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An English T-square for drawing straight lines. The narrowing of the bottom blade makes the T-square look as if it is not perpendicular.

English T-square

An English T-square for drawing straight lines. The narrowing of the bottom blade makes the T-square…

A regular fixed head T-square for drawing straight lines. The blade must be perfectly straight in order to draw accurate lines.

Regular Fixed Head T-square

A regular fixed head T-square for drawing straight lines. The blade must be perfectly straight in order…

A long fixed head T-square for drawing straight lines. The head shape of the T-square allows for drawing a long square.

Long Fixed Head T-square

A long fixed head T-square for drawing straight lines. The head shape of the T-square allows for drawing…

A test to ensure the triangle is accurate by drawing a perpendicular line from a T-square.

Triangle Accuracy Test using T-square

A test to ensure the triangle is accurate by drawing a perpendicular line from a T-square.

An Engineer's Scale ruler for plotting and map drawing.

Engineer's Scale Ruler

An Engineer's Scale ruler for plotting and map drawing.

An Architect's Scale ruler for drawing machinery and structures.

Architect's Scale Ruler

An Architect's Scale ruler for drawing machinery and structures.

Compass beam is used for large circles a compass or a lengthening bar cannot draw.

Beam Compass

Compass beam is used for large circles a compass or a lengthening bar cannot draw.

Drop pen, or rivet pen, can make small circles faster than the bow pen. The pen is useful in bridge work, constructional work, and topographical drawing.

Drop Pen

Drop pen, or rivet pen, can make small circles faster than the bow pen. The pen is useful in bridge…

The Universal Drafting Machine is used in a large drafting room. It combines the functions of T-square, triangle, scale, and protractor to save time in machine drawing and civil engineering work.

Universal Drafting Machine

The Universal Drafting Machine is used in a large drafting room. It combines the functions of T-square,…

A regular bottle holder that prevents the ink bottle from spilling onto the drawing, table or floor.

Ink Bottle Holder

A regular bottle holder that prevents the ink bottle from spilling onto the drawing, table or floor.

A Alteneder Company bottle holder that prevents the ink bottle from spilling onto the drawing, table or floor. The bottle holder is made with a mechanism for easy access when filling the pen.

Alteneder Company Ink Bottle Holder

A Alteneder Company bottle holder that prevents the ink bottle from spilling onto the drawing, table…

When drawing vertical lines, the blade of the T-square is held with the thumb while the fingers adjusting the triangle.

Drawing Vertical Lines Using a T-square and a Triangle

When drawing vertical lines, the blade of the T-square is held with the thumb while the fingers adjusting…

The arrows shows the motion direction of drawing a 30-degrees, 45-degrees, or a-60 degrees angle using a 60-degree triangle.

Drawing Lines using Triangle, 30-, 45-, 60-Degrees

The arrows shows the motion direction of drawing a 30-degrees, 45-degrees, or a-60 degrees angle using…

The 45-degree triangle can be used to make a line at a multiple of 15 degrees.

Drawing Lines using Triangle at Angles in Multiples of 15 degrees

The 45-degree triangle can be used to make a line at a multiple of 15 degrees.

Parallel lines are drawn by holding the triangle against the T-square at an angle, or another triangle, then slip the first triangle onto the required position.

Drawing Parallel Lines Using T-square and Triangle

Parallel lines are drawn by holding the triangle against the T-square at an angle, or another triangle,…

Perpendicular lines are drawn by fitting the hypothenuse of the triangle to the T-square at an angle, or another triangle. Then, turn the triangle so that the hypothenuse is perpendicular to the line.

Drawing Perpendicular Lines Using T-square and Triangle

Perpendicular lines are drawn by fitting the hypothenuse of the triangle to the T-square at an angle,…

When drawing the circle, the compass is turned by the handle with the thumb and forefinger in a clockwise motion.

Drawing a Circle Using Compass

When drawing the circle, the compass is turned by the handle with the thumb and forefinger in a clockwise…

"Circles up to perhaps three inches in diameter may be drawn with the legs straight but for larger sizes both the needle-point and the pencil leg should be at the knuckle joints so as to be perpendicular to the paper." — French, 1911

Drawing Large Circles with Compass

"Circles up to perhaps three inches in diameter may be drawn with the legs straight but for larger sizes…

Lengthening bar is used to draw circles bigger than 10 inches.

Use of Lengthening Bar

Lengthening bar is used to draw circles bigger than 10 inches.

