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"Side view of second upper molar tooth of Anchitherium (brachyodont form)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Molar

"Side view of second upper molar tooth of Anchitherium (brachyodont form)." — Encyclopedia Britannica,…

"Corresponding tooth of horse (hypsidont form)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Molar

"Corresponding tooth of horse (hypsidont form)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, showin gradual reduction of the outer and enlargement of the middle toe (III). Orohippus (Eocene)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Foot

"Successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, showin gradual…

"Successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, showin gradual reduction of the outer and enlargement of the middle toe (III). Meschippus (Early Miocene)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Foot

"Successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, showin gradual…

"Successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, showin gradual reduction of the outer and enlargement of the middle toe (III). Miohippus and Anchitherium (Late Miocene)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Foot

"Successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, showin gradual…

"Successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, showin gradual reduction of the outer and enlargement of the middle toe (III). Hipparion and Pliohippus (Pliocene)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Foot

"Successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, showin gradual…

"Successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, showin gradual reduction of the outer and enlargement of the middle toe (III). Equus (Pleistocene)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Foot

"Successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, showin gradual…

"Side view of skull of horse, with the bone removed so as to expose the whole of the teeth. PMx, premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal bone; Ma, malar bone; L, lacrymal bone; Fr, frontal bone; Sq, squamosal bone; Pa, parietal bone; oc, occipital condyle; pp, paroccipital process; i, the three incisor teeth; c, the canine tooth; pm1, the situation of the rudimentary first premolar, which has been lost in the lower, but is present in the upper jaw; pm2, pm3, and pm4, the three fully-developed premolar teeth; m, the three true molar teeth." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horse Skull

"Side view of skull of horse, with the bone removed so as to expose the whole of the teeth. PMx, premaxilla;…

A horse drawn harvesting machine for grain crops.

Reaping Machine

A horse drawn harvesting machine for grain crops.

A bit intended to prevent a horse from lifting his head when rearing.

Rearing Bit

A bit intended to prevent a horse from lifting his head when rearing.

"Panathenaic Frieze, from the Parthenon." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Frieze

"Panathenaic Frieze, from the Parthenon." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

A cart used in the 19th century as an ambulance.

Ambulance Cart

A cart used in the 19th century as an ambulance.

A man wearing a full suit of armor riding a horse.

Suit of Armor

A man wearing a full suit of armor riding a horse.

A figure on horseback.

Horseback rider

A figure on horseback.

"Denarius of the earliest kind: Having on the obverse a personification of Rome as a warrior with helmet; and on the reverse, a chariot drawn by four horses." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Denarius

"Denarius of the earliest kind: Having on the obverse a personification of Rome as a warrior with helmet;…

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history. The Persians, in the time of Cyrus the Younger, bore an eagle on a spear as a standard. The Romans for some time used the eagle, the wolf, the boar, the horse, and the minotaur for standards, but afterwards abandoned the last four, and confined themselves to the first." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Roman Eagle

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history.…

A machine drill used to drill through rocky surfaces. Powered by steam, water or horse.

Rock Drill

A machine drill used to drill through rocky surfaces. Powered by steam, water or horse.

Two heavily armored knights on horseback shaking hands.

Two Knights

Two heavily armored knights on horseback shaking hands.

A horse trained to run around a circus ring with a man standing on his back.

Circus Horse

A horse trained to run around a circus ring with a man standing on his back.

A wooden shoe.

Sabot

A wooden shoe.

A type of riding saddle.

English Riding Saddle

A type of riding saddle.

A type of riding saddle.

Side Saddle

A type of riding saddle.

A type of riding saddle.

McClellan Saddle

A type of riding saddle.

A type of riding saddle.

Cowboy Saddle

A type of riding saddle.

A saddle used by mounted warriors.

War Saddle

A saddle used by mounted warriors.

A southern zodiacal constellation and sign.

Sagittarius Constellation

A southern zodiacal constellation and sign.

Hoofed mammals, resembling horses but having a smaller build.

Donkey

Hoofed mammals, resembling horses but having a smaller build.

General Putnam escaping on horseback.

General Putnam

General Putnam escaping on horseback.

Sergeant Champe escaping by horseback and swimming.

Sergeant Champe

Sergeant Champe escaping by horseback and swimming.

A man making shoes.

Shoe Craftsman

A man making shoes.

A horse jumping.

Horse

A horse jumping.

A horse with battle armor.

Armored Horse

A horse with battle armor.

Skeleton of a horse that lived in Colorado more than a million years ago. From Guide Leaflet of the American Museum by Matthews.

Horse Skeleton

Skeleton of a horse that lived in Colorado more than a million years ago. From Guide Leaflet of the…

The four-toed horse restored from a study of its fossil skeleton.

Horse

The four-toed horse restored from a study of its fossil skeleton.

Skeleton of the fore limb of the horse. <em>sc</em>, shoulder blade; <em>h</em>, humerus; <em>r</em>, radius; <em>ua</em>, ulna; <em>m</em>, splint bone or fourth metacarpal; <em>p</em>, phalanges.

Fore Limb

Skeleton of the fore limb of the horse. sc, shoulder blade; h, humerus; r,…

Piercing mouth structure of a "horse-fly": the sucking lip is omitted.

Mouth Structure of a Horse Fly

Piercing mouth structure of a "horse-fly": the sucking lip is omitted.

A safe method of hitching a horse to a tree.

Hitching

A safe method of hitching a horse to a tree.

A good horse-radish root

Horse-Radish

A good horse-radish root

The larvae are elongated, somewhat flattened creatures, some living in the soil, some in water, and some in marshes, preying upon what ever comes in their way.

Horse Fly Larva

The larvae are elongated, somewhat flattened creatures, some living in the soil, some in water, and…

The pupa of the horse fly.

Horse Fly Pupa

The pupa of the horse fly.

The horse-flies or <em>tabanidae</em>, comprise another set of troublesome creatures, of medium or large size. They have short, broad heads, enormous eyes, and short, though many jointed, feelers. The abdomen is oval, a little flattened, and the body convex and powerful. The mouth parts are well developed, consisting of a series of five sharped-pointed lancets so rigid that they readily pierce the skin and draw blood almost as soon as they touch.

Horse Fly

The horse-flies or tabanidae, comprise another set of troublesome creatures, of medium or large…

Wat Tyler, while talking to the King, grew violent, forgot to whom he was speaking, and laid his hand on the king's bridle, as if to threaten or take him prisoner. Upon this, the Lord Mayor, with his mace-dealt the man such a blow that he fell from his horse, and an attendant thrust him through with a sword.

Death of Wat Tyler

Wat Tyler, while talking to the King, grew violent, forgot to whom he was speaking, and laid his hand…

Half of a horse-chestnut, similarly cut; the caulicle is curved down on the side of one of the thick cotyledons.

Horse Chestnut

Half of a horse-chestnut, similarly cut; the caulicle is curved down on the side of one of the thick…

Horse-chestnut in germination; footstalks are formed to the cotyledons, pushing out in their lengthening the growing parts.

Horse Chestnut in Germination

Horse-chestnut in germination; footstalks are formed to the cotyledons, pushing out in their lengthening…

Shoot of Horse-chestnut, of one year's growth, taken in autumn after the leaves have fallen; showing the large terminal bud and smaller auxiliary buds.

Shoot of Horse-chestnut

Shoot of Horse-chestnut, of one year's growth, taken in autumn after the leaves have fallen; showing…

An African sandal used in daily life.

Sandals

An African sandal used in daily life.

An African sandal used in daily life.

Sandals

An African sandal used in daily life.

Little girl and her father riding a rocking horse with wings.

Riding A Horse

Little girl and her father riding a rocking horse with wings.

The movement of General Sherman's troops towards the Atlantic Ocean.

Sherman's March to the Sea

The movement of General Sherman's troops towards the Atlantic Ocean.

A wilderness battle during the Civil War.

Wilderness Battle

A wilderness battle during the Civil War.

A diagram showing the manufacture of a shoe.

Manufacture of a shoe

A diagram showing the manufacture of a shoe.

A finished shoe.

Shoe

A finished shoe.

"A kind of shoe in vogue in northern latitudes which enables the wearer to pass rapidly over the surface of the snow without sinking therin."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Snowshoe

"A kind of shoe in vogue in northern latitudes which enables the wearer to pass rapidly over the surface…

"While his horse is going at full speed, he jumps over a rope extended across the ring, and regains his footing on the saddle without difficultly. To do this, he has only to leap straight up as he comes to the rope, for his inertia bears him along in the same direction as the horse." &mdash;Quackenbos 1859

Inertia Demonstration

"While his horse is going at full speed, he jumps over a rope extended across the ring, and regains…

"A horse without machinery can not lift a weight; but he does it readily with the aid of the simple apparatus shown [here].." &mdash;Quackenbos 1859

Pulley System

"A horse without machinery can not lift a weight; but he does it readily with the aid of the simple…

Five Dollars ($5) South Carolina currency from 1776. Image of a horse surrounded by the inscription - DOMINUM GENEROSA RECUSAT. Wood engraving, rough brown paper.

Paper Money, Five Dollars Bill, 1776

Five Dollars ($5) South Carolina currency from 1776. Image of a horse surrounded by the inscription…

1. Dentition (teeth) of man. 2. Dentition of hyena. 3. Dentition of pig. 4. Dentition of Patagonian cavy (type of rodent). 5. Section of skull of Indian elephant, showing dentition of right side. 6. Crown of upper molar of horse, showing enamal folds. 7. Grinding surface of molar of African elephant, with enamal folds. 8. Single tooth of blue shark. 9. Longitudinal section of human tooth. 1. Incisors (human); C, canines; P, premolars; M, molars. a, enamel; b, dentine; c, cement (crusta petrosa); d, pulp cavity.

Teeth of Man and Several Animal Species

1. Dentition (teeth) of man. 2. Dentition of hyena. 3. Dentition of pig. 4. Dentition of Patagonian…

Leaves - simple; alternate (often alternate in pairs); edge unequally sharp-toothed, with the base entire. Outline - triangular. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - variable, more or less squared, sometimes slightly hollowed, rounded or pointed. Leaf/Stem - long and slender, about three quarters of an inch or more in length. Leaf - one and three quarters to three inches long. Smooth and shining on both sides. Bark - The outer bark of the mature trunk is chalky-white and thin, but not, like the bark of the Paper-birch, easily separable into layers. Usually it is marked with blackish dots and lines. Often the branchlets and twigs are blackish, and in very young trees the bark may be light reddish-brown, and marked with white dots. Found - on poor soil, from Delaware and Pennsylvania northward (mostly toward the coast), and in ornamental cultivation. It springs up abundantly over burned and abandoned lands. General Information - A slender, short-lived tree, twenty to thirty feet high, with white, soft wood, not durable; used largely in making spools, shoe pegs, etc., and for fuel. A still more graceful cultivated species is the European Weeping Birch (B. pendula). Its branches are very drooping, with more slender leaves, and a spray that is exceedingly light and delicate, especially in early spring.

Genus Betula, L. (Birch)

Leaves - simple; alternate (often alternate in pairs); edge unequally sharp-toothed, with the base entire.…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and unequally double-toothed. Outline - egg-shaped. Apex - pointed. Base - rounded, slightly heart-shaped, or, rarely, wedge-shaped. Leaf/Stem - downy. Leaf - two to three inches long; dark green and smooth above; beneath, dull, and with the ribs somewhat hairy, especially in their angles. Bark - of trunk very tough and durable; thick; snow-white on the outside; easily removed from the wood, and then itself very separable into paper-like sheets. The inner sheets are of a reddish tinge. Found - in the mountains of Northern Pennsylvania, New England, and far northward, farther than any other non-evergreen tree of America, excepting the aspen. General Information - A tree, forty to seventy feet high. The wood is light, hard, and very close-grained, but decays rapidly when exposed - more rapidly than the bark, which often remains as a shell long after the wood within has disappeared. It is very largely used in making spools, pegs, shoe-lasts, in turnery, for wood-pulp, and for fuel. The waterproof bark is much used by Indians and trappers for their canoes. "Give me of your bark, O Birch-Tree! Of your yellow bark, O Birch-Tree! Growing by the rushing river, Tall and stately in the valley! I a light canoe will build me, That shall float upon the river, Like a yellow leaf in autumn, Like a yellow water-lily. 'Lay aside your cloak, O Birch-Tree! Lay aside your white-skin wrapper, For the summer time is coming, And the sun is warm in the heaven, And you need no white-skin wrapper!'" Hiawatha

Genus Betula, L. (Birch)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and unequally double-toothed. Outline - egg-shaped. Apex -…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed, with small and remote teeth. Outline - oval or egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded. Leaf - three to six inches long, about half as wide; a very "finished" leaf; when young, fringed with soft white hairs; becoming smooth and polished; with distinct and straight unbranched side-ribs, ending in the teeth of the edge. The dead, bleached leaves often cling thickly to the branches throughout the winter. Bark - of the trunk, light gray, smooth, and unbroken. Fruit - a small four-celled prickly burr, splitting half-way to the base when ripe, and with two sweet, three-sided nuts in each shell. Found - in rich woods, Nova Scotia to Florida and westward, with it finest growth on the "bluffs" of the lower Mississippi basin. General Information - Large stately trees, with spreading branches and a delicate spray, fifty to eighty feet high. The wood is hard and very close-grained, and is used largely in the making of chairs, handles, plan-stocks, shoe-lasts, and for fuel. When the tree is not crowded, it sends out its nearly horizontal or drooping branches as low as from ten to thirty feet above the ground. Lumber-men make the distinction of "red Beech" and "White Beech," claiming that the former is harder, with a redder and thicker heart-wood. Among woodsmen and the Indians, the Beech is said to be a favorite refuge in thunder-storms. They claim that it is scarcely ever struck by lightning. Lumber-men claim a difference in the quality of trees which retain their leaves and those which shed them. "Said a neighbor to me one day: 'You might 'a knowed that beech would split hard with all the dry leaves on it,' -- and it did. That was the first I'd ever heard of the sign, but I've never known it fail since."

Genus Fagus, L. (Beech)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed, with small and remote teeth. Outline - oval or egg-shape.…