An illustration of a young George Washington trekking through the wilderness.

Washington's Journey

An illustration of a young George Washington trekking through the wilderness.

John Hancock, prominent colonial statesman and first to sign the Declaration of Independence

John Hancock

John Hancock, prominent colonial statesman and first to sign the Declaration of Independence

American troops bombarding the city of Vera Cruz during the Mexican-American war.

Bombardment of Vera Cruz

American troops bombarding the city of Vera Cruz during the Mexican-American war.

Jefferson Davis, a senator from Mississippi who was elected president of the Confederate States of America. , US Senator from Mississippi.

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Davis, a senator from Mississippi who was elected president of the Confederate States of America.…

River with two boats on it. Scenery that of the north east.

Portait of a River

River with two boats on it. Scenery that of the north east.

The great low plain of North America lies between the Atlantic system on the east and the Pacific system of the west.

Plains

The great low plain of North America lies between the Atlantic system on the east and the Pacific system…

A North American plant that only blooms every 80-100 years.

Century Plant

A North American plant that only blooms every 80-100 years.

A North American plant that only blooms every 80-100 years.

Century Plant

A North American plant that only blooms every 80-100 years.

A rodent of North America that plays deadfor self defense.

Opossum

A rodent of North America that plays deadfor self defense.

The Amazon River is the largest, most voluminous river on earth, having a greater total flow than the next six largest rivers combined.

Amazon River

The Amazon River is the largest, most voluminous river on earth, having a greater total flow than the…

A North American woodland creature notorious for it's curiosity and ringed eyes and tail.

Raccoon

A North American woodland creature notorious for it's curiosity and ringed eyes and tail.

Statue of Lincoln at Chicago

Statue of Lincoln

Statue of Lincoln at Chicago

Berkshire Apartment House at New York

Berkshire Apartment House

Berkshire Apartment House at New York

Lake George, also known as <em>Queen of American Lakes</em>, is a long narrow lake at the southeast base of the Adirondack Mountains, northern New York. The lake extends about 32.2 miles on a north-south axis and varies from 1 to 3 miles in width.

View of Lake George, N.Y.

Lake George, also known as Queen of American Lakes, is a long narrow lake at the southeast…

When the glacier extends into the sea, the base is undermined by the warmer waters of the ocean, and great fragments are broken off by the waves, forming floating mountains of ice, called <em>icebergs</em>. Icebergs are particularly numerous in the North Atlantic, into which they descend from the extensive Arctic glacial region already described.

Icebergs

When the glacier extends into the sea, the base is undermined by the warmer waters of the ocean, and…

If a magnetized bar or needle be suspended at its centre of gravity so as to move freely in a horizontal plane, after a few oscillations it will come to rest, with one of it ends pointing nearly to the geographical north pole of the earth.

The Magnetic Needle

If a magnetized bar or needle be suspended at its centre of gravity so as to move freely in a horizontal…

Pines are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they range from Arctic south to Nicaragua and Hispaniola, with the highest diversity in Mexico and California. In Eurasia, they range from Portugal and Scotland east to the Russian Far East, Japan, and the Philippines, and south to northernmost Africa, the Himalaya and Southeast Asia, with one species (Sumatran Pine) just crossing the Equator in Sumatra. Pines are also extensively planted in many parts of the Southern Hemisphere.

Pine Tree

Pines are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they range from Arctic south…

A group of South American natives.

Aruaca'nians

A group of South American natives.

A group of trees or shrubs native to North America and Europe.

Ar'butus

A group of trees or shrubs native to North America and Europe.

A native of America, is extensively cultivated from the southern part of Chili to high latitudes in North America. Its northern European limit is perhaps near the isotherm of 65 degrees Fahr.

Maize

A native of America, is extensively cultivated from the southern part of Chili to high latitudes in…

Thought to be native to Southern Asia. They are extensively cultivated throughout the tropical zones, both north and south of the equator. Since their fruit is very nutritious, and the yield of a given fruit are great, they form an exceedingly important staple of food.

Banana

Thought to be native to Southern Asia. They are extensively cultivated throughout the tropical zones,…

Tea consists of the dried leaves of a number of evergreen shrubs, natives of China or thereabouts. Tea is cultivated in China and India, as far north as latitude 45. It appears to thrive between 25 and 33 N. Latitude. It is extensively cultivated in Malacca, Java, and various portions of the English possessions in India. Tea was introduced into Europe by the Dutch in 1610.

Tea Plant

Tea consists of the dried leaves of a number of evergreen shrubs, natives of China or thereabouts. Tea…

This sculpture is a Bronze-relief by Ghiberti. It is of a man on his knees in the presence of Jesus. It can now be found on the North Door of the Bapistry in Florence, Italy.

