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Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unit. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the inlaying method of grafting.

Inlaying (Grafting)

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unit. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Veneering method of grafting.

Veneering (Grafting)

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the In-arching method of grafting. This method is also known as Grafting by Approach.

In-Arching (Grafting)

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Side Grafting method.

Side Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Crown method of grafting.

Crown Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Whip method of grafting. This method is also known as Tongue Grafting.

Whip Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Cleft method of grafting.

Cleft Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Saddle method of grafting.

Saddle Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Wedge method of grafting.

Wedge Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows Terminal Herbaceous grafting.

Terminal Herbaceous Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Root method of grafting.

Root Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

A grass of Parnassus is any member of the genus Parnassia, of the Saxifrage family, growing in damp places, having white or pale yellow flowers marked with pronounced. There are five sepals, five petals, and five stamens, with five fringed scales between.

Grass of Parnassus

A grass of Parnassus is any member of the genus Parnassia, of the Saxifrage family, growing in damp…

The Great Crested Grebe (Lophæthyia cristata) is a fresh-water, migratory, diving bird of the family Podicipidæ. It has a duck-like body, brownish and white plumage, long neck, short wings, no tail, and large, flattened toes furnished with lobate membranes serving the purpose of webs. Most of its life is spent in fresh water lakes and ponds, but in winter and during migration, it often resorts to the sea. It is an excellent diver. The nest is made of rushes and other aquatic plants and usually floats on the water, being loosely anchored to weeds and grass. It is found in nearly all parts of Europe and Asia.

Great Crested Grebe

The Great Crested Grebe (Lophæthyia cristata) is a fresh-water, migratory, diving bird of the family…

Ground Ivy (<i>Glecoma hederacea</i>) is a common European labiate hedgerow plant, with trailing stems, kidney-shaped, crinkled, aromatic leaves, and axillary, purplish flowers in early summer.

Ground Ivy

Ground Ivy (Glecoma hederacea) is a common European labiate hedgerow plant, with trailing stems, kidney-shaped,…

Guava (<i>Psidium guayava</i>) is a low-growing West Indian tree belonging to the family Myrtaceæ. It bears white flowers, followed by fragrant, yellow, fleshy fruits, extensively employed in the making of preserves and jellies. The guava also grows in the East Indies; and there is a Chinese variety, <i>P. cattleianum</i>, the strawberry guava.

Guava

Guava (Psidium guayava) is a low-growing West Indian tree belonging to the family Myrtaceæ. It bears…

Also known as the Snowball Tree, the Guelder Rose is a cultivated form of the genus Viburnum, especially <i>V. opulus</i>, with flat cymes of white flowers in summer, and red, globose fruit. The double variety, <i>V. O. sterilis</i>, is the common garden form.

Guelder Rose

Also known as the Snowball Tree, the Guelder Rose is a cultivated form of the genus Viburnum, especially…

Guinea Fowl are the African representatives of the pheasants, from which they differ in that the plumage of both sexes is alike. The origin of the domesticated stock is <i>Numida meleagris</i>, from W. Africa. A number of other species occur in other parts of Africa. In the black guinea fowl (<i>Phasidus niger</i>), which ranges from Cape Lopez to Loango, spurs are present in the male as in pheasants. Guinea fowl are nearly all gregarious, are ground feeders, and roost in trees. Most species seek to escape danger by running rather than by flying. As in the turkeys, parts of the head and neck are without feathers, and these bare patches are often highly colored.

Guinea Fowl

Guinea Fowl are the African representatives of the pheasants, from which they differ in that the plumage…

Capparis Spinosa, or Caper plant.

Caper plant

Capparis Spinosa, or Caper plant.

Juniper plant.

Juniper

Juniper plant.

A leek, which is a plant resembling an onion.

Leek

A leek, which is a plant resembling an onion.

The Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius) is a N. American, jerboa-like mouse, with long hind legs, a very long tail, and five complete toes on the hind foot. It is warmly reddish above, white on the lower parts, and progresses, when alarmed, by a series of rapid leaps, each of several yards, when in haste. it dwells in open, grassy places, skulking about under the herbage and feeding mostly on grass seeds; there it places its nest (a hollow ball of grass) in some small hole or burrow, and spends the cold months in a long hibernation.

Jumping Mouse

The Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius) is a N. American, jerboa-like mouse, with long hind legs, a very…

Juncus acutiflorus belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Juncus Acutiflorus

Juncus acutiflorus belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Juncus squamosus belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Juncus Squamosus

Juncus squamosus belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Juncus glaucus belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Juncus Glaucus

Juncus glaucus belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Juncus conglomeratus, also known as the common rush, belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places. It is the best known species, with cylindrical stems and crowded panicles of flowers below the tapered extremities of the stems.

