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A small portion of a lymphatic plexus, magnified 110 diameters. Labels: L, lymphatic vessel with characteristic endothelium; C, cell spaces of the connective tissue abutting here and there against the lymphatics.

Lymphatic Plexus

A small portion of a lymphatic plexus, magnified 110 diameters. Labels: L, lymphatic vessel with characteristic…

"Wood is heated in cylindrical iron retorts. the volatile materials are cooled, and while a portion remains gaseous and is used as fuel, a large part is condensed to a dark, tarry liquid." -Brownlee 1907

Cylindrical Iron Retort and Condenser

"Wood is heated in cylindrical iron retorts. the volatile materials are cooled, and while a portion…

"The telephone standard and compound forms of Fuller cell... The Fuller cell is of the double fluid cariety and has the advantage over the Grenet type, in that the zinc is always kept well amalgamated and does not require removal from the solution." -Hawkins, 1917

Fuller Cell

"The telephone standard and compound forms of Fuller cell... The Fuller cell is of the double fluid…

"Edison cell, type RR. The electrolyte used is caustic soda, the positive element zinc, and the negative element copper oxide. The Edison cell is suitable for large stationary gas engine ignition, ralroad crossing signals, electroplating, fire alarms, telephone cicuits, etc." -Hawkins, 1917

Edison Cell

"Edison cell, type RR. The electrolyte used is caustic soda, the positive element zinc, and the negative…

"The elements are zinc and carbon. In the Greet cell, a zinc plate is suspended b a rod between two carbon plates, so that it does not touch them, and when the cell is not in use the zinc is withdrawn from the solution..." -Hawkins, 1917

Grenet Cell

"The elements are zinc and carbon. In the Greet cell, a zinc plate is suspended b a rod between two…

"Daniel gravity cell, 'crowfoot' pattern. this is a two fluid cell in which gravity instead of a prous cup is depended upon to keep the liquids separate. The two solutions consist of copper sulphate and diluted sulphuric acid, the elements being made of zinc and copper." -Hawkins, 1917

Daniel Cell

"Daniel gravity cell, 'crowfoot' pattern. this is a two fluid cell in which gravity instead of a prous…

"Partz acid gravity cell. In this form of cell, the electrolyte which surrounds the zinc is either magnesium sulphate or common salt. the depolarizer is a bichromate silution which surounds the perforated carbon plate located in the bottom of the jar. A vertical carbon rod fits snugly into the tapered hole in the carbon plate, and extends through the cover forming the positive pole." -Hawkins, 1917

Partz Cell

"Partz acid gravity cell. In this form of cell, the electrolyte which surrounds the zinc is either magnesium…

"Wheelock cell, the elements are carbon and zinc." -Hawkins, 1917

Wheelock Cell

"Wheelock cell, the elements are carbon and zinc." -Hawkins, 1917

"Diagram of a multiple or parallel connection. When connected in this manner the voltage of the battery is the same as that of a single cell, but the current is equal to the amperage of a single cell multiplied by the number of cells." -Hawkins, 1917

Parallel Connection

"Diagram of a multiple or parallel connection. When connected in this manner the voltage of the battery…

"Diagram of a series multiple connction. Two sets of cells are connected in series, and the two batteries thus formed, connected in parallel. The pressure equals the voltage of one cell, multiplied by the number of cells in one battery, and the amperage, that of one cell multiplied by the number of batteries." -Hawkins, 1917

Series Multiple Connection

"Diagram of a series multiple connction. Two sets of cells are connected in series, and the two batteries…

"Illustrating the principle of Siemens' drum winding. In order to make the winding and connections clear, one coil and the commutator is shown assumbled, although the latter is not put in place until after all the sections have been wound, the ends of the wires temporarily twisted together until all can be soldered to the risers. the cores of these early machines were of wood, overspun circumferentially with iron wire before receiving the longitudinal copper windings." -Hawkins, 1917

Siemens' Drum Winding

"Illustrating the principle of Siemens' drum winding. In order to make the winding and connections clear,…

Section of stratified epithelium. Labels: c, lowermost columnar cells; P, polygonal cells above these; fl, flattened cells near the surface. Between the cells are seen intercellular channels, bridged over by processes which pass from cell to cell.

Epithelium Cells

Section of stratified epithelium. Labels: c, lowermost columnar cells; P, polygonal cells above these;…

Simple pavement epithelium. Labels: a, from a serious membrane; b, from a blood vessel. "In simple pavement epithelium, the cells form flat, many-sided plates or scales, which fit together like tiles of a mosaic pavement. It forms very smooth surfaces, and it lines the alveoli of the lungs, the heart, blood vessels, land lymphatics; the mammary ducts, the serous cavities, etc."—Kimber, 1907.