Bow instruments can be used for drawing small circles. Hold the the left hand and spin the nut in or out with the finger to avoid wear and stripping the thread. "Small adjustments should be made with one hand, with needle point in position on the paper." — French, 1911

Drawing Small Circles with Bow Instrument

Bow instruments can be used for drawing small circles. Hold the the left hand and spin the nut in or…

"This distance should be thought of not as three inches but as a foot divided into inches and eighths of inches. It is noticed that this foot is divided with the zero on the inside, the inches running to the left and the feet to the right, so that dimensions given in feet and inches may be read directly, as 1 ft. 0 1/2"." —French, 1911

Scaling Drawing with Ruler

"This distance should be thought of not as three inches but as a foot divided into inches and eighths…

"Through the center of the space draw a horizontal and a vertical line, measuring on these lines as diameters lay off a three-inch square. Along the lower side and the upper half of the left side measure 3/8' spaces with the scale. Draw all horizontal lines with the T-square and all vertical lines with the T-square and triangle." —French, 1911

Drawing Exercise for T-square, Triangle, and Scale

"Through the center of the space draw a horizontal and a vertical line, measuring on these lines as…

"Draw three-inch square. Draw lines AB, BC, DE and EF at 30 degrees. Divide lower side into seven equal parts with the dividers. Draw the vertical lines, and mark divisions on AC with pencil as each line is drawn. Through the division points on top and bottom draw the converging lines using the triangle alone as a straight-edge." —French, 1911

Drawing Converging Lines

"Draw three-inch square. Draw lines AB, BC, DE and EF at 30 degrees. Divide lower side into seven equal…

"Through the center of the space draw the three construction lines, AB vertical, DE and FG at 30 degrees. Measure CA and CB 1 1/2" long. Draw AE, AF, DB and BG at 30 degrees. Complete hexagon by drawing DF and GE vertical. Set spacers to 3/32". Step off 3/32" on each side of the center lines, and 3/16" from each side of hexagon. Complete figure as shown with triangle against T-square." —French, 1911

Drawing Hexagonal Figure

"Through the center of the space draw the three construction lines, AB vertical, DE and FG at 30 degrees.…

"An exercise in starting and stopping short lines. Draw three-inch square. Draw diagonals with 45-degree triangle. With scale lay off 3/8" spaces along the diagonals, from their intersection. With 45-degree triangle complete figure, finishing one-quarter at a time." —French, 1911

Drawing Street Paving Intersection

"An exercise in starting and stopping short lines. Draw three-inch square. Draw diagonals with 45-degree…

"Draw three-inch square and one-inch square. From the corners of inner square draw lines to outer square at 15 degrees and 75 degrees, with the two triangles in combination. Mark points with spacers 3/16" inside of each line of this outside cross, and complete figure with triangles in combination." —French, 1911

Drawing Maltese Cross using T-square, Spacers, and Triangles

"Draw three-inch square and one-inch square. From the corners of inner square draw lines to outer square…

"Draw Horizontal line throuch center of space. On it mark off radii for six concentric circles 1/4" apart. In drawing concentric circles always draw the smallest first. The dotted circles are drawn in in pencil with long dashes, and inked as shown." —French, 1911

Drawing Concentric Circles with Compass

"Draw Horizontal line throuch center of space. On it mark off radii for six concentric circles 1/4"…

"On horizontal center line mark off eleven points 1/4" apart, beginning at left side of space. Draw horizontal limiting lines (in pencil only) 1 1/2" above and below center line." —French, 1911

Drawing Concentric Arcs with Compass

"On horizontal center line mark off eleven points 1/4" apart, beginning at left side of space. Draw…

"On horizontal center line mark off eight points 3/8" apart, beginning at right side of space." —French, 1911

Drawing Concentric Arcs with Compass and Lengthening Bar

"On horizontal center line mark off eight points 3/8" apart, beginning at right side of space." —French,…

"Draw a circle three inches in diameter. Divide the circumference into five equal parts by trial with dividers. From these points draw radial lines and divide each into four equal parts with spacers. With these points as centers draw the semicircles as shown The radial lines are not to be inked." —French, 1911

Drawing Tangent Arcs with Compass and Dividers

"Draw a circle three inches in diameter. Divide the circumference into five equal parts by trial with…