Offering of the Wise Men

This sculpture is a Bronze-relief by Ghiberti. It is of a man on his knees in the presence of Jesus.…

Diagram of points on a compass.

Compass Points

Diagram of points on a compass.

Boreas was the Greek god of the cold north wind and the bringer of winter. His name meant "North Wind" or "Devouring One."

Boreas

Boreas was the Greek god of the cold north wind and the bringer of winter. His name meant "North Wind"…

(1810-1882) Scottish physician and essayist.

John Brown

(1810-1882) Scottish physician and essayist.

A coniferous tree native to the northern districts of the North Island of New Zealand and is the bigest but not tallest species of tree in the country, with trunk diameters that rival Sequoias.

Kauri Pine

A coniferous tree native to the northern districts of the North Island of New Zealand and is the bigest…

"The Schipperke is a small tailless dog, originally bred in Belgium and only later introduced to North America." —Finley, 1917

Schipperke

"The Schipperke is a small tailless dog, originally bred in Belgium and only later introduced to North…

"Right hand rule for polarity of a solenoid: If the solenoid be grasped in the right hand, so that the fingers point in the direction in which the current is flowing in the wires, the thumb extended will point in the direction of the north pole [of the solenoid]." Hawkins, 1917

Right Hand Rule, Solenoid

"Right hand rule for polarity of a solenoid: If the solenoid be grasped in the right hand, so that the…

Figure showing magnetic lines of force from a magnet, as well as both north and south poles.

Magnetic Field

Figure showing magnetic lines of force from a magnet, as well as both north and south poles.

"If a magnet is cut or broken into two or more pieces, each piece becomes a separate magnet, with north and south poles in the same relative positions as in the original magnet...But if the pieces be pressed closely together, their poles dissapear leaving only the two original poles." -Atkinson 1903

Effect of Breaking a Magnet

"If a magnet is cut or broken into two or more pieces, each piece becomes a separate magnet, with north…

"A coil of wire through which an elecric current is flowing shows magnetic properties similar to those of an electromagnet, b much weaker than those of a similar coil having a soft iron core. Such a coil, if suspended...will assume a north and south position..." -Atkinson 1903

Solenoid

"A coil of wire through which an elecric current is flowing shows magnetic properties similar to those…

"Suppose a b c to represent a portion of the earth's surface a being towards the north pole, c towards the south pole...The currents of air are supposed to pass in the direction of the arrows. the wind, therefore, for a to b would blow on the surface of the earth, from north to south, while from e to a, the upper current would pass from south to north, untl it came to a, when it would change is direction towards the south." -Comstock 1850

Opposite Currents of Air

"Suppose a b c to represent a portion of the earth's surface a being towards the north pole, c towards…

"The instant this is done and the galvanic circle completed, the needle will deviate from its north and south position, turning towards the east or west, according to the direction in which the galvanic circle flows." -Comstock 1850

Uniting Wire above the Needle

"The instant this is done and the galvanic circle completed, the needle will deviate from its north…

"Thus, if we suppose the conducting wire be placed in a vertical situation, as shown, and p, n, the current of positive electricity to be descending through it, from p to n, and if throught the point c in the wire in the plane NN be taken, perpendicular to p, n, that is in the present case a horiczontal plane, then if any number of circles be described in that plane, having c for thier common centre, the action of the current on the wire on upon the north pole of the magnet, will be to move it in a direction corresponding to the motion of the hands of a watch, having the dial towards the positive pole of the battery." -Comstock 1850

Circular Motion of the [Electric] Fluid

"Thus, if we suppose the conducting wire be placed in a vertical situation, as shown, and p, n, the…

"The magnetic poles of the earth do notc oincide with its geographical poles and, condequently, in some places, the magnetic needle does not point ot the geographical north. The angle that the axis of a compass-bneedle makes with the geographical meridian at any place is called the declination or variation of the needle at that place...Lines drawn through places on the earth where the declination is the sam are called isogonic lines, as shown." -Avery 1895

Isogonic Lines of Earth

"The magnetic poles of the earth do notc oincide with its geographical poles and, condequently, in some…

"We have an example of resultant motion in a boat which a person attempts to row north across a river, while the tide carries it to the east. Each force produces the same effect as if acted alone; and the boatman, when he has crossed the river, will find himself neither due north nor due east of the point from which he started, but northeast of it." &mdash;Quackenbos 1859

Resultant Motion with Boat

"We have an example of resultant motion in a boat which a person attempts to row north across a river,…