Simple Pavement Epithelium Cells

Simple pavement epithelium. Labels: a, from a serious membrane; b, from a blood vessel. "In simple pavement…

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea, highly magnified. Labels: a, large ciliated cell; d, cell, with two nuclei. "In ciliated epithelium the cells, which are generally columnar in shape, bear at their free extremities little hair-like processes which are agitated incessantly with a lashing or vibrating motion. These minute and delicate processes are named cilia, and may be regarded as active prolongations of the cell-protoplasm." —Kimber, 1907

Ciliated Epithelium Cells

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea, highly magnified. Labels: a, large ciliated cell; d, cell,…

Subcutaneous areolar tissue from a young rabbit, highly magnified. The white fibers are in wavy bundles, the elastic fibers form an open network. Labels: p, p, vacuolated cells; g, granular cells; c, c, branching lamellar cells; c', a flattened cells, of which only the nucleus and some scattered granules are visible; f, fibrillated cell. "If we make a cut through the skin of some part of the body where there is no subcutaneous fat, as in the upper eyelid, and proceed to raise it from the parts lying beneath, we observe that it is loosely connected to them by a soft filmy substance of considerable tenacity and elasticity. This is areolar tissue. It is also found, in like manner, under the serous and mucous membranes, and serves to attach them to the parts which they line or cover. Proceeding further, we find this areolar tissue lying between the muscles, the blood-vessels, and other deep-seated parts; also forming investing sheaths for the muscles, the nerves, the blood-vessels, and other parts. It both connects and insulates entire organs, and, in addition, performs the same office for the finer parts of which these organs are made up. It is thus one of the most general and most extensively distributed of the tissues." —Kimber, 1907

Subcutaneous Areolar Tissue from a Young Rabbit

Subcutaneous areolar tissue from a young rabbit, highly magnified. The white fibers are in wavy bundles,…

A few cat cells from the margin of a fat lobule in adipose tissue, very highly magnified. Labels: f.g. fat globules distending a fat cell; n, nucleus; m, membranous envelope of the fat cell; c, capillary vessel; v, veinlet; c.t. connective tissue cell; the fibers of the connective tissue are not shown.

Fat Cells

A few cat cells from the margin of a fat lobule in adipose tissue, very highly magnified. Labels: f.g.…

"The term battery is applied either to a single jar, or cell, containing the generating materials, or to a number of such cells conected togehter by electric conductors; the latter being the more proper use of the term, though the former use is common." -Atkinson 1903

Battery

"The term battery is applied either to a single jar, or cell, containing the generating materials, or…

"...and is constructed with a zinc plate suspended between two carbon plates, so as to have two carbon surfaces exposed to the direct action of two zinc surfaces, and as close to them as praticable without contact, to reduce teh electric resistance through the fluid to the lowest degree." -Atkinson 1903

Grenet Cell

"...and is constructed with a zinc plate suspended between two carbon plates, so as to have two carbon…

"...and is constructed with a zinc plate suspended between two carbon plates, so as to have two carbon surfaces exposed to the direct action of two zinc surfaces, and as close to them as praticable without contact, to reduce teh electric resistance through the fluid to the lowest degree." -Atkinson 1903

Grenet Cell

"...and is constructed with a zinc plate suspended between two carbon plates, so as to have two carbon…

"...is constructed with a plate of black oxide of copper suspended between two plates of zinc, and the fluid is a solution of caustic potash in water." -Atkinson 1903

Edison-Lalande Cell

"...is constructed with a plate of black oxide of copper suspended between two plates of zinc, and the…

The first two-fluid cell was incented by Daniell, and English electrician in 1836..." -Atkinson 1903

Daniel Cell

The first two-fluid cell was incented by Daniell, and English electrician in 1836..." -Atkinson 1903

"The electric resistance of the porous cup employed in the Daniel cell, and the local action produced by the material of which is it composed, led to the invention of similar cells in which it is dispensed with, the gravity cell." --Atkinson 1903

Gravity Cell

"The electric resistance of the porous cup employed in the Daniel cell, and the local action produced…

Figure showing battery cells connected in parallel, with all of the positive ends wired together, and all of the negative ends wired together.

