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"Diana of Ephesus." —Bulfinch, 1897

Diana of Ephesus

"Diana of Ephesus." —Bulfinch, 1897

"Nike, or Victory." —Bulfinch, 1897

Nike

"Nike, or Victory." —Bulfinch, 1897

"In the Brave Days of Old." —Bulfinch, 1897

Roman battle

"In the Brave Days of Old." —Bulfinch, 1897

"Eirene (Peace)." —Bulfinch, 1897

Eirene

"Eirene (Peace)." —Bulfinch, 1897

"Aphrodite or Venus" —Bulfinch, 1897

Aphrodite

"Aphrodite or Venus" —Bulfinch, 1897

"The Druidical system was at the height of at the time of the Roman invasion uner Julius Caesar. Against the Druids, as their chief enemies, these conquerors of the world directed their unsparing fury. The Druids, harassed at all points on the mainland, retreated to Anglesey and ona, where for a season they found shelter and continued their now dishonoured rites." —Bulfinch, 1897

Druids

"The Druidical system was at the height of at the time of the Roman invasion uner Julius Caesar. Against…

"Minerva." —Bulfinch, 1897

Minerva

"Minerva." —Bulfinch, 1897

Queen of France and Archduchess of Austria. she was the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and his wife Maria Theresa of Austria; wife of Louis XVI; and mother of Louis XVII. She was guillotined at the height of the French Revolution, and is interred with her husband in the royal crypt at Saint Denis Basilica in Paris.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France and Archduchess of Austria. she was the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I…

The god of war, corresponding to the Greek Ares. He was the son of Juno, and as father of Romulus was the traditional founder of the Roman race.

Mars

The god of war, corresponding to the Greek Ares. He was the son of Juno, and as father of Romulus was…

Emperor of Mexico, archduke of Austria, born in Vienna, Austria, July 6, 1832; executed July 19, 1867.

Maximilian

Emperor of Mexico, archduke of Austria, born in Vienna, Austria, July 6, 1832; executed July 19, 1867.

Emperor of Germany, son of Frederick III., born at Neustadt, near Vienna, Austria, March 22, 1459; died Jan. 12, 1519.

Maximilian I

Emperor of Germany, son of Frederick III., born at Neustadt, near Vienna, Austria, March 22, 1459; died…

A general of the French Revoltion, and the ruler of France as First Consul of the French Republic from Nov. 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French and King of Italy under the name Napoleon I from May 18, 1804 to April 6, 1814, and again briefly from March 20 to June 22, 1815

Napoleon

A general of the French Revoltion, and the ruler of France as First Consul of the French Republic from…

Roman emperor, son of Sneius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, born at Antium, Dec. 15, 37 A.D.; suicided June 9, 68 A. D.

Nero

Roman emperor, son of Sneius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, born at Antium,…

"The favorite order was the richly-decorated Corinthian, the beauty of which the Romans strove to increase by adding to it a fulness and strength such as the Greeks never succeeded in attaining." —D'Anvers, 1895

Roman-Corinthian Capital

"The favorite order was the richly-decorated Corinthian, the beauty of which the Romans strove to increase…

"The Composite or Roman order was the outcome of the attempt to improve the Corinthian, of which it was in fact a somewhat free version." —D'Anvers, 1895

Composite capital

"The Composite or Roman order was the outcome of the attempt to improve the Corinthian, of which it…

"The finest monument of this time is the Pantheon of Rome, first built about B.C. 27, which is one of the grandest buildings of the ancient world. Whether it was erected as a Temple or as a Hall attached to the Thermae of Agrippa is a moot point. It is even now in a sufficient good state of preservation for us to be able to judge of what it was." —D'Anvers, 1895

Pantheon

"The finest monument of this time is the Pantheon of Rome, first built about B.C. 27, which is one of…

"Interior of the Basilica of San Paolo, Rome." —D'Anvers, 1895

Basilica of San Paolo

"Interior of the Basilica of San Paolo, Rome." —D'Anvers, 1895

"The Gonzaga Cameo. Ptolemy I. and Eurydice. Roman. In the St. Petersburg Museum." —D'Anvers, 1895

Gonzaga Cameo

"The Gonzaga Cameo. Ptolemy I. and Eurydice. Roman. In the St. Petersburg Museum." —D'Anvers,…

A distinguished and ambitious Roman military leader, provincial administrator and politician of the 1st century BC, the period of the Late Republic. Hailing from an Italian provincial background, Pompey first distinguished himself as a talented military leader during the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

Pompey the Great

A distinguished and ambitious Roman military leader, provincial administrator and politician of the…

Roman emperor, born in Arca, in 205; slain in 235 A. D. He was of Syrian parentage and originally named Alexius Bassianus, but was adopted by Emperor Heliogabalus and assumed the name by which he is known in history.