Juncus Conglomeratus

Juncus conglomeratus, also known as the common rush, belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus)…

Juncus compressus belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Juncus Compressus

Juncus compressus belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Known as the soft rush, Juncus effusus is nearly as common as the most common species, J. conglomeratus. It can be distinguished from J. conglomeratus by its branching and looser inflorescence. It belongs to a genus of grass-like herbs (Juncus) that grow in boggy places.

Juncus Effusus

Known as the soft rush, Juncus effusus is nearly as common as the most common species, J. conglomeratus.…

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists of many pairs of fluted or corrugated rollers arranged in horizontal succession and driven with a reciprocating motion. The jute as it passes through may receive a sprinkling of oil ad water from automatic apparatus attached to the machine overhead, or it may be arranged in the layers and sprayed with oil after emerging from the softener, a process known as batching. In either case, the material is then allowed to lie a certain time in bulk, to permit of the fiber being thoroughly permeated with the oil.

Softening Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists…

After the softening process in the manufacturing of jute, the fibers are about six feet long, and are passed onto the breaker card, where they are reduced in length, finely divided, thoroughly mixed, cleared of impurities, and laid in parallel order. The chief features of the card are a cylinder about four feet in diameter covered with wooden staves filled with steel teeth, and around this cylinder a number of smaller cylinders, known as strippers and workers, also covered with steel teeth. The jute fibers are carried around the large cylinder, being finely divided by the workers and strippers in their course. A doffer roller then strips the elongated lap from the main cylinder and sends it down a broad channel, which compresses it to a strand or sliver about four inches wide. Twelve of these slivers are then fed into the finisher card, which is similar to the breaker, but has finer teeth, and are drawn out into a finer, smoother strand.

Carding Process in the Manufacuring of Jute

After the softening process in the manufacturing of jute, the fibers are about six feet long, and are…

In the last step of the manufacturing process of the jute plant, the material is taken on bobbins to spinning frames of the throstle type, and spun into yarn of various sizes, with a hard twist for warps and a softer twist for wefts. The warp yarns on bobbins are then passed on to the spooling and dressing machines, or are reeled in hanks and bundles for the purpose of being bleached or dyed in various colors for stripes in the fabric to be woven. The weft yarns are taken to the cop winding machines.

Spinning Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

In the last step of the manufacturing process of the jute plant, the material is taken on bobbins to…

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliaceæ, and employed in the manufacture of the coarser textiles. The great bulk of the world's supply is derived from two species, C. capsularis and C. olitorius (Jew's Mallow), both of which are indigenous to Bengal, India, where from remote times they have been cultivate for economic purposes. The two species are similar in appearance, but may be distinguished by the form of the seed pods, which are nearly spherical in C. capsularis, and long and narrow in C. olitorius. Both plants are herbaceous annuals with straight, slender stalks from 5 to 15 feet in height, branched at the top, and bearing small yellow flowers. The fiber, which is derived from the inner bark, is of a creamy yellow or light buff color and of a silky luster. It spins well, but is not as strong as flax or hemp, and deteriorates rapidly. The young shoots are used as pot herbs. Jute is grown chiefly in Bengal, though it is raised to a limited extent in China, Formosa, and Southern Japan. It can be grown successfully in the South Atlantic and Gulf States of the United States, but lack of mechanical methods for preparing the fiber has prevented its cultivation on an industrial scale. Attempts to naturalize it elsewhere have generally failed. For its most successful cultivation, jute requires a soft, deep soil and a hot, moist atmosphere, alluvial lands being especially adapted to its production. This illustration shows Corchorus capsularis.

Jute

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of…

Lilium Chalcedonicum, or lily, a type of flowering plant.

Lilium Chalcedonicum

Lilium Chalcedonicum, or lily, a type of flowering plant.

The agile wallaby is a type of wallaby (or brush kangaroo). They are smaller than most kangaroos and occur in the dense scrub found in certain parts of Australia.

Agile Wallaby

The agile wallaby is a type of wallaby (or brush kangaroo). They are smaller than most kangaroos and…

The black wallaby is a type of wallaby (or brush kangaroo). They are smaller than most kangaroos and occur in the dense scrub found in certain parts of Australia.

Black Wallaby

The black wallaby is a type of wallaby (or brush kangaroo). They are smaller than most kangaroos and…

To form a sheet bend, pass the end of one rope through the bight of another, round both parts of the other, and under its own standing part.