Parallel Connection

Figure showing battery cells connected in parallel, with all of the positive ends wired together, and…

"It consists of a tube, made of lead, or strong leather, coiled round a cylinder of wood or iron, as represented..." -Comstock 1850

Archimedes' Water Screw

"It consists of a tube, made of lead, or strong leather, coiled round a cylinder of wood or iron, as…

"A type of battery used to produce electricity.." -Comstock 1850

Galvanic Battery

"A type of battery used to produce electricity.." -Comstock 1850

Forms of cells from the body, showing their various shapes.

Forms of Cells

Forms of cells from the body, showing their various shapes.

Flat cells from the surface of the lining membrane of the abdomen (peritoneum). Labels: a, cell-body; b, nucleus; c, nucleoli.

Cells from the Abdominal Lining

Flat cells from the surface of the lining membrane of the abdomen (peritoneum). Labels: a, cell-body;…

"Place a known weight (say 100 g.) in the scale-pan, and to this weight add the weight of the clevis and the scale-pan, and call the sum the load. Measure the deflection of W caused by the load. Double the load, and measure the deflection thus caused." -Avery 1895

Deflection of Wood Using Known Weights

"Place a known weight (say 100 g.) in the scale-pan, and to this weight add the weight of the clevis…

"[A wedge] is simply a movable inclined plane, or two such planes united a their bases." -Avery 1895

Wedge Splitting Wood

"[A wedge] is simply a movable inclined plane, or two such planes united a their bases." -Avery 1895

"A screw is a cylinder, generally made of wood or metal, with a spiral ridge (the thread) winding about its circumfrence. The thread works in a nut, withihn which there is a corresponding spiral groove to receive the thread." -Avery 1895

Screw press

"A screw is a cylinder, generally made of wood or metal, with a spiral ridge (the thread) winding about…

"The vessel a is fitted with a wooden bock of the same size as, and free to move in, the cylinder; the vessel b is filled with water, whose depth is the same as the length of the wooden block in a. When a pressure is applied to a, the pressure will be transmitted to the bottom unchanged. However, when the same pressure is applied to b, the pressure is transmitted everywhere, as the molecules of water are free to move." —Hallock 1905

Water versus Wood Pressure

"The vessel a is fitted with a wooden bock of the same size as, and free to move in, the cylinder; the…

White blood corpuscle (cell), sketched at successive intervals of a few seconds to illustrate the changes of form due to its amoeboid movements.

Blood Cells

White blood corpuscle (cell), sketched at successive intervals of a few seconds to illustrate the changes…

"From a cross piece, A, on a stout framework, a heavy block of wood, B, is suspended, in such a way as to move freely backward and forward. A ball fired into this block will drive it back to a distance proportioned to the ball's velocity. All other things being known, the ball's velocity can be discovered." —Quackenbos 1859

Ballistic Pendulum

"From a cross piece, A, on a stout framework, a heavy block of wood, B, is suspended, in such a way…

"This wedge has the shape of two inclined planes. Its primary function is splitting or rending objects that it is pressed into. The longer the wedge, the more effective it is." —Quackenbos 1859

Splitting Wedge

"This wedge has the shape of two inclined planes. Its primary function is splitting or rending objects…

"As the ball of wood is dropped into the container or water, the water level rises and is caused to flow into the bucket. The water in the bucket, once weighed, is equal to the weight of the wooden ball." —Quackenbos 1859

Water Displacement

"As the ball of wood is dropped into the container or water, the water level rises and is caused to…

To illustrate the structure of nerve fibers. Labels: A, nerve fiber examined fresh; n, node. B, nerve fiber with axis cylinder shaded, and medulla represented by dark lines; n.c, nucleus; p, granular cell substance near the nucleus. C, more highly magnified: m, medulla; n, node. D, nerve treated with reagents to show the axis cylinder: n.x, surrounded by medulla, m. E, nerve treated with reagents to show n.c, nucleus with fine line over it representing the neurilemma, and outside this fine connective tissue, c: n.c', nucleus lying in the fine connective tissue. F, nerve fiber deprived of its neurilemma showing medulla broken up into fragments, m, surrounding the axis cylinder, n.x.

Nerve Fibers

To illustrate the structure of nerve fibers. Labels: A, nerve fiber examined fresh; n, node. B, nerve…

A large nerve cell from the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Labels: n, nucleus; n', small body, called the nucleolus, inside the nucleus; p, branched processes; n.p., unbranched process continued into the axis cylinder of a motor nerve fiber.