Alexander Severus

Roman emperor, born in Arca, in 205; slain in 235 A. D. He was of Syrian parentage and originally named…

Roman dictator, born in 138; died in 78 B.C. His father was a poor nobleman, but he had the advantages of a good education, and later a fortune was left to him by a relative, thus facilitating his promotion to rank and office.

Lucius Sulla

Roman dictator, born in 138; died in 78 B.C. His father was a poor nobleman, but he had the advantages…

The second of the so-called "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire. Under his rule, the Empire reached its greatest territorial extent.

Marcus Trajan

The second of the so-called "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire. Under his rule, the Empire reached…

A famous Roman poet, born near Mantua, in northern Italy, Oct. 15, 70; died in Brundusium, Sept. 22, in the year 19 B.C.

Virgil

A famous Roman poet, born near Mantua, in northern Italy, Oct. 15, 70; died in Brundusium, Sept. 22,…

The king of Prussia and emperor of Germany, born in Berlin, March 22, 1797; died March 9, 1888.

William I

The king of Prussia and emperor of Germany, born in Berlin, March 22, 1797; died March 9, 1888.

The king of Prussia and emperor of Germany, eldest son of Emperor Frederick III. born in Berlin, Jan. 27, 1859.

William II

The king of Prussia and emperor of Germany, eldest son of Emperor Frederick III. born in Berlin, Jan.…

Decorations placed on the helmets of the Roman soldiers.

Bronze Helmet Ornament

Decorations placed on the helmets of the Roman soldiers.

Mahratta warriors was masters of guerrilla warfare. They defended the Maratha Empire from the Mughal emperor.

Mahrattas

Mahratta warriors was masters of guerrilla warfare. They defended the Maratha Empire from the Mughal…

In the Roman Republic, and later the Empire, the curule seat was the chair upon which senior magistrates were entitled to sit, including dictators, masters of the horse, consuls, praetors, censors, and the curule aediles. he curule chair was traditionally made of or veneered with ivory, with curved legs forming a wide X; it had no back, and low arms. The chair could be folded, and thus an easily transportable seat, originally for magisterial and promagisterial commanders in the field, developed a hieratic significance, expressed in fictive curule seats on funerary monuments, a symbol of power which was never entirely lost in post-Roman European tradition. Sixth-century consular ivory diptychs of Orestes and of Constantinus each depict the consul seated on an elaborate curule seat with crossed animal legs.

Curule Chair

In the Roman Republic, and later the Empire, the curule seat was the chair upon which senior magistrates…

The Roman divinity of the fruit of trees. She was beloved by several of the rustic divinities, as Sylvanus, Picus, and Vertumnus.

Pomona

The Roman divinity of the fruit of trees. She was beloved by several of the rustic divinities, as Sylvanus,…

A Roman general; born in 106 B.C. He distinguished himself against the enemies of the Roman senate, both within the state and without, and at last fell in the struggle against Caesar for absolute power.

Pompey the Great

A Roman general; born in 106 B.C. He distinguished himself against the enemies of the Roman senate,…

A roman patriot; born about 1310. He was of obscure birth; but having received an excellent education, which he improved by a strong will and vigorous understanding, he was sent by his fellow citizens to Clement VI., at Avignon, in order to prevail on that pontiff to return to Rome.

Nicola Rienzi

A roman patriot; born about 1310. He was of obscure birth; but having received an excellent education,…

This illustration shows a famous Roman statue in front of some Roman architecture.

Rome Personified

This illustration shows a famous Roman statue in front of some Roman architecture.

A key used by the ancient Romans for a dwelling or a chest.

Roman Key

A key used by the ancient Romans for a dwelling or a chest.

Armor used by the ancient Romans in battle.

Roman Armor

Armor used by the ancient Romans in battle.

A lamp used by the ancient Romans for light.

Roman Lamp

A lamp used by the ancient Romans for light.

The frame-work of Corinthian style of the Temple of Jupiter at Rome.

Corinthian Frame

The frame-work of Corinthian style of the Temple of Jupiter at Rome.

An illustration of a Roman galley from the Roman empire.