Eagle ($10.00) United States coin from 1795. Obverse has a right-facing image of Liberty wearing a cap with LIBERTY inscribed above, fifteen stars - 5 facing. Reverse shows an eagle on an olive branch, holding an olive wreath in its beak. Inscription surrounding figure - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Gold Eagle Coin, 1795

Eagle ($10.00) United States coin from 1795. Obverse has a right-facing image of Liberty wearing a cap…

Eagle ($10.00) United States coin from 1838. Obverse has a left-facing image of Liberty wearing a coronet inscribed with LIBERTY and is surrounded by 13 equally-spaced stars. Reverse shows an eagle with shield, without motto, holding a bundle of arrows and an olive branch in its talons, inscription surrounding image - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Gold Eagle Coin, 1838

Eagle ($10.00) United States coin from 1838. Obverse has a left-facing image of Liberty wearing a coronet…

Double Eagle ($20.00) United States coin from 1849. Obverse has a left-facing image of Liberty wearing a coronet inscribed with LIBERTY and is surrounded by 13 equally-spaced stars. Reverse shows an heraldic eagle holding arrows its left talon and an olive branch in it right. Within the ornamental scroll is inscribed E PLURIBUS UNUM and above the image is a circle of 13 stars and rays, inscription surrounding image - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TWENTY D.

Gold Double Eagle Coin, 1849

Double Eagle ($20.00) United States coin from 1849. Obverse has a left-facing image of Liberty wearing…

Trime (3 cents) United States coin from 1851. Obverse has the Union shield lying on top of a six-pointed star and is inscribed with - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA with the date at the bottom. Reverse shows by a large, scrolled letter C enclosing the Roman numeral III (denoting value). This image is surrounded 13 equally-spaced stars.

Silver Trime Coin, 1851

Trime (3 cents) United States coin from 1851. Obverse has the Union shield lying on top of a six-pointed…

Half Dime (5 cents) United States coin from 1837. Obverse has right-facing Liberty seated beside a shield holding a staff with a cap in her left hand. Reverse shows the inscription HALF DIME surrounded by a wreath. Both images are surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Silver Half Dime Coin, 1837

Half Dime (5 cents) United States coin from 1837. Obverse has right-facing Liberty seated beside a shield…

Fifth Dollar (20 cents) United States Coin from 1857. Obverse has the image of Liberty beside a shield holding a staff with a cap in her left hand and surrounded by 13 equally-spaced stars. Reverse is an eagle with NO shield with head right-facing surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TWENTY CENTS.

Silver Fifth Dollar Coin, 1875

Fifth Dollar (20 cents) United States Coin from 1857. Obverse has the image of Liberty beside a shield…

Quarter (25 cents) United States coin from 1796. Obverse has the image of a right-facing Liberty with LIBERTY inscribed above and 1796 inscribed below, surrounded by 13 stars - 6 facing. Reverse shows an heraldic eagle within a wreath surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Silver Quarter Coin, 1796

Quarter (25 cents) United States coin from 1796. Obverse has the image of a right-facing Liberty with…

Quarter (25 cents) United States coin from 1853. Obverse has the image of a Liberty seated beside a shield, holding a staff with a cap in her left hand surrounded by 13 stars and the date at the bottom. Reverse shows an eagle with a left-turned head, holding arrows and an olive branch with rays over its head surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA QUAR. DOL.

Silver Quarter Coin, 1853

Quarter (25 cents) United States coin from 1853. Obverse has the image of a Liberty seated beside a…

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1794. Obverse has the head of Liberty right-facing with 15 stars - 7 facing, LIBERTY inscribed above and 1794 inscribed below. Reverse shows an eagle within a wreath surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Silver Half Dollar Coin, 1794

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1794. Obverse has the head of Liberty right-facing with…

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1853. Obverse has the image of a Liberty seated beside a shield, holding a staff with a cap in her left hand surrounded by 13 stars and with arrowheads at the date below the image. Reverse shows an eagle with a left-turned head, holding arrows and an olive branch with rays over its head surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA HALF DOL.

Silver Half Dollar Coin, 1853

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1853. Obverse has the image of a Liberty seated beside…

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1892. Obverse has the head of Liberty right-facing a laurel branch on her head with 15 stars - 7 facing, LIBERTY inscribed above and 1892 inscribed below. Reverse shows an heraldic eagle with a left-turned head, holding arrows and an olive branch with stars over its head surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA HALF DOLLAR.

Silver Half Dollar Coin, 1892

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1892. Obverse has the head of Liberty right-facing a…

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1892. Obverse has the head of Columbus right-facing with the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA COLUMBIAN HALF DOLLAR. Reverse shows a sailing caravel left-facing over the two hemispheres which separate 14 92 surrounded by the inscription WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION CHICAGO 1892.

