Leaves leathery, broad, and with a conspicuous vein running just inside the margin.

Desmothamnus

Leaves leathery, broad, and with a conspicuous vein running just inside the margin.

Leaves leathery; evergreen; flowers showy, white, large.

Gordonia

Leaves leathery; evergreen; flowers showy, white, large.

Leaves over four times as long as broad.

Salix

Leaves over four times as long as broad.

Sepals not pubescent or only slightly so; fruit a linear, two grooved capsule; leaves elliptic.

Itea

Sepals not pubescent or only slightly so; fruit a linear, two grooved capsule; leaves elliptic.

Sepals copiously pubescent; fruit a subglobose, valved capsule, leaves cuneate.

Clethra

Sepals copiously pubescent; fruit a subglobose, valved capsule, leaves cuneate.

Leaves with several veins running from base to apex; stems often thorny.

Smilax

Leaves with several veins running from base to apex; stems often thorny.

Leaves leathery, toothed only near the apex.

Ampelothamnus

Leaves leathery, toothed only near the apex.

Leaves not leathery, entire or with wavy edges.

Berchemia

Leaves not leathery, entire or with wavy edges.

Leaves alternate, not prominently toothed, subcordate at the base.

Breweria

Leaves alternate, not prominently toothed, subcordate at the base.

Leaves opposite, with wavy margins or angularly toothed.

Mikania

Leaves opposite, with wavy margins or angularly toothed.

Leaves large and dilated with inflated petioles.

Eichhornia

Leaves large and dilated with inflated petioles.

Leaves wide to the base, without petioles.

Pistia

Leaves wide to the base, without petioles.

Leaves mostly differentiated into blades and petioles.

Limnobium

Leaves mostly differentiated into blades and petioles.

Leaves dissected and bearing bladders.

Utricularia

Leaves dissected and bearing bladders.

Submerged leaves bearing bladders; flowers irregular, showy ellow or purple.

Utricularia

Submerged leaves bearing bladders; flowers irregular, showy ellow or purple.

Submerged leaves gathered along a few centimeters of the stem; flower stalks inflated.

Hottonia

Submerged leaves gathered along a few centimeters of the stem; flower stalks inflated.

Submerged leaves whorled, stems usually very lax.

Myriophyllum

Submerged leaves whorled, stems usually very lax.

Submerged leaves with simple divisions.

Proserpinaca

Submerged leaves with simple divisions.

Submerged leaves alternate or irregularly borne.

Ranuneulus

Submerged leaves alternate or irregularly borne.

Submerged leaves opposite; leaflets not toothed.

Cabomba

Submerged leaves opposite; leaflets not toothed.

Submerged leaves whorled; leaflets minutely toothed on one edge.

Ceratophyllum

Submerged leaves whorled; leaflets minutely toothed on one edge.

Leaves without midribs evident when examined against transmitted light; flowers yellow.

Heteranthera

Leaves without midribs evident when examined against transmitted light; flowers yellow.

Leaves with midribs evident when examined against light; flowers inconspicuous, not yellow.

Potamogeton

Leaves with midribs evident when examined against light; flowers inconspicuous, not yellow.

Leaves all from a hardened base or from a single point; base of leaves with spore sacs.

Isoetes

Leaves all from a hardened base or from a single point; base of leaves with spore sacs.

"Order of the Cincinnati. This was drawn from an original in the possession of Edward Phalon, Esq., of New York. The engraving is the exact size of the original. The leaves of the sprigs of laurel are of gold, and green enamel; the head and tail of the eagle gold, and white enamel; and the sky in the center device blue enamel. The device and motto are the same as upon the medallion on the right of the certificate."—Lossing, 1851

Order of the Cincinnati

"Order of the Cincinnati. This was drawn from an original in the possession of Edward Phalon, Esq.,…

"Battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, left wing- the woods on fire during the engagement of Sunday, April 6th, 1862- Forty-Fourth Indiana Volunteers engaged. The right wing of General Hurlbut's division stopped the advance of the Confederates by a determined defense along a side road leading through the woods on the right of the field. The Twenty-fifth and Seventeenth Kentucky and Forty-fourth and Thirty-first Indiana Regiments were engaged. By some means the dry leaves and thick underbrush which covered this locality took fire, filling the woods with volumes of smoke, and only discovering the position of the opposing forces to each other by the unceasing rattle of musketry and the whizzing of the bullets." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Shiloh

"Battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, left wing- the woods on fire during the engagement of Sunday,…

"Battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, left wing- the woods on fire during the engagement of Sunday, April 6th, 1862- Forty-Fourth Indiana Volunteers engaged. The right wing of General Hurlbut's division stopped the advance of the Confederates by a determined defense along a side road leading through the woods on the right of the field. The Twenty-fifth and Seventeenth Kentucky and Forty-fourth and Thirty-first Indiana Regiments were engaged. By some means the dry leaves and thick underbrush which covered this locality took fire, filling the woods with volumes of smoke, and only discovering the position of the opposing forces to each other by the unceasing rattle of musketry and the whizzing of the bullets." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Shiloh

"Battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, left wing- the woods on fire during the engagement of Sunday,…

Upper leaves shorter and broader.

Callitriche

Upper leaves shorter and broader.

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves, and they are sometimes cultivated for the sake of their beautiful foliage."-Whitney, 1902

Acanthus

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves,…

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves, and they are sometimes cultivated for the sake of their beautiful foliage."-Whitney, 1902

Acanthus

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves,…

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves, and they are sometimes cultivated for the sake of their beautiful foliage."-Whitney, 1902

Acanthus

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves,…

Plants stuff; rooting along the stem; leaves stiff and often fascicles.

Juncus

Plants stuff; rooting along the stem; leaves stiff and often fascicles.

Leaves with dilated bases.

Najas

Leaves with dilated bases.

Leaves with narrow bases.

Zannichellia

Leaves with narrow bases.

Leaves usually three in whorls (sometimes four); flowers minute and inconspicuous

Anacharis

Leaves usually three in whorls (sometimes four); flowers minute and inconspicuous

Leaves crowded on stem; flowers three petaled, pink and fairly conspicuous.

Mayaca

Leaves crowded on stem; flowers three petaled, pink and fairly conspicuous.

Leaves elliptic, the petiole ad under surface coated with a thick jelly-like material.

Brasenia

Leaves elliptic, the petiole ad under surface coated with a thick jelly-like material.

Leaves small, about 8 cm. in diameter or less; toothed or lobed.

Hydrocotyle

Leaves small, about 8 cm. in diameter or less; toothed or lobed.

Leaves small, mostly less than 15cm. long, heart-shaped; flowers white and less than 2.5cm across.

Nymphoides

Leaves small, mostly less than 15cm. long, heart-shaped; flowers white and less than 2.5cm across.

Leaves round, often peltate; the long petiole attached near center of leaf.

Hydrocotyle

Leaves round, often peltate; the long petiole attached near center of leaf.

flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; leaves less than 3.5cm long.

Ludwigia

flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; leaves less than 3.5cm long.

Flowers in stalked head-like spikes; leaves over 3.5cm long.

Alternanthera

Flowers in stalked head-like spikes; leaves over 3.5cm long.

Plants small, mostly under 1 dm tall; leaves filiform, or very narrowly linear.

Myosurus

Plants small, mostly under 1 dm tall; leaves filiform, or very narrowly linear.

Flowers violet, over 3cm scross; leaves equitant at base; that is coming in two ranks, making the base of the plant appear flattened.

Nemastylis

Flowers violet, over 3cm scross; leaves equitant at base; that is coming in two ranks, making the base…

Leaves large (1cm wide or wider); flowers very showy.

Iris

Leaves large (1cm wide or wider); flowers very showy.

Leaves smaller, rigid; small yellow flowers gathered in dense heads at top of naked stalk, each subtended by a scale-like bract.

Xyris

Leaves smaller, rigid; small yellow flowers gathered in dense heads at top of naked stalk, each subtended…

Leaves from base of scape bearing evident white flowers in racemes; roots without crss-constrictions.

Sagittaria

Leaves from base of scape bearing evident white flowers in racemes; roots without crss-constrictions.

Leaves narrow, mostly less than 1 cm.

Juncus

Leaves narrow, mostly less than 1 cm.

Sheaths abruptly contracted to blade of leaf; leaves without keels.

Typha

Sheaths abruptly contracted to blade of leaf; leaves without keels.

Sheaths narrowed to blade; leaves with keels.

Sparganium

Sheaths narrowed to blade; leaves with keels.

flowers white in dense button-like heads; leaves bristly-margined.

Eryngium

flowers white in dense button-like heads; leaves bristly-margined.

Flowers yellow, not in button-like heads nor with bristly-margined leaves.

Polygala

Flowers yellow, not in button-like heads nor with bristly-margined leaves.

Spores borne on terminal modified leaves; divisions of the leaf larger, more than 2 cm long.

Osmunda

Spores borne on terminal modified leaves; divisions of the leaf larger, more than 2 cm long.

Leaves opposite.

Bidens

Leaves opposite.

"A maple-tree, prob. so called from its pointed leaves. ex. Sugar maple"-Whitney, 1902

Acer

"A maple-tree, prob. so called from its pointed leaves. ex. Sugar maple"-Whitney, 1902

Individual leaflets of compud leaves also lobed or divided.

Neobeckia

Individual leaflets of compud leaves also lobed or divided.

"A maple-tree, prob. so called from its pointed leaves. ex. Sugar maple"-Whitney, 1902

Acer

"A maple-tree, prob. so called from its pointed leaves. ex. Sugar maple"-Whitney, 1902

Leaves coming off a creeping or horizontal stem.

Hydrocotyle

Leaves coming off a creeping or horizontal stem.

Stems 4-angled; flowers small, in dense clusters in the axils of the leaves.

Lycopus

Stems 4-angled; flowers small, in dense clusters in the axils of the leaves.

Leaves with central mid-vein and smaller veins branching from this.

Rorippa

Leaves with central mid-vein and smaller veins branching from this.