Roman Galley

An illustration of a Roman galley from the Roman empire.

A small cubed marked on its faces with spots numbering from one to six, used in gaming from being thrown from a box or hand.

Roman Die

A small cubed marked on its faces with spots numbering from one to six, used in gaming from being thrown…

Princess Isabella, wife of Emperor Charles V.

Princess Isabella

Princess Isabella, wife of Emperor Charles V.

Also known as Moctezuma I or Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, an Aztec emperor.

Montezuma

Also known as Moctezuma I or Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, an Aztec emperor.

Also known as Moctezuma I or Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, an Aztec emperor.

Montezuma

Also known as Moctezuma I or Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, an Aztec emperor.

(1500-1558) Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain.

Charles V

(1500-1558) Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain.

(1500-1558) Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain.

Charles V

(1500-1558) Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain.

The 13th and last Incan emperor.

Atahualpa

The 13th and last Incan emperor.

The 13th and last Incan emperor.

Atahualpa

The 13th and last Incan emperor.

An Inca emperor.

Yupanqui

An Inca emperor.

Roman Standards from the Arch of Constantine.

Roman Standards

Roman Standards from the Arch of Constantine.

"A style of classical ornament, so called, in the 13th century from its having been rediscovered in the excavations made in the baths of Titus and other ancient Roman buildings, the Italian word grotto applying to any subterranean chamber. This light, fantastic style was much in favor during the Renaissance. It abounds in all kinds of transformations, from the animal to the vegetable, and mingles all the natural kingdoms in the most fanciful and picturesque confusion." — Chambers, 1881

Grotesque

"A style of classical ornament, so called, in the 13th century from its having been rediscovered in…

The gate at Herculaneum. Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town famous for being preserved along with Pompeii.

Gate at Herculaneum

The gate at Herculaneum. Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town famous for being preserved along with…

"The name of a Roman goddess, identified by the later Graecising Romans with the Greek Athene, whom she greatly resembled, though, like all old Latin divinities, there was nothing anthropomorphic in what was told concerning her." — Chambers, 1881

Minerva

"The name of a Roman goddess, identified by the later Graecising Romans with the Greek Athene, whom…

"The so-called Republican, the earliest coinage, began at an early period of Roman history, and subsisted till about 80 B.C. Its standard metal was copper or bronze, an alloy of copper." — Chambers, 1881

Roman Coin

"The so-called Republican, the earliest coinage, began at an early period of Roman history, and subsisted…

"The Romans, an essentially practical nation, largely improved on the plough, adding to it the coulter and mould-board, and occasionally attaching wheels to the beam to prevent the share from going too deep into the earth." — Chambers, 1881

Plough

"The Romans, an essentially practical nation, largely improved on the plough, adding to it the coulter…

"The Roman soldiers seem to have used two sorts of tents, one, a tent proper, of canvas or some analogous material, and constructed with two solid upright poles, and a roof piece between them; the other more resembling a light hut, of a wooden skeleton, covered by bark, hides, mud, straw, or any material which afforded warmth." — Chambers, 1881

Roman Tent

"The Roman soldiers seem to have used two sorts of tents, one, a tent proper, of canvas or some analogous…

A Roman banner depicting a Gryphon.

Roman Banner

A Roman banner depicting a Gryphon.

A Roman Corinthian Column.

Corinthian Column

A Roman Corinthian Column.

A Roman Corinthian Column.

Corinthian Column

A Roman Corinthian Column.

"The baths of Titus, the name of each part of the building is inscribed on it. The small dome inscribed laconicum directly over the furnace, and having the clypeus over it, will be observed in the corner of the chamber named concamerata sudatio. The vessels for water are inscribed, according to their temperature, with the same names as some of the chambers, frigidarium, tepisdarium, and calidarium." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Roman Baths

"The baths of Titus, the name of each part of the building is inscribed on it. The small dome inscribed…

"Section of the Bath discovered at Tusculum, showing the calidarium (hot room)." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Tusculum Bath

"Section of the Bath discovered at Tusculum, showing the calidarium (hot room)." — Encyclopedia…

"Section of the Baths of Pompeii." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Pompeii Baths

"Section of the Baths of Pompeii." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

"The old bridge of Brioude across the Allier in France. Montfaucon and Seguin speak of this as a Roman work, but Gauthey gives the date 1454 for its construction, and names Grenier and Estone as builders without giving his authority." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Brioude Bridge

"The old bridge of Brioude across the Allier in France. Montfaucon and Seguin speak of this as a Roman…