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"The following cut will show specimens of ancient clasps." — Anthon, 1891

Ancient clasps

"The following cut will show specimens of ancient clasps." — Anthon, 1891

"The cestus used in later times, in the public games, was a most formidable weapon. It was frequently covered with knobs and nails, and loaded with lead and iron. Figures with the cestus frequently occur on ancient remains. They appear to have been of various forms as appears in the fololowing specimens taken from ancient monuments." — Anthon, 1891

Cestus

"The cestus used in later times, in the public games, was a most formidable weapon. It was frequently…

"The carchesium was a beaker, or drinking-cup, which was used by the Greeks in very early times. It was slightly contracted in the middle, and its two handles extended from the top to the bottom. It was much employed in libations of wine, milk, blood, and honey." — Anthon, 1891

Carchesium

"The carchesium was a beaker, or drinking-cup, which was used by the Greeks in very early times. It…

"Talaria, small wings fixed to the ankles of Mercury, and reckoned among his attributes. In many works of ancient art they are represented growing from his ankles as if they were a part of his bodily frame; but more frequently they are attached to him as a part of his dress, agreeably to the description of the poets; and this is commonly done by representing him with sandals, which have wings fastened to them on each side over the ankles. But there is a most beautiful bronze statue of this divinity in the museum at Naples, in which the artist, instead of the sole of a sandal, has made the straps unite in a rosette under the middle of the foot, evidently intending, by this elegant device, to represent the messenger of the gods as borne through space without touching the ground. A representation is seen in the preceding cut." &mdash Smith; 1873

Talaria

"Talaria, small wings fixed to the ankles of Mercury, and reckoned among his attributes. In many works…

"Talus. The huckle-bones of sheep and goats were used to play with from the earliest times, principally by women and children, occasionally by old men. The following cut, taken from an ancient painting, represents a woman, who, having thrown the bones upwards into the air, has caught three of them on the back of her hand. When the sides of the bone were marked with different values, the game became one of chance. The two ends were left blank, because the bone could not rest upon either of them on account of its curvature. The four remaining sides were marked with numbers 1, 3, 4, 5; 1 and 6 being on two opposite sides, and 3 and 4 on the other two opposite sides. Two persons played together at this game, using four bones, which they threw up into the air, or emptied out of a dice-box, and observing the numbers on the uppermost sides. " &mdash Smith; 1873

Talus

"Talus. The huckle-bones of sheep and goats were used to play with from the earliest times, principally…

"Theatrum, a theatre. The Athenians before the time of Aeschylus had only a wooden scaffolding on which their dramas were performed. Such a wooden theatre was only erected for the time of the Dionysiac festivals, and was afterwards pulled down. The first drama that Aeschylus brought upon the stage was performed upon such a wooden scaffold, and it is recorded as a singular and ominous coincidence that on that occasion (500 b.c.) the scaffolding broke down. To prevent the recurrence of such an accident, the building of a stone theatre was forthwith commenced on the south-eastern descent of the Acropolis, in the Lenaea; for it should be observed, that throughout Greece theatres were always built upon eminences, or on the sloping side of a hill." &mdash Smith; 1873

Theatrum

"Theatrum, a theatre. The Athenians before the time of Aeschylus had only a wooden scaffolding on which…

"In makin Aeneas burn incense, Virgil follows the custom of his own time rather than historical verity." — Anthon, 1891

Ancient censer

"In makin Aeneas burn incense, Virgil follows the custom of his own time rather than historical verity."…

"Thyrsus, a pole carried by Bacchus, and by Satyrs, Maenades, and others who engaged in Bacchic festivities and rites. It was sometimes terminated by the apple of the pine, or fir-cone, that tree being dedicated to Bacchus in consequence of the use of the turpentine which flowed from it, and also of its cones, in making wine. The monuments of ancient art, however, most commonly exhibit, instead of the pine-apple, a bunch of vine or ivy leaves, with grapes or berries, arranged into the form of a cone. The annexed cut shows the head of a thyrsus composed of the leaves and berries of the ivy, and surrounded by acanthus leaves. The fabulous history of Bacchus relates that he converted the thyrsi carried by himself and his followers into dangerous weapons, by concealing an iron point in the head of the leaves." &mdash Smith; 1873

Thyrsus

"Thyrsus, a pole carried by Bacchus, and by Satyrs, Maenades, and others who engaged in Bacchic festivities…

"The masts were usually taken down when the vessel arrived in port, and raised again when it was about to depart." — Anthon, 1891

Greek Boat

"The masts were usually taken down when the vessel arrived in port, and raised again when it was about…

"The following cut represents a ship with its rudder. The pole by which it is fastened to the ship's side is the <em>clavus</em>." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Ship with rudder

"The following cut represents a ship with its rudder. The pole by which it is fastened to the ship's…

Greek <em>aplustria</em>, or stern ornament.

