ClipArt ETC
"The Shetland Argus, <em>Astrophyton scutatum, usually more than a foot across, is sometimes found on the British coast." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Shetland argus

"The Shetland Argus, Astrophyton scutatum, usually more than a foot across, is sometimes found on…

Among the several species of Brittle-Star found in the British seas is the Common Brittle-Star, <em>Ophicoma rosula</em>, which displays the most varied hues, arranged in beautiful patterns." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Common brittle-star

Among the several species of Brittle-Star found in the British seas is the Common Brittle-Star, Ophicoma…

"It appears to be confined to the Mediterranean Sea, where it grows, especially on the southern coast, attached to rocks at considerable depths in the sea. It is fished up from the deep by means of nets and other instruments. The manufacture of ornaments of this coral at Naples is of great extent." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Red coral

"It appears to be confined to the Mediterranean Sea, where it grows, especially on the southern coast,…

"The Tubularidae are a family of hydroid polypes are for the most part social animals, frequently possessing a polypidom, which, however, when present, is of much less firm consistence than the horny framework of the Sertularidae. The polypes are never entirely retractable within their tubes; the upper extremity is enlarged into a clavate head, surrounded by a variable number of tentacles." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Tubularia coronata

"The Tubularidae are a family of hydroid polypes are for the most part social animals, frequently possessing…

"The <em>Rhisostoma Cuvieri</em>, a British species, measures two feet, or ever more, in diameter, while some fo the inhabitants of tropical seas are said to attain a still larger size. In calm weather they often swim close to the surface of the sea, in such multitudes as to impede the motion of a boat through the water. Such a fleet as this, seen with the sun shining strongly upon them, is a magnificent specacle, from the beautiful iridescemce with which the sunlight is reflected to the eye of the beholder. With the approach of night this scene of beauty only gives place to another, for these Medusae are exceedingly luminous in the dark." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Rhizostoma cuvieri

"The Rhisostoma Cuvieri, a British species, measures two feet, or ever more, in diameter, while…

"In the genus Alcyonium, the polypidom is of a spongy nature, and contains a multitude of minute calcareous concretions, which serve to give firmness to the fabric. When the polypes are contracted, the surface of the polypidom, which is covered with a coriaceous skin, is seen to bear numerous scattered stellate marks, which, on examination, are found to consist of eight rays correstponding with the tentacula of the polypes which are to be protruded from these spots." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Alcyonium elegans

"In the genus Alcyonium, the polypidom is of a spongy nature, and contains a multitude of minute calcareous…

"Theses animals were all supported upon a long stalk, at the extremity of which they floated in the waters of the ancient seas, spreading their arms in every direction in search of the small animals whch consitituted its food." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Encrindae

"Theses animals were all supported upon a long stalk, at the extremity of which they floated in the…

"The body is flattened and covered with several cacareous plates; the lower, or entral surface, bears the mouth and anus; and the ten slender rays are often branched to such an extent as to appear very numerous." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Rosy feather-star

"The body is flattened and covered with several cacareous plates; the lower, or entral surface, bears…

In Radiata the digestive cavity is a pouch with a single opening, into which the food is passed and from which the residuum is ejected, as in the Hydra.

The Digestive Apparatus of a Hydra or Freshwater Polyp

In Radiata the digestive cavity is a pouch with a single opening, into which the food is passed and…

"In this family the arms appear to be merely prolongations of the disc; they are suaully five in number, and the plates from which the ambulacra are exserted are placed in deep furrows, which run along the lower surface of the arms." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Five-fingered jack

"In this family the arms appear to be merely prolongations of the disc; they are suaully five in number,…

A genus of the Alcyonidae.

Cydonium mulleri

A genus of the Alcyonidae.

"This may be considered as one of the greatest wonders of nature, it being a real animal, having blood, and feeding upon other marine animals, yet having the form of a plant, and living like a plant, fixed to a rock in the deep sea." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Medusa's head pentacrinus

"This may be considered as one of the greatest wonders of nature, it being a real animal, having blood,…

In the Radiata, the starfish manifests one of the simplest forms of nervous systems. it consists of a central mass, with five arms radiating from it. In the center is the mouth, and beneath it the stomach or gastric cavity, which sends branches to each limb. The nervous system consists of five similar ganglions situated in the central portion at the base of the arms. These ganglions are connected and each sends off nerve-filaments to corresponding limbs.

Diagram of a Radiata

In the Radiata, the starfish manifests one of the simplest forms of nervous systems. it consists of…

"Among the British species are the Common Sand-Star, <em>Ophiura texturata</em>." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Sand-star

"Among the British species are the Common Sand-Star, Ophiura texturata." — Goodrich,…

"The Angular Sea-Cucumber, <em>C. pentactes</em>, is also a European species, with double rows of warty suckers." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Angular sea-cucumber

"The Angular Sea-Cucumber, C. pentactes, is also a European species, with double rows of warty…

"<em>Sea-Cucumbers</em> are of various forms, some of the species being found in nearly all seas. They generally live among sea-weed or in mud, and are supposed to seize their prey by their tentacles. They have the power of elongating and contracting their forms so as at one time to appear like worms, and at another to assume the shape of an hour-glass." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Common sea-cucumber

"Sea-Cucumbers are of various forms, some of the species being found in nearly all seas. They…

"In the family of the Gorgonidae the substance of the polypidom is collected into a solid central axis, covered by the fleshy mass in which the polypes are imbedded. The axis is cometimes calcareous, sometimes horny; in certain casees it is formed of a series of joints united by horny rings. Many species grow in a more or less aborescent form, of which the <em>Sea-Fans</em> are an example." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Sea-fan

"In the family of the Gorgonidae the substance of the polypidom is collected into a solid central axis,…

"The main stem of the polypidom of these animals is fleshy, but is furnished with an internal bony axis, which, however, does not reach to either exlamellae, which stand out upon each side of stalk, giving the whole polypidom, in some cases, the appearance of a large quill-feather. Of this the Sea-Pen, <I>Pennatula grisea</em>, is a familiar example. There are, however, many other forms." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Sea-pen

"The main stem of the polypidom of these animals is fleshy, but is furnished with an internal bony axis,…

"The colors in this are variable but brilliant - red, purple, green, and white. It measures from nine to twelve inches across, and feeds ravenously on shell-fish." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Common European sea-star

"The colors in this are variable but brilliant - red, purple, green, and white. It measures from nine…

"The globular crest of this animal is made up of several hundred polygonal pieces of different sizes, of every variety of outline, and so accurately fitted to each other that the lines uniting them are nearly inperceptible." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Sea-urchin without spines

"The globular crest of this animal is made up of several hundred polygonal pieces of different sizes,…

A diagram of a radiata (the starfish) whose organization is much less complete than that of most other animals. Label: 1, mouth.

Diagram of a Starfish

A diagram of a radiata (the starfish) whose organization is much less complete than that of most other…

"The organs of motion are similar, consisting of a multitude of small feet called <em>ambulacra</em>, which are protruded through a number of perforations left for this purpose in their calcareous coverings." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Underside of a starfish

"The organs of motion are similar, consisting of a multitude of small feet called ambulacra,…