Nerve Cell

A large nerve cell from the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Labels: n, nucleus; n', small body, called…

A section through the retina from it anterior inner surface (1) in contact with the hyaloid membrane, to its outer (10) in contact with the choroid. 1, internal limiting membrane; 2, nerve-fiber layer; 3, nerve cell layer; 4, inner molecular layer; 5, inner granular layer; 6, outer molecular layer; 7, outer granular layer; 8, external limiting membrane; 9, rod and cone layer; 10, pigment cell layer.

Section of Retina

A section through the retina from it anterior inner surface (1) in contact with the hyaloid membrane,…

Cells from the olfactory epithelium. Labels: 1, from the frog. 2, from the man; a, columnar cell, with its branched deep process; b, so-called olfactory cell; c, its narrow outer process; d, its slender central process. 3, gray nerve fibers of the olfactory nerve, seen dividing into fine peripheral branches at a.

Olfactory Epithelium

Cells from the olfactory epithelium. Labels: 1, from the frog. 2, from the man; a, columnar cell, with…

Forms of nerve cells. Labels: A, from spinal ganglion; B, from ventral horn of spinal cord; C, pyramidal cell from cerebral cortex; D, Purkinje cell from cerebellar cortex; E, Golgi cell of type II from spinal cord; F, fusiform cell from cerebral cortex; G, sympathetic; a, axon; d, dendrites; c, collateral branches; ad, apical dendrites; bd, basal dendrites; c, central process; p, peripheral process.

Nerve Cells

Forms of nerve cells. Labels: A, from spinal ganglion; B, from ventral horn of spinal cord; C, pyramidal…

Here you see the thigh bone on the left and the arm bone on the right. In both, the shaft is hollow, while the large ends are more dense. In the living bone, bone marrow is found in the hollow area which serves in blood cell production.

Thigh Bone and Arm Bone

Here you see the thigh bone on the left and the arm bone on the right. In both, the shaft is hollow,…

Five Dollars ($5) South Carolina currency from 1776. Image of a horse surrounded by the inscription - DOMINUM GENEROSA RECUSAT. Wood engraving, rough brown paper.

Paper Money, Five Dollars Bill, 1776

Five Dollars ($5) South Carolina currency from 1776. Image of a horse surrounded by the inscription…

Diagram of a cell. Labels: p, protoplasm; n, nucleus; c, centrosome.

Cell, Diagram of

Diagram of a cell. Labels: p, protoplasm; n, nucleus; c, centrosome.

Minute structure of a cell.

Cell, Diagram of

Minute structure of a cell.

Diagram showing the change which occur in the centrosomes and nucleus of a cell n the process of mitotic division (mitosis). The nucleus represented here has 4 chromosomes.

Cell Division

Diagram showing the change which occur in the centrosomes and nucleus of a cell n the process of mitotic…

Every human body begin as a single nucleated cell. This cell, known as the ovum, divides or segments and gives rise to a mass consisting of a number of similar units known as the morula. At this stage there are no distinguishable tissues.

Cell Development

Every human body begin as a single nucleated cell. This cell, known as the ovum, divides or segments…

Flat epithelium cells from the surface of the peritoneum. Labels: a, cell body; c, nucleus.

Flat Epithelium Cells

Flat epithelium cells from the surface of the peritoneum. Labels: a, cell body; c, nucleus.

A thin slice of cartilage, magnified, to how the cells embedded in the homogenous matrix. Labels: a, cell in which the nucleus has divided; b, a cell in which division is just complete; c, e, a group of four cells resulting from further division of a pair like b; the new cells have formed some matrix between them, separating them from another; d, d, cavities in the matrix from which cells have dropped out during the preparation of the specimen.

Cartilage Tissue Cells

A thin slice of cartilage, magnified, to how the cells embedded in the homogenous matrix. Labels: a,…

Cardiac muscular tissue, magnified about 400 diameters. The cell-boundaries and cell-nuclei are indicated only in the right-hand portion of the figure.

Cardiac Muscular Tissue

Cardiac muscular tissue, magnified about 400 diameters. The cell-boundaries and cell-nuclei are indicated…

Nerve cell. Labels: a, ax, branches of the nerve; n, nucleus of the nerve.

Nerve Cell

Nerve cell. Labels: a, ax, branches of the nerve; n, nucleus of the nerve.

Diagram of a neuron.

The Nervous System

Diagram of a neuron.