Aplustria

Greek aplustria, or stern ornament.

"This instrument was long, and curved at the end. From the similarity of form the original staff received the same appelation." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Litmus

"This instrument was long, and curved at the end. From the similarity of form the original staff received…

"On ancient monuments, the torch appears to be formed of wooden staves or twigs, either bound by a rope drawn round them in a spiral form, or surrounded by circular bands at equal distances." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Torches

"On ancient monuments, the torch appears to be formed of wooden staves or twigs, either bound by a rope…

"According to the ancient authorities, it was made of bronze, and its form was oval, but with the two sides receding inward with an even curvature, and so as to make it broader at the ends than in the middle. The original ancile was said to have fallen from the skies in the time of Numa. To secure its preservation, Numa ordered eleven other shields to be made exactly like it. These twelve <em>ancilia</em> were kept in the temple of Mars Gradivus, and were taken from it only once a year, on the kalends of March. The feast of the god was then observed during several days; when the Salii, or priests of Mars, twelve in number, carried the sacred shields about the city, singing songs in praise of Mars, Numa, and Mamurius Veturius, who made the eleven. They at the same time performed a dance, in which they struck the shield with rods, so as to keep time with their voices and with the movements of the dance." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Ancilia

"According to the ancient authorities, it was made of bronze, and its form was oval, but with the two…

"Tunica, an under-garment. Greek. The chiton was the only kind of under-garment, worn by the Greeks. Of this there were two kinds, the Dorian and Ionian. The Dorian chiton, as worn by males, was a short woollen shirt, without sleeves; the Ionian was a long linen garment, with sleeves. The former seems to have been originally worn throughout the whole Greece; the latter was brought over to Greece by the Ionians of Asia. The Ionic chiton was commonly worn at Athens by men during the Persian wars, but it appears to have entirely gone out of fashion for the male sex about the time of Pericles, from which time the Dorian chiton was the under-garment universally adopted by men through the whole of Greece." &mdash; Smith; 1873

Tunica

"Tunica, an under-garment. Greek. The chiton was the only kind of under-garment, worn by the Greeks.…

"Tunica, an under-garment. Greek. The chiton was the only kind of under-garment, worn by the Greeks. Of this there were two kinds, the Dorian and Ionian. The Dorian chiton, as worn by males, was a short woollen shirt, without sleeves; the Ionian was a long linen garment, with sleeves. The former seems to have been originally worn throughout the whole Greece; the latter was brought over to Greece by the Ionians of Asia. The Ionic chiton was commonly worn at Athens by men during the Persian wars, but it appears to have entirely gone out of fashion for the male sex about the time of Pericles, from which time the Dorian chiton was the under-garment universally adopted by men through the whole of Greece." &mdash; Smith; 1873

Tunica

"Tunica, an under-garment. Greek. The chiton was the only kind of under-garment, worn by the Greeks.…

"Tunica, an under-garment. Greek. The chiton was the only kind of under-garment, worn by the Greeks. Of this there were two kinds, the Dorian and Ionian. The Dorian chiton, as worn by males, was a short woollen shirt, without sleeves; the Ionian was a long linen garment, with sleeves. The former seems to have been originally worn throughout the whole Greece; the latter was brought over to Greece by the Ionians of Asia. The Ionic chiton was commonly worn at Athens by men during the Persian wars, but it appears to have entirely gone out of fashion for the male sex about the time of Pericles, from which time the Dorian chiton was the under-garment universally adopted by men through the whole of Greece." &mdash; Smith; 1873

Tunica

"Tunica, an under-garment. Greek. The chiton was the only kind of under-garment, worn by the Greeks.…

"The <em>buccina</em> is curved for the convenience of the performer, with a very wide mouth, to diffuse and increase the sound." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Curved buccina

"The buccina is curved for the convenience of the performer, with a very wide mouth, to diffuse…

"Turibulum, a censer. The Greeks and Romans, when they sacrificed, commonly took a little frankincense out of the acerra, and let it fall upon the flaming altar. More rarely they used a censer, by means of which they burned the incense in greater profusion, and which was in fact a small moveable grate or foculus. he following wood-cut, taken from an ancient painting, shows the performance of both of these acts at the same time." &mdash Smith; 1873

Turibulum

"Turibulum, a censer. The Greeks and Romans, when they sacrificed, commonly took a little frankincense…

"A copy of an ancient sculpture taken from Blanchini's work, it still retains the original form of the shell." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Straight buccina

"A copy of an ancient sculpture taken from Blanchini's work, it still retains the original form of the…

The armor worn by ancient Roman emperors and generals.

