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Simple knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Simple knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the…

Figure eight knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Figure eight knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope…

Common sheet bend connects two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Common sheet bend connects two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing…

Common bowline. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Common bowline. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is…

Reef knot or square knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Reef knot or square knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the…

Carrick bend joins two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the bright. The standing part of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Carrick bend joins two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the bright. The standing part of the…

Flemish loop. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Flemish loop. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the…

Chain knot and toggle. The toggle is pulled to tighten up all the loops. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Chain knot and toggle. The toggle is pulled to tighten up all the loops. Note: the loop of a knot is…

Sheepshank. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Sheepshank. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the…

Bowline on a bight show in two stages. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Bowline on a bight show in two stages. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing…

Gilpin on his horse. "The wind did blow, the cloak did fly, Like streamer long and gray. Till, loop and button failing both, At last it flew away."

John Gilpin

Gilpin on his horse. "The wind did blow, the cloak did fly, Like streamer long and gray. Till, loop…

"The big loop on the Georgetown branch of the Union Pacific, Colorado."—E. Benjamin Andrews 1895

Union Pacific

"The big loop on the Georgetown branch of the Union Pacific, Colorado."—E. Benjamin Andrews 1895

Wind-mill Point. This view was sketched from the steam-boat, when a little below the wind-mill, looking west-north-west. The mill is a strong stone structure, and answered a very good purpose for a fort or block-house. Its narrow windows were used by the patriots as loop-holes for their muskets during the action.

Wind-Mill Point

Wind-mill Point. This view was sketched from the steam-boat, when a little below the wind-mill, looking…

The Vankleek House. It was built by Myndert Vankleek, one of the first settlers in Dutchess county, in 1702, and was the first substantial house erected upon the site of Poughkeepsie. Its walls were very thick, and near the eaves they were pierced with lancet loop-holes for musketry. It was here that Ann Lee, the founder of the sect called Shaking Quakers, in this country, was lodged the night previous to her commitment to the Poughkeepsie jail, in 1776. She was a native of Manchester, England. During her youth she was employed in a cotton factory, and afterward as a cook in the Manchester infirmary. She married a blacksmith named Stanley; became acquainted with James and Jane Wardley, the originators of the sect in England, and in 1758 joined the small society they had formed. In 1770 she pretended to have received a revelation, while confined in prison on account of her religious fanaticism; and so great were the spiritual gifts she was believed to possess, that she was soon acknowledged a spirtual mother in Christ. Hence her name of Mother Ann. She and her husband came to New York in 1774. He soon afterward abandoned her and her faith, and married another woman. She collected a few followers, and in 1776 took up her abode in the woods of Watervliet, near Niskayuna, in the neighborhood of Troy. By some she was charged with witchcraft; and, because she was opposed to war, she was accused of secret correspondence with the British. A charge of high reason was preferred against her, and she was imprisoned in Albany during the summer. In the fall it was concluded to send her to New York, and banish her to the British army, but circumstances prevented the accomplishment of the design, and she was imprisoned in the Poughkeepsie jail until Governor Clinton, in 1777, hearing of her situation, released her. She returned to Watervliet, and her followers greatly increased. She died there in 1784, aged eighty-four years. Her followers sincerely believe that she now occupies that form or figure which John saw in his vision, standing beside the Savior.

Vankleek House

The Vankleek House. It was built by Myndert Vankleek, one of the first settlers in Dutchess county,…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. The simplest knot is the common one tied on the end of a thread or cord to prevent it slipping. By passing a loop instead of the end of the cord the common slip knot (fig. 1) is formed."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. A useful fixed loop is got by tying a simple knot, or the 'figure of 8 knot' (2) on the loop of a cord."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. One of the simplest and most useful running knots for a small cord is made by means of two simple knots (3)."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. The most secure method of fastening a line to, say, a bucket is the standing bowline (4); and a running bowline is formed by passing the end a through the loop b, thus making a running loop."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. Another good knot to make fast a bucket is the anchor bend (5)."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. Out of the score or so of methods of fastening a boat's painter the one which will be found most useful is the well-known two half-hitches (6)."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. The timber hitch (7) is useful for attaching a line to a spar or a stone."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. The clove hitch (8) is invaluable for many purposes. It is very simple and cannot slip."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. A simple method of fastening a rope to a hook is the blackwall hitch (9), where the strain on the main rope jams the end so tightly against he hook that it cannot slip. "—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. There are many methods for shortening a rope temporarily, one of them being the sheepshank, the simplest form of which is shown in fig. 10."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. Of the methods for uniting the ends of two cords the simplest and one of the most secure is the common reef knot (11), which must be carefully distinguished from the granny (12), which will jam it it does not slip; the reef knot will do neither."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. Of the methods for uniting the ends of two cords the simplest and one of the most secure is the common reef knot (11), which must be carefully distinguished from the granny (12), which will jam it it does not slip; the reef knot will do neither."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. For very small cords or thread the best knot is the weaver's (13)."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. The fisherman's knot is a very useful one for anglers, and is formed by a simple knot in each cord being slipped over the other (14); when drawn taut it is very secure, and it is easily separated by pulling the short ends."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. A useful method of uniting large ropes is shown in figure 15: tie a simple knot on the end of one rope and interlace the end of the other, and draw taut. This tie may also be made with the figure of 8 knot."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. For very large ropes the carrick bend (16) is the simplest and most secure. The bowline bend is formed by looping two bowline knots into each other."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. Generally, the requirements of a useful knot may be stated to be that it should neither 'slip' nor 'jam'– I. e. that, while it holds without danger of slipping while the strain is on it, when slackened it should be easily untied again. For attaching a small line to a thick rope the becket hitch (17) is very useful."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. 'Splicing' is the process employed to join two ropes when it is not advisable to use a knot. The three chief varieties of the splice are the short splice, the long splice, and the eye splice. The short splice is made by unlaying the ends of two ropes for a short distance and fitting them closer together; then, by the help of a marlinspike, the ends are laced over and under the strands of the opposite rope, as shown in figure 18. When each strand has been passed through once, half of it is cut away and the remainder passed through again; half of the remainder being also cut away, it is passed a third time, and, when all the strands are so treated, they are hauled taut and cut close. This reducing the thickness of the strands tapers off the splice."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. 'Splicing' is the process employed to join two ropes when it is not advisable to use a knot. The three chief varieties of the splice are the short splice, the long splice, and the eye splice. The eye splice is, as the term implies, used to form an eye, or round a dead eye, and is shown finished in figure 19."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords. To prevent a rope fraying at the ends a variety of methods are employed, the simplest being to serve or whip the end with a small cord. Other methods are by interlacing the ends, one of which, the single wall, is shown at figure 20, the ends afterward being drawn taut and cut short."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Knots and Splices

"Knots and splices include all the various methods of tying, fastening, and joining ropes or cords.…

"Sling the Monkey is a capital game, and can be played anywhere where there are trees. One player who is chosen by lot, takes the part of Monkey, and is fastened to a tolerably high branch of a tree by a strong cord knotted in a 'bowline' loop and passed round his waist. the other players now baste the monkey with knotted handkerchiefs, and he armed in like manner, endeavors to realiate. If he succeeds in striking one of them, he is at once released, and the other takes his place as monkey. He must make haste in doing it, or he may be basted until he is fairly in the loop. With players who don't mind a little buffeting this game becomes exceedingly lively: and active monkey is very different to approach with safety, and, of course, gives much more life to the game. The cord should be just long enough to enable the monkey to reach the ground comfortably under the branch. Half the fun of the game lies in actual slinging of the monkey, one of whose most effective ruses is to throw himself forward on the rope, preend to start off in one direction, and then come back with a swing in the other. The branch to which the cord is attached should be of some considerable height from the ground, or there will not be play enough in the rope; and it need scarcely be impressed upon the reader tha both rope and branch must be strong enough to bear the strain put upon them by the weight and movements of the monkey." — Thomas Sheppard Meek

Sling the Monkey

"Sling the Monkey is a capital game, and can be played anywhere where there are trees. One player who…

"This amusing game requires more care and delicacy of touch than at first seems to be the case. The apparatus of the game is very simple, consisting of a bull's head painted on a board, with a hook in its nose and another on each horn. In the top of the board is fixed a horizontal rod, to the end of which is suspended a ring by a piece of string. The players stand in succession in front of the bull, take the ring and try to fling it so that it shall be caught on the nook in the bull's nose. Each player has nine throws, and he who succeeds the greatest number of times wins the game. It is tolerably easy to throw the ring on the hook, but not easy to throw it so that it shall stay there, and the 'knack' of the game consists in throwing it with just sufficient force to reach the hook. In another modification of the game the string is lengthened to twelve or fifteen feet, and has a slip-noose at the end. The other end of the string is not fastened to the end of the horizontal rod, but held in the left hand, while with the right the player tries to throw the loop over the two hooks in the bull's horns. If he can catch them both he scores two, and if he catches only one of them, he scores one. Each player has six throws." — Thomas Sheppard Meek

Ring the Bull

"This amusing game requires more care and delicacy of touch than at first seems to be the case. The…

"Good judgement of distance is essential. Accuracy in thrusting and lunging is best attained by practicing these attacks against rings or other convenient openings, about three inches in diameter, suitably suspended at desired heights." — Moss, 1914

Dummy

"Good judgement of distance is essential. Accuracy in thrusting and lunging is best attained by practicing…

A noose in a rope or string.

Loop

A noose in a rope or string.

"Bring the two ends of the wire into contact, and thus close the circuit. The needle instantly flies around as though it was trying to place itself at right angles to the wire. Break the circuit, and the needle swings back to its north and south position. Twist the wires together, and bend the conductor into a loop so that the current passes above the needle in one direction and beneath the needle in the other direction. The deflection of the needle will be greater than before." — Avery, 1895

Needle, compass

"Bring the two ends of the wire into contact, and thus close the circuit. The needle instantly flies…

"Has a large wire loop, with a coil to allow the expansion of the limb." — Baily, 1898

Tree label

"Has a large wire loop, with a coil to allow the expansion of the limb." — Baily, 1898

"Plait the ribbon a distance from the end to allow for a streamer or bow end. Hold the plaits with the thumb and first finger of the right hand; with the left hand measure the length of the first loop; plait, and hold all plaits by twisting the second end of ribbon around them, drawing it through this twist or loop you have just made, from the direction it was taking when it formed the last loop. If you put this end through the twist from the opposite direction, no knot will be made and your bow will tumble." —Kinne, 1920

Cravat bow

"Plait the ribbon a distance from the end to allow for a streamer or bow end. Hold the plaits with the…

"For the uneven bow, measure a long loop, plait, and hold with right hand. Opposite this, measure, plait, and hold a much shorter loop. Parallel with the first loop measure, plait, and hold a loop a little shorter than the first one Opposite, measure another loop a little shorter than loop No. 2. Parallel with loop No. 1 make a fifth loop. Continue until you have as full a bow as you wish." —Kinne, 1920

Uneven bow

"For the uneven bow, measure a long loop, plait, and hold with right hand. Opposite this, measure, plait,…

"Measure all loops so they are of even lengths. Have the same number of loops on each side of the knot. Ten or twelve loops will make a good looking rosette bow." —Kinne, 1920

Rosette of even loops

"Measure all loops so they are of even lengths. Have the same number of loops on each side of the knot.…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

A loop made in a rope by crossing the two parts and seizing them together.

Cuckold Knot

A loop made in a rope by crossing the two parts and seizing them together.

"Waldheimia flavescens. Interior of dorsal valve. c, c', cardial process; b', hinge-plate; s, dental sockets; l, loop; q, crura; a, a', adductor impressions; c, accessory divaricator; b, peduncle muscles; ss, septum." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Dorsal Valve

"Waldheimia flavescens. Interior of dorsal valve. c, c', cardial process; b', hinge-plate; s, dental…

"Longitudinal section of valves. A, ventral, B, dorsal valves; l, loop; q, crura; ss, septum; c, cardinal process." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Valves

"Longitudinal section of valves. A, ventral, B, dorsal valves; l, loop; q, crura; ss, septum; c, cardinal…

"Terebratula virea. Interior of dorsal valve. l, loop; b, hinge-plate; c, cardinal process." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Dorsal Valve

"Terebratula virea. Interior of dorsal valve. l, loop; b, hinge-plate; c, cardinal process." —…

"Diagram showing the muscular system. M, ventral, N, dorsal valve; l, loop; V, mouth; Z, extremity of intestine; a, adductor; c, divaricators; c', accessory divaricators; b, ventral adjustors; c, peduncular muscles; b''', dorsal adjustors; P, peduncle." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Muscular System

"Diagram showing the muscular system. M, ventral, N, dorsal valve; l, loop; V, mouth; Z, extremity of…

S, cut end of duodenum; R, cut end of rectum; C, caecum; C2, accessory caecum; C.L., colic loop of hind-gut.

Intestinal Tract of Macropus Bennetti

S, cut end of duodenum; R, cut end of rectum; C, caecum; C2, accessory caecum; C.L., colic loop of hind-gut.

S, cut end of duodenum; R, cut end of rectum; C, caecum; P.C.L., post-caecal loop; S.P., spiral loop; SF, third loop of hind-gut.

Intestinal Tract of Giraffe

S, cut end of duodenum; R, cut end of rectum; C, caecum; P.C.L., post-caecal loop; S.P., spiral loop;…

"In the year 1589 the stocking-frame, the machine which mechanically produces the looped stitch in hosiery, was invented by the Rev. William Lee, a graduate of Cambridge, and native of Woodborough, near Nottingham. The fundamental principle of the apparatus consists in the substitution of a seperate hooked or barbed needle for the support and working of each loop, in place of the system whereby an indefinate number of loops are skewered on one or more wires or needles. At R is seen a thread of yarn passed over the needle stalks and within the terminal hooks. The yarn, it will be observed, is waved or depressed between each pair of needles, whereby sufficient yarn is secured to form the seperate loops of uniform size, and thus produce a regular equal fabric." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Hosiery

"In the year 1589 the stocking-frame, the machine which mechanically produces the looped stitch in hosiery,…

"An improvement of great importance in the hosiery trade was effected through the invention of the tumbler needle, patented by Mr. M. Townsend in 1858. The tumbler needle consists of a stem somewhat bulged near the point. The bulged part contains a groove in which there is hinged a short pin. The pin is so placed that, when turned to the hooked or curved point, its own point falls into a spoon-like indent, thus forming a smooth metal loop." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Tumbler Needle

"An improvement of great importance in the hosiery trade was effected through the invention of the tumbler…

"Vibration of a wire. A conducting copper wire, w, is suspended by a loop from a hook of the same metal, which passes through the arm of metal or wood, as seen in the cut. The upper end of the hook terminates in the cup P, to contain mercury. The lower end of the copper wire just touched the mercury, Q, contained in a little trough about an inch long, formed in the wood on which the horseshoe magnet, M, is laid, the mercury being equally distant from the two poles. The cup, N, has a stem of wire which passes through the wood of the platform into the mercury, this end of the wire being tinned, or amalgamated, so as to form a perfect contact." —Comstock, 1850

Wire Vibration

"Vibration of a wire. A conducting copper wire, w, is suspended by a loop from a hook of the same metal,…

Magellania flavescens. Longitudinal section of valves. A, ventral; B, dorsal valves; l, loop; q, crura; ss, septum; c, cardinal process.

Brachiopoda

Magellania flavescens. Longitudinal section of valves. A, ventral; B, dorsal valves; l, loop; q, crura;…