Sheet Bend

To form a sheet bend, pass the end of one rope through the bight of another, round both parts of the…

The lady fern in the popular name of the fern 'Asplenium filix-foemina'. It is variable in size and detail, of very graceful habit, and of thin, almost transparent texture, with conspicuous venation. Its color is a most delicate green. The fronds are lanceolate and bipinnate, and are developed from the summit of the caudex. Many varieties are found wild, such as 'marinum', whose fronds taper from their centers toward either extremity; 'latifolium'; and 'convexum', whose fronds are much narrower than in the common type. The lady fern and its varieties are easily cultivated in any damp, shady spot.

Lady Fern

The lady fern in the popular name of the fern 'Asplenium filix-foemina'. It is variable in size and…

Laminaria saccharina belongs to the group Laminariæ, a group of algæ belonging to the Phæosporeæ, a subdivision of the Phæosphyceæ, or brown seaweeds. The propagative cells are always swarm-spores of similar form and size; and these are produced in unilocular sporangia. The thallus has a stalk, often of considerable thickness, which is attached below to rocks or other substratum by means of rootlike growth, and ends above in a flat lamina, which may be divided or undivided.

Laminaria Saccharina

Laminaria saccharina belongs to the group Laminariæ, a group of algæ belonging to the Phæosporeæ,…

Lamium album (also known as the white dead-nettle, or archangel) is a member of the Lamium, a genus of Labiatæ, whose flowers are marked by possessing four stamens longer than the corolla tube, a bell-shaped calyx with five teeth, and a two-lipped corolla, the upper lip being arched, the lower trifid and spreading. It has been naturalized in America and has a square stem and white flowers with black stamens.

Lamium Album

Lamium album (also known as the white dead-nettle, or archangel) is a member of the Lamium, a genus…

Larch, or Larix, is a genus of hardy, deciduous, coniferous trees of very graceful habit. They bear monoecious flowers, the male catkins being small and oval, whilst the female ones are much longer. The leaves are bright green, linear, soft, and usually produced in short bundles on each side of the spray. They appear very early in the spring. The timber, which is very hard and tough, is much used in shipbuilding and for railway sleepers, and in cabinet work is capable of taking a very high polish. The species most commonly planted is 'L. europaea', whcich grows to about 100 ft in height. Other species are 'L. occidentalis', a tall and handsome American tree and 'L. laricina', the tamarack, or hackmatack, of North America. This is a straggling tree, most common in swampy soils, with smaller cones than has the the European species. It reaches a height of 70 ft., and the wood is valuable for the same purposes as that of other larches. (1. Scale of cone with two seeds; 2. anther)

Larch, Cone and Flowers (male and female)

Larch, or Larix, is a genus of hardy, deciduous, coniferous trees of very graceful habit. They bear…

This illustration shows a lateral aspect of the larynx and its multiple parts (A. Thyroid Cartilage; B. Cricoid Cartilage; C. hyoid bone; D. Rings of trachea; E. Epiglottis; F. Arytenoid Cartilage; G. Thyro-arytenoid muscle; H. Adam's Apple; I. False Vocal Cords; J. True Vocal Cords; K. Ventricle; L. Rima Glottis).

Lateral Aspect of Larynx

This illustration shows a lateral aspect of the larynx and its multiple parts (A. Thyroid Cartilage;…

This illustration shows a vertical section of the larynx and its many parts (A. Thyroid Cartilage; B. Cricoid Cartilage; C. hyoid bone; D. Rings of trachea; E. Epiglottis; F. Arytenoid Cartilage; G. Thyro-arytenoid muscle; H. Adam's Apple; I. False Vocal Cords; J. True Vocal Cords; K. Ventricle; L. Rima Glottis).

Vertical Section of Larynx

This illustration shows a vertical section of the larynx and its many parts (A. Thyroid Cartilage; B.…

Lattice Leaf is the popular name of a water plant, 'Aponogeton jenestralis', belonging to the order 'Aponogetonaceæ'. The older leaves are of open structure, are nearly a foot long, oblong in shape, and float just below the surface of the water. The flowers are born in spikes in the surface. The roots of the plant are used as an article of food by the natives of Madagascar, where it is indigenous. (1. Part of Flower Spike)

Lattice Leaf

Lattice Leaf is the popular name of a water plant, 'Aponogeton jenestralis', belonging to the order…

Layering is a method of plant propagation by which a part of the plant is bent down and covered with soil, so that it may emit roots before being separated from the parent plant. in some instances, it is sufficient to remove all buds from the shoot, with the exception of a few near its extremity, and to bend it and peg it down so that a part of its proximal end is buried beneath the soil. In others it is necessary partly to cut through the stem at the point where it is to be covered with soil.