Roman soldier

The armor worn by ancient Roman emperors and generals.

An ancient Greek soldier.

Greek soldier

An ancient Greek soldier.

"Represents the interior view of a bronze shield and a pair of greaves. These greaves are made right and left." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Greaves and shield

"Represents the interior view of a bronze shield and a pair of greaves. These greaves are made right…

An assortment of lances, darts, and pikes.

Weapons

An assortment of lances, darts, and pikes.

Greek soldier with sling.

Sling

Greek soldier with sling.

"This was a low boot of untanned hide, worn by ploughman and shepards." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Pero

"This was a low boot of untanned hide, worn by ploughman and shepards." — Anthon, 1891

An old coin, with a man's head on one face, and a man harvesting grain on the other.

Ancient coin

An old coin, with a man's head on one face, and a man harvesting grain on the other.

"According to ancient mythology, the aegis worn by Jupiter was the hide of the goat Amalthea, which has suckled him in his infancy. The following represents Minerva with the aegis." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Minerva with aegis

"According to ancient mythology, the aegis worn by Jupiter was the hide of the goat Amalthea, which…

"A breastplate covered with metal in the form of scales, not used to support the shield, as was done with the more ancient aegis, but extending equally on both sides, from shoulder to shoulder." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Aegis

"A breastplate covered with metal in the form of scales, not used to support the shield, as was done…

Ancient mining shaft from the mound-builders, where copper was brought up.

Mining

Ancient mining shaft from the mound-builders, where copper was brought up.

George I (born Prince William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg; 24 December 1845 – 18 March 1913) was King of Greece from 1863 until his death in 1913.

George I, King of Greece

George I (born Prince William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg; 24 December 1845 – 18…

A scene from ancient Egypt, with the pyramids in the background.

Pyramids Scene

A scene from ancient Egypt, with the pyramids in the background.

Writer of adventure novels

Henry Rider Haggard

Writer of adventure novels

"Observatory at Delhi."

Ancient Indian observatory

"Observatory at Delhi."

"Ancient Persia was among the great empires that figure in the early history of mankind. Little of their history is known till the conqueror Cyrus ascended the throne, about the year, about 559 B.C." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Ancient Persia

"Ancient Persia was among the great empires that figure in the early history of mankind. Little of their…

A pair of ancient Scythian warriors.

Ancient Scythians

A pair of ancient Scythian warriors.

"View of Bagdad." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Ancient Bagdad

"View of Bagdad." — Goodrich, 1844

View of Athens.

Ancient Athens

View of Athens.

"Navigation for the purpose of commerce, and the art of writing, are said to have originated with the Phoenicians. On their arrival in Greece, Inachus and his friends founded the city of Argos, at the head of what is now called the Gulf of Napoli, in the Peloponnesus." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Founding of Argos

"Navigation for the purpose of commerce, and the art of writing, are said to have originated with the…

"Hercules, a Theban prince, was another of the descendants of Pelops. The numerous and extraordinary feats of strength and valor of Hercules excited the admiration of his contemporaries, and, being afterwards exaggerated and embellished by poets, caused him at length to be regarded as a person endowed with supernatual powers, and even to be worshipped as a god." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Young Hercules

"Hercules, a Theban prince, was another of the descendants of Pelops. The numerous and extraordinary…

"When Phryxsus arrived in Colchis, he sacrificed his winger ram to Jupiter, in acknowledgement of the divine protection, and deposited its golden fleece in the same diety's temple."

Phryxsus and ram

"When Phryxsus arrived in Colchis, he sacrificed his winger ram to Jupiter, in acknowledgement of the…

"Ancient "Cyclopean" Wall" &mdash; Morey, 1903

Cyclopean

"Ancient "Cyclopean" Wall" — Morey, 1903

"In the year 1234 B.C., Theseus came to the throne of Athens. He was one of the most renowned characters in the heroic age of Greece, not only on account of his warlike achievements, but from his political wisdom. In the latter part of his reign he is said to have accompanied Hercules in one of his expeditions, and carried off the beautiful Helen, daughter of Tyndarus, king of Lacedaemon." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Theseus and Helen

"In the year 1234 B.C., Theseus came to the throne of Athens. He was one of the most renowned characters…