Silver Columbian Half Dollar, 1892

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1892. Obverse has the head of Columbus right-facing with…

Half Pence (1/2 pence) Obverse has the image of an elephant. Obverse has a right-facing image of George I surrounded by the inscription - GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA REX. Reverse shows a harpist surrounded by the inscription - HIBERNIA 1722. This coin was refused in Ireland and set to America.

Copper Half Pence Coin, 1722

Half Pence (1/2 pence) Obverse has the image of an elephant. Obverse has a right-facing image of George…

Miscellaneous coin (unknown) Obverse left-facing image of King George surrounded by the inscription - NO STAMPS THE RESTORE OF COMMERCE 1766. Reverse shows the image of a ship and the word America surrounded by the inscription - THANKS TO THE FRIENDS OF LIBERTY AND TRADE. The last two originally issued in Dublin.

Copper George III Coin, 1766

Miscellaneous coin (unknown) Obverse left-facing image of King George surrounded by the inscription…

Dollar ($1.00) Obverse sun over dial surrounded by the inscription - CONTINENTAL CURRENCY 1776. Reverse shows WE ARE ONE inscribed in the center surrounded by a circle around which is inscribed AMERICA CONGRESS all of which is surrounded by a series of 13 links on which are inscribed the names of the 13 states.

Pewter Dollar Coin, 1776

Dollar ($1.00) Obverse sun over dial surrounded by the inscription - CONTINENTAL CURRENCY 1776. Reverse…

Washington Cent (1 cent) US coin from 1783. Obverse has an image of a left-facing George Washington surrounded by the inscription - WASHING & INDEPENDENCE 1783. Reverse shows ONE CENT in the center of a wreath surrounded by the inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1/100.

Copper Cent Coin, 1783

Washington Cent (1 cent) US coin from 1783. Obverse has an image of a left-facing George Washington…

Half Cent (1/2 cent) United States coin from 1793. Obverse has a left-facing profile of Liberty with a cap on a pole and the inscription - LIBERTY 1793. Reverse shows the value in a laurel wreath, formed with leaves and sprays of berries, two branches crossed, stems tied with ribbon and inscribed - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1/200

Copper Half Cent Coin, 1793

Half Cent (1/2 cent) United States coin from 1793. Obverse has a left-facing profile of Liberty with…

Half Cent (1/2 cent) United States coin from 1794. Obverse has a right-facing profile of Liberty with a cap on a pole and the inscription - LIBERTY 1794. Reverse shows the value in a laurel wreath two branches crossed, stems tied with ribbon and inscribed - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1/200

Copper Half Cent Coin, 1794

Half Cent (1/2 cent) United States coin from 1794. Obverse has a right-facing profile of Liberty with…

Half Cent (1/2 cent) United States coin from 1800. Obverse has a right-facing profile of Liberty with the inscription - LIBERTY 1800. Reverse shows the value in a laurel wreath two branches crossed, stems tied with ribbon and inscribed - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1/200

Copper Half Cent Coin, 1800

Half Cent (1/2 cent) United States coin from 1800. Obverse has a right-facing profile of Liberty with…

Half Cent (1/2 cent) United States coin from 1809. Obverse has a left-facing profile of Liberty surrounded by 13 stars - 7-facing and is inscribed with the date - 1809. Reverse shows the value in a single olive branch bent into a circle and inscribed - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Copper Half Cent Coin, 1809

Half Cent (1/2 cent) United States coin from 1809. Obverse has a left-facing profile of Liberty surrounded…

Cent (1 cent) United States coin from 1793. Obverse has a right-facing Liberty with LIBERTY above and olive sprig and the date inscribed below. Reverse shows the value in a wreath of two olive branches with stems crossed, tied with a single bow; contains leaves, sprays of berries and trefoils. The inscription surrounds the branches and reads - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1/100

Copper Cent Coin, 1793

Cent (1 cent) United States coin from 1793. Obverse has a right-facing Liberty with LIBERTY above and…

Cent (1 cent) United States coin from 1856. Obverse has a left-flying eagle and is inscribed - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1856. Reverse shows the value surrounded by a cotton, tobacco and grain wreath.

Copper-Nickel Cent Coin, 1856

Cent (1 cent) United States coin from 1856. Obverse has a left-flying eagle and is inscribed - UNITED…

Cent (1 cent) United States coin from 1859. Obverse has a left-facing Indian head and is inscribed - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1859. Reverse shows the value inscribed inside a wreath of olive branches.

Copper-Nickel Cent Coin, 1859

Cent (1 cent) United States coin from 1859. Obverse has a left-facing Indian head and is inscribed -…