Layering Method of Plant Propagation

Layering is a method of plant propagation by which a part of the plant is bent down and covered with…

This illustration shows 4 types of simple leaves: 1. Linear (an elongated version of the elliptical); 2. Lanceolate; 3. elliptical; 4. ovate.

Types of Simple Leaves

This illustration shows 4 types of simple leaves: 1. Linear (an elongated version of the elliptical);…

This illustration shows two types of leaves derived from the circular type: 5. Palmately lobed; 6. Orbicular and pelate.

Types of Simple Leaves Derived from the Circular Type

This illustration shows two types of leaves derived from the circular type: 5. Palmately lobed; 6. Orbicular…

This illustration shows two types of compound leaves derived from the circular type: 7. palmately compound; 8. cleft orbicular.

Compound Leaves Derived from the Circular Type

This illustration shows two types of compound leaves derived from the circular type: 7. palmately compound;…

This illustration shows leaves derived from the oval type: 13. Ovate and Serrate; 14. Palmately three cleft.

Leaves Derived from the Oval Type

This illustration shows leaves derived from the oval type: 13. Ovate and Serrate; 14. Palmately three…

Clematis illustration showing leaf stalks modified as tendrils.

Clematis

Clematis illustration showing leaf stalks modified as tendrils.

This illustration shows a Bladderwort, some of whose leaves have converted into traps for insects.

Bladderwort

This illustration shows a Bladderwort, some of whose leaves have converted into traps for insects.

This illustration shows a water crowfoot, with broad, floating leaves, and much-cut, submerged leaves.

Water Crowfoot

This illustration shows a water crowfoot, with broad, floating leaves, and much-cut, submerged leaves.

This illustration shows a lentil plant. Lentils are the round, flat seeds of a small leguminous plant <i>(Vicia (Lens) hirsuta)</i>, of which numerous varieties are cultivated in the countries bordering the Mediterranean and elsewhere. The seeds are highly nitrogenous, and of great food value. They form the principal constituent of the well-known <i>Revalenta arabica</i> of commerce. They consist of -- starch, 50 percent; casein, 24 percent; fat, 2 percent; and water, 14 percent. The dark green German lentils are much more palatable than the reddish-yellow Egyptian variety.

The Lentil Plant

This illustration shows a lentil plant. Lentils are the round, flat seeds of a small leguminous plant…

This illustration shows a portion of Lepidodendron. Lepidodendron is the generic name of a large and important group of plants which flourished principally in the Carboniferous period. The outer surface of the bark is marked by lozenge-shaped, scale-like markings, the leaf-cushions. These are arranged in dense spirals, which wind around the stems. Often, the narrow and pointed leaves are found, still adherent; they may also carry cones <i>(lepidostrobi)</i>, which in form somewhat resemble those of the fir. The branches usually fork repeatedly, and were implanted on a massive stem which had a similar external sculpture. Some of these stems have been seen in the roofs of coal workings with a length of a hundred feet. Their roots are generally known as stigmaria. The Lepidodendra belonged to the Lycopodiaceæ, and have their nearest representatives in the diminutive club-mosses, which they resemble even in their superficial characters.

Portion of Lepidodendron

This illustration shows a portion of Lepidodendron. Lepidodendron is the generic name of a large and…

Cabbage Lettuce is distinguished by its broad leaves and low spreading habit. It is an annual plant, and has long been cultivated as a salad plant. It was grown by the Greeks and Romans for this purpose.

Cabbage Lettuce

Cabbage Lettuce is distinguished by its broad leaves and low spreading habit. It is an annual plant,…

Cos Lettuce, or Romaine Lettuce, is distinguished by its upright habit, and the oblong form of its leaves.

Cos Lettuce

Cos Lettuce, or Romaine Lettuce, is distinguished by its upright habit, and the oblong form of its leaves.

The spikenard plant, or Nardostachys jatamansi, which is found in the Bible.

Spikenard Plant

The spikenard plant, or Nardostachys jatamansi, which is found in the Bible.

"A highly perfumed ointment prepared from a plant in india growing in short spikes." Pictured is the Nardostachys Jatamansi, or Spikenard plant, used in making a highly perfumed and sometimes medicinally used oil.

Spike'nard

"A highly perfumed ointment prepared from a plant in india growing in short spikes." Pictured is the…

Determination of an average load imposed by an industrial plant.

Industrial Plant

Determination of an average load imposed by an industrial plant.

Losses in a non-condensing steam plant.

Steam Plant

Losses in a non-condensing steam plant.

Loss in a suction gas-producer plant.

Gas-producer Plant

Loss in a suction gas-producer plant.

A combination pumping and electric-light plant driven by a gravity waterwheel.

Electric Plant

A combination pumping and electric-light plant driven by a gravity waterwheel.