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A comparison of vertebrate hands. A, hand or anterior foot of the dog; B, that of the hog; C, that of the elk; D, that of the ox. Digits: I, pollex; II, index; III, medius; IV, annukus; V, minimus.

Hands of Vertebrates

A comparison of vertebrate hands. A, hand or anterior foot of the dog; B, that of the hog; C, that of…

"Scutching-sword and Stand. A beating-implement used in scutching flax by hand. The sword a is held in the right hand, which with the left a handful of the bruised stems is introduced into the grove g in the stand b. A band stretched from the stand to a stake h causes the sword to rebound after each downward blow." -Whitney, 1911

Scutching Sword

"Scutching-sword and Stand. A beating-implement used in scutching flax by hand. The sword a is held…

"Seaming-Maching. (a), vertical shaft and support, horizontally adjustable, and carrying at the top (a) former (f); (b), (a) counterpart former working at right angles with (f) on the support (c); (d), screw with crank by which (b) can be set toward or away from (f); (e), crank keyed to the shaft of (b). The edge of the metal is passed under (b) and over (f) which the crank (e) is turned." -Whitney, 1911

Seaming Machine

"Seaming-Maching. (a), vertical shaft and support, horizontally adjustable, and carrying at the top…

An illustration of a fossil containing Chirotherium tracks. Chirotherium (also known as Cheirotherium) or 'hand-beast', is the name of a creature which may be known only from fossil imprints of its tracks (trace fossils). These look, by coincidence, remarkably like the hand of an ape/human or bear, with the outermost toe having evolved to extend out to the side like a thumb, although probably only providing a firmer grip in mud. Its tracks were first found in 1834, in red sandstone in Thuringia, Germany, dating from 240 million years ago (mya). This creature was probably an archosaur, related to the ancestors of the dinosaurs.

Chirotherium Tracks

An illustration of a fossil containing Chirotherium tracks. Chirotherium (also known as Cheirotherium)…

An illustration of a hand loom. he