"On base AB, 3 1/2" long construct an equilateral triangle, using the 60-degree triangle. Bisect the angles with the 30-degree angle, extending the bisectors to the opposite sides. With these middle points of the sides as centers and radius equal to 1/2 the side, draw arcs cutting the bisectors. These intersection will be centers for the inscribed circles. With centers on the intersection of these circles and the bisectors, round off the points of the triangle as shown." —French, 1911

Drawing Tangent Circles and Lines with Compass and Triangles

"On base AB, 3 1/2" long construct an equilateral triangle, using the 60-degree triangle. Bisect the…

"Draw one and one-half inch square about center of space. Divide AE into four 3/16" spaces, with scale. With bow pencil and centers A, B, C, D draw four semicircles with 3/8" radius and so on. Complete the figure by drawing the horizontal and vertical tangents as shown." —French, 1911

Drawing Tangent to Circle Arcs with Bow Compass

"Draw one and one-half inch square about center of space. Divide AE into four 3/16" spaces, with scale.…

Make a perpendicular lines at point B and C, and join by a straight line. Create a desired curve by referencing the lines as a center and tangent.

Draw Reverse or Ogee Curve

Make a perpendicular lines at point B and C, and join by a straight line. Create a desired curve by…

"Any noncircular curve may be approximated by tangent circle arcs, selecting a center by trial, drawing as much of an arc as will practically coincide with the curve, then changing the center and radius for the next portion, remembering always that if arcs are to be tangent, their centers must lie on the common normal at the point of tangency." —French 1911

Curve Inked with Circle Arcs

"Any noncircular curve may be approximated by tangent circle arcs, selecting a center by trial, drawing…

"Let OA and OB be the asymptotes and P a point on the curve. Draw PC and PD. Mark any points on Pc; through these points draw ordinates parallel to OA and through the same points lines to O. At the intersection of these lines with PD draw abscissæ with the ordinates give points on the curve." —French, 1911

Drawing Rectangular Hyperbola

"Let OA and OB be the asymptotes and P a point on the curve. Draw PC and PD. Mark any points on Pc;…

"An involute is a curve generated by unwrapping an inflexible chord from around a polygon. Thus the involute of any polygon may be drawn by extending its sides, and with the corners of the polygon as successive centers drawing the tangent arcs." —French, 1911

Involute of Pentagon

"An involute is a curve generated by unwrapping an inflexible chord from around a polygon. Thus the…

"Divide the circumference into a number of equal parts, drawing the radii and numbering the points. Divide the radius No. 1 into the same number of equal parts, numbering from the center. With C as center draw concentric arcs intersecting the radii of corresponding numbers, and draw a smooth curve through these intersections." —French, 1911

Draw Spiral of Archimedes

"Divide the circumference into a number of equal parts, drawing the radii and numbering the points.…

"For the first practice draw in pencil top and bottom guide lines for 3/16" letters and with a 516 F or similar pen make directly in ink a series of vertical lines, drawing the pen down with a finger movement. This one stroke must be practised until the beginner can get lines vertical and of equal weight." —French, 1911

Top View of Position for Lettering Using Pen

"For the first practice draw in pencil top and bottom guide lines for 3/16" letters and with a 516 F…

A T-square is a technical drawing instrument, primarily a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table. It is used by draftsmen. It is also used to guide the triangle that draws the vertical lines.

Architects Drafting Square

A T-square is a technical drawing instrument, primarily a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting…

A Pantograph is a mechanical linkage connected in a special manner based on parallelograms so that the movement of one specified point is an amplified version of the movement of another point. If a line drawing is traced by the first point, an enlarged copy will be drawn by a pen fixed to the other.

Pantograph Machine

A Pantograph is a mechanical linkage connected in a special manner based on parallelograms so that the…

This metal frame is used to enhance a work of art aesthetically, as well as to protect it from dirt, dust and handling. This metal frame maintains a controlled setting to extend the life of the artwork it holds.