"Departure of Achilles (From an ancient vase)" &mdash; Morey, 1903

Achilles Departure

"Departure of Achilles (From an ancient vase)" — Morey, 1903

"According to the poets, it was by stratagem that this famous city was at last overcome. They tell us that the Greeks constructed a wooden horse of prodigious size, and in the body of which they concealed a number of armed men, and then retired towards the sea-shore to induce the enemy to believe that the besiegers had given up the enterprise, and were about to return home. Deceived by this maneuver, the Trojans brought the gigantic horse into the city, and the men who had been concealed within it, stealing out in the night time, unbarred the gates and admitted the Grecian army within the walls." — Goodrich, 1844

Trojan horse

"According to the poets, it was by stratagem that this famous city was at last overcome. They tell us…

"About the year 480 B.C., Xerxes, an Asiatic king, assailed the country with an army of several millions. He was met by the fearless Greeks with indomitable valor; his squadrons were cut to pieces, and the baffled monarch was driven back in disgrace to his own dominions." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Xerxes surveying his army

"About the year 480 B.C., Xerxes, an Asiatic king, assailed the country with an army of several millions.…

"From a very remote period, the Greeks had been accustomed to engage in contests of strength and agility during their times of festivity, and also at the funerals of distinguised persons. Iphitus conceived the idea of establishing a periodical festival in his own dominions, for the celebration of these ancient games, and of religious rites in honor of Jupiter and Hercules; and, having obtained the authority of the Delphinian oracle for carrying his design into execution, he instituted the festival, and appointed that it should be repeated every fourth year, at Olympia, a town of Elis." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Victors at the Olympic Games

"From a very remote period, the Greeks had been accustomed to engage in contests of strength and agility…

A genus of wading birds, one species of which was regarded in ancient Egypt with a degree of respect bordering on adoration.

Ibis

A genus of wading birds, one species of which was regarded in ancient Egypt with a degree of respect…

An ancient British coin.

British coin

An ancient British coin.

An ancient British coin.

British coin

An ancient British coin.

"Ancient Statue of Gallic Chief." &mdash; Greenough, 1899

Gallic Chief

"Ancient Statue of Gallic Chief." — Greenough, 1899

"The Greeks belong to the great Indo-European race, who from the earliest times have been the conquerers and civilizers of the world." &mdash;The Popular Cyclopedia, 1888

Greek

"The Greeks belong to the great Indo-European race, who from the earliest times have been the conquerers…

This illustration depicts an ancient harpist.

Harpist

This illustration depicts an ancient harpist.

"On Minerva's side Varro tells us that Cecrops found an olive tree and a fountain, and that on consulting the oracle he was told that both Minerva and Neptune had a right to the guardianship of the city, and that the Senate decided in favor of the former; the name of the city was consequently changed from Poseidonus to Athens." &mdash;Bulfinch, 1897

Minerva

"On Minerva's side Varro tells us that Cecrops found an olive tree and a fountain, and that on consulting…

"Castor and Pollux were the offspring of Leda and the Swan, under which disguise Jupiter had concealed himself. Leda gave birth to an egg, from which sprang the twins." &mdash;Bulfinch, 1897

The Dioscuri

"Castor and Pollux were the offspring of Leda and the Swan, under which disguise Jupiter had concealed…

"Sylvanus and Faunus were Latin divinities, whose characteristics are so nearly the same as Pan that we may safely consider them as the same personage under different names." &mdash;Bulfinch, 1897

Sylvanus

"Sylvanus and Faunus were Latin divinities, whose characteristics are so nearly the same as Pan that…

"The Palladium." &mdash;Bulfinch, 1897

The Palladium

"The Palladium." —Bulfinch, 1897

The fruid of the tropical or subtropical tree citrus medica, of the orange family, and originally native to the tropical portions of Asia. It is quite certain that lemons were unknown to the ancient Greeks and romans, and that this fruit was introduced into Spain by the Arabs about the 12th century.

Lemon

The fruid of the tropical or subtropical tree citrus medica, of the orange family, and originally native…

Celebrated general of Athens, born in the latter part of the 6th century B.C. His skill and bravery led to his becoming the ruler of Chersonesus. Later he led a successful expedition against the Scythians, and, at the time Greece was invaded by the Persians, he was selected as one of the ten generals to resist the march into Attica.

Miltiades

Celebrated general of Athens, born in the latter part of the 6th century B.C. His skill and bravery…

An emblem seen the world over in decoration, especially in synagogues. It is common in the Caucasian and Turkoman products, especially in the form of the elongated eight-pointed star. This eight-pointed star in the centre of an octagon is said to have represented the Deity of the ancient Medes. In all probability the six-pointed star was an adaptation of the Shield of David. It is supposed to have been symbolic of divinity. To it may be traced scores of Turkish patterns.

Star Designs

An emblem seen the world over in decoration, especially in synagogues. It is common in the Caucasian…