical interlaced band.

Inlaid Work Square Panel

The inlaid work square panel is a geometrical interlaced band.

The Moorish square panel is a 14th century design found in Alhambra a palace in Southern Spain.

Moorish Square Panel

The Moorish square panel is a 14th century design found in Alhambra a palace in Southern Spain.

The Arabian square panel is found on a 16th century wooden door.

Arabian Square Panel

The Arabian square panel is found on a 16th century wooden door.

The Renaissance square panel is a modern German design that is done in intarsia (wood inlaying).

Renaissance Square Panel

The Renaissance square panel is a modern German design that is done in intarsia (wood inlaying).

Modern square panel.

Modern Square Panel

Modern square panel.

The Renaissance square panel is a Venetian 15th century design.

Renaissance Square Panel

The Renaissance square panel is a Venetian 15th century design.

The Renaissance square panel is a Venetian 15th century design.

Renaissance Square Panel

The Renaissance square panel is a Venetian 15th century design.

The Renaissance square panel is a motif that comes from a robe in the St. Croce church in Florence, Italy.

Renaissance Square Panel

The Renaissance square panel is a motif that comes from a robe in the St. Croce church in Florence,…

This Renaissance square panel is found on the door of the Madonna di Galliera in Bologna, Italy.

Renaissance Square Panel

This Renaissance square panel is found on the door of the Madonna di Galliera in Bologna, Italy.

The Renaissance square panel is a tile design.

Renaissance Square Panel

The Renaissance square panel is a tile design.

The Renaissance square panel is a motif of flowers.

Renaissance Square Panel

The Renaissance square panel is a motif of flowers.