Metal Artwork Frame

This metal frame is used to enhance a work of art aesthetically, as well as to protect it from dirt,…

"A circle may be shaded by shifting the center on a 45-degree line toward the lower right hand corner... by keeping the needle in the center after drawing the circle and springing the compass out and gradually pressing with the middle finger in the position as shown." —French, 1911

Shading a Circle Using Compass

"A circle may be shaded by shifting the center on a 45-degree line toward the lower right hand corner...…

"The intersection of two cylinders might represent a dome on a boiler. If the top view of cylinder A is divided into a number of equal parts the points will represent the top views of elements."—French, 1911

Intersection of Two Cylinders

"The intersection of two cylinders might represent a dome on a boiler. If the top view of cylinder A…

"If the cylinder A were to be developed a right section as at S—S would have to be taken, whose stretchout would be a straight line. If the cutting planes were taken at uniform distances apart, or at random, the elements would not be spaced uniformly on the stretchout but would be found as they project on the turned section of S—S." —French, 1911

Two Cylinders with Axes Not Intersecting

"If the cylinder A were to be developed a right section as at S—S would have to be taken, whose…

"A series of planes as S—S are passed perpendicular to the axis of revolution, cutting out the circles shown on the end view. The points at which these circles cut the 'flat' are projected back as points on the curve." —French, 1911

Intersection of Surface of Revolution and Plane

"A series of planes as S—S are passed perpendicular to the axis of revolution, cutting out the…

An illustration to draw triangle prism's development, or stretched out surfaces, in a 4" by 5" surface.

Triangle Prism Exercise

An illustration to draw triangle prism's development, or stretched out surfaces, in a 4" by 5" surface.

An exercise developed to draw a rolled out or development of the pentagon prism in a 4" by 5" surface.

Pentagon Development Prism Exercise

An exercise developed to draw a rolled out or development of the pentagon prism in a 4" by 5" surface.

An exercise in drawing a pentagonal prism development or rolled out image in a 4" by 5" area.

Pentagonal Prism Development Exercise

An exercise in drawing a pentagonal prism development or rolled out image in a 4" by 5" area.

An illustration to exercise a stretched out, or development, image of the triangular prism using 4" by 5 " surface.

Triangular Prism Development Exercise

An illustration to exercise a stretched out, or development, image of the triangular prism using 4"…

An exercise problem in creating a development or rolled out surface of a cylinder in a 4" by 5" drawing area.

Development Exercise of Cylinder

An exercise problem in creating a development or rolled out surface of a cylinder in a 4" by 5" drawing…

The exercise problem of creating a three piece elbow development or rolled out image of the cylinder using projections or with dividers.

Development Exercise of Cylinder using Three Piece Elbow

The exercise problem of creating a three piece elbow development or rolled out image of the cylinder…

Problem exercise in drawing a development or a stretchout image of the octagonal roof and finding the true shape of hip rafter by using projections or dividers.

Development Exercise of Octagonal Roof and True Shape of Rafter

Problem exercise in drawing a development or a stretchout image of the octagonal roof and finding the…

A development or rolled out image exercise problem of the dome and finding the true shape of the hip, or edge, of the dome by using projections or with dividers.

Development Exercise of Dome and True Shape of Hip

A development or rolled out image exercise problem of the dome and finding the true shape of the hip,…

Exercise problem to develop, or rolled out, image of the triangular pyramid by creating an equal length of the edges of each triangle.

Development Exercise of Triangular Pyramid

Exercise problem to develop, or rolled out, image of the triangular pyramid by creating an equal length…

A pentagonal pyramid problem exercise to complete the top view of the image, and development, or rolled out image, of the pyramid.

Development Exercise of Pentagonal Pyramid

A pentagonal pyramid problem exercise to complete the top view of the image, and development, or rolled…

A problem exercise creating a stretched out or developed image of the octagonal light shade by using the hexagonal pyramid development method.

Development Exercise of Octagonal Light Shade

A problem exercise creating a stretched out or developed image of the octagonal light shade by using…

A sample exercise problem in completing the top part of the hexagonal pyramid and to create a development, or stretched out, of the image by creating edges at equal lengths, and revolving the sides.

Development Exercise of Hexagonal Pyramid

A sample exercise problem in completing the top part of the hexagonal pyramid and to create a development,…

Development and top completion exercise problem of the cone by dividing the base into equal parts and creating an arc to revolve the sides of the plane.

Development Exercise of Cone

Development and top completion exercise problem of the cone by dividing the base into equal parts and…

An exercise problem to complete the top and develop, stretched out, image of the flange and hood cones by using series of cone development.

Development Exercise of Flange and Hood Cones

An exercise problem to complete the top and develop, stretched out, image of the flange and hood cones…

The problem exercise in completing the top view and creating the development, or rolled out, image of the pentagonal pyramid.

Development Exercise of Pentagonal Pyramid

The problem exercise in completing the top view and creating the development, or rolled out, image of…