Leaves - simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf - five to ten inches long, thin, dark green above; green beneath and slightly downy; growing along the branch and not simply in a cluster at its end. Bark - dark and rough. Flowers - three to six inches across, bluish or yellowish-white, abundant and fragrant. May, June. Fruit - in a cylinder-shaped bunch, two to three inches long, and somewhat resembling a small cucumber. Found - in rich woods from Western New York to southern Illinois and southward, and in cultivation. Its finest growth is in the southern Alleghany Mountains. General Information - A tree sixty to ninety feet high, with a straight trunk and rich foliage. The wood is durable, soft, and light. Used for cabinet-work, for flooring, for pump-logs, and water-troughs. As in other magnolias the juice is bitter and aromatic. From "magnol," the name of a botanist of the seventeenth century.

Genus Magnolia, L. (Magnolia)

Leaves - simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf -…

Leaves - Simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval or slightly reverse egg-shape. Apex, short, sharp-pointed. Base, pointed. Leaf - twelve to thirty-six inches long, six to eight inches wide; rather dark green above; lighter beneath; silky when young, but soon smooth; growing in clusters at the ends of the branches. Bark - smoothish and light. Flowers - seven to eight inches across, at the ends of the branches, white, and fragrant. May, June. Fruit - in a cylinder-shaped bunch, four to five inches long, and rose-colored as it ripens. Found - in Southeastern Pennsylvania and southward along the Alleghany Mountains, and in cultivation. <p>General Information - A tree twenty to thirty feet high, with irregular branches, and light, soft wood. As in other magnolias the juice is bitter and fragrant. From "magnol," the name of a botanist of the seventeenth century.

Genus Magnolia, L. (Magnolia)

Leaves - Simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval or slightly reverse egg-shape. Apex, short,…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf/Stem - slightly hairy when young. Leaf - two to five inches long; usually about half as broad; dark green and very shining above, especially when old; light green and shining below; thick, tough, and firm. Middle rib slightly hairy when young; side ribs rather indistinct and curved. Bark - grayish and often broken into short sections. Fertile Flowers - small, in clusters of three to eight on slender stems. April, May. Fruit - nearly one half inch long; bluish-black when ripe; egg-shape or oval; acid and rather bitter until "frosted." Stone - oval, somewhat pointed at each end, slightly flattened, and with three or four blunt ridges on each side. September. Found - from Southern Maine to Michigan, and southward to Florida and Texas. General Information - A tree twenty to forty feet high (larger southward), with flat, horizontal branches. The wood, even in short lengths, is very difficult of cleavage, and so is well fitted for beetles, hubs of wheels, pulleys, etc. Its leaves are the first to ripen in the fall, changing (sometimes as early as August) to a bright crimson. In the South, opossums climb the tree in search of its fruit and are immortalized in stories.

Genus Nyssa, L. (Sour Gum)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base -…

Leaves - simple; alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval or long egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed or rounded. Leaf - three to five inches long, thickish; dark and smooth, usually shining, above; below dull, with ribs curved and irregular and minutely downy. On the upper surface the ribs are quite indistinct, except as the lea is held toward the light when they appear almost transparent. In the same position the left is seen also to be edged with a slight delicate fringe (appearing in the dried leaf like a line of yellow light). Bark - of trunk dark and rough. Flowers - greenish-yellow and small, at the base of the leaf-stems. June. Fruit - about one inch in diameter, rounded, nearly stemless, orange-red when ripe, with about eight large flat seeds. After frost it is of very pleasant flavor, before, exceedingly "puckery." Found - from Connecticut southward to Florida and westward to Southeastern Iowa. General Information - A tree twenty to sixty feet high; sometimes, at the South, more than one hundred feet high. The wood is hard and close-grained; the bark tonic and astringent. From two Greek words meaning fruit of Jove.

Genus Diospyros, L. (Persimmon)

Leaves - simple; alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval or long egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire or lobed. Outline - when the edge is entire usually oval or egg-shape; when lobed usually broader and reverse egg-shape. Apex - of the leaf or of the lobes rounded or slightly blunt-pointed. Base - pointed or wedge-shape. Leaf - variable in size, dark, thin, smooth; rather shining above; the lobes, when resent, two or three in number and usually more or less bulging, with the hollows always rounded. Bark - obliquely and curiously furrowed and broken, gray without, reddish within; young twigs yellowish. Flowers - greenish-yellow, in clusters. May, June. Fruit - oval, one-seeded, blue, with a reddish, club shaped stem; pungent. Found - from Southwestern Vermont, southward and westward. General Information - a tree fifteen to fifty feet high with light and soft wood. All parts of the tree have a pleasant, spicy taste and fragrance. From the bark of the roots a powerful aromatic stimulant is obtained.

Genus Sassafras, Nees. (Sassafras)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire or lobed. Outline - when the edge is entire usually oval or…

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very one-sided. Apex - pointed. Base - strongly heart-shaped. Leaf - usually about three to four inches wide, four to five inches long; sometimes much larger; rather thick, very smooth and shining above; with small tufts of reddish hairs in the angles of the ribs below; and often with the ribs themselves hairy. Bark - of the trunk very thick; on the young branches dark brown. Fruit - gray-downy, ovate, the size of small peas, clustered on a long stem of which the lower half is joined to half the length of a narrow, leaf-like bract, usually with a tapering base. Found - in rich woods, from British America southward to Virginia and along the Alleghany Mountains and westward. General Information - A straight-trunked tree, sixty to eighty feet high (often unbranching to half its height) and two to four feet in diameter. Its very tough inner bark is used for mats and coarse rope. The wood is white and soft and clear of knots. It is much used for wooden ware, in cabinet-work, and for the paneling of carriages, though now less esteemed than the tulip tree for these uses, owing to its liability to crack in bending.

Genus Tilia, L. (Basswood)

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very…

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very one-sided. Apex - pointed. Base - strongly heart-shaped. Leaf - five to eight inches long; deep green and shining above, beneath velvety and silvery white with purplish ribs. Bark - of the trunk very thick; on the young branches dark brown. Fruit - gray-downy, ovate, the size of small peas, clustered on a long stem of which the lower half is joined to half the length of a narrow, leaf-like bract, usually with a tapering base. Found - in rich woods, from the mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia and westward. General Information - A straight-trunked tree, twenty to thirty feet high (often unbranching to half its height) and two to four feet in diameter. Its very tough inner bark is used for mats and coarse rope. The wood is white and soft and clear of knots. It is much used for wooden ware, in cabinet-work, and for the paneling of carriages, though now less esteemed than the tulip tree for these uses, owing to its liability to crack in bending.

Genus Tilia, L. (Basswood)

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very…

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very one-sided. Apex - pointed. Base - strongly heart-shaped. Leaf - two to three inches long; thinner than the T. Americana, deep green and shining above, beneath somewhat downy. Bark - of the trunk very thick; on the young branches dark brown. Fruit - rounded, about one fourth of an inch in diameter, and with the base of the leaf-like bract to which it is attached usually rounded at the base. Found - in rich woods, from New York to Florida and westward.. General Information - A straight-trunked tree, twenty to thirty feet high (often unbranching to half its height) and two to four feet in diameter. Its very tough inner bark is used for mats and coarse rope. The wood is white and soft and clear of knots. It is much used for wooden ware, in cabinet-work, and for the paneling of carriages, though now less esteemed than the tulip tree for these uses, owing to its liability to crack in bending.

Genus Tilia, L. (Basswood)

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge toothed (with the points of the teeth so incurved as to appear blunt), and often finely "crinkled." Outline - usually long oval or long egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base - rounded or slightly pointed. Leaf/Stem - usually with two to five tooth-like glands near the base of the leaf. Leaf - two to five inches long; thickish; polished, and of a deep shining green above; beneath, lighter and smooth, with the middle rib sometimes downy toward the base. In the autumn the leaves turn to orange and later to pale yellow. Bark - of old trunks, blackish and rough; of young trunks and on the larger branches, reddish or purplish brown; marked with scattered lines; on young shoots, at first green or olive brown, gradually becoming darker, and sprinkled (sic) with small orange dots. Flowers - white, with short stems, closely set in a long, cylinder-shaped cluster. May, June. Fruit - about one and a quarter inches in diameter; with short stems (one and a quarter to one and a third inches ) hanging in long, close clusters from the ends of the twigs. It is nearly black when ripe, and of a pleasant flavor though somewhat bitter; it is eagerly eaten by birds. August. Found - very widely distributed north, south, and west. It reaches its finest growth on the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains. General Information - A tree fifty to eighty feet high. The wood is light and hard, of a brown or reddish tinge, becoming darker with exposure, and of very great value in cabinet work and interior finish. It is now becoming scarce, so that stained birch is often used as a substitute. The bitter aromatic bark is used as a valuable tonic; "cherry brandy" is made from the fruit.

Genus Prunus L. (Cherry, Plum)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge toothed (with the points of the teeth so incurved as to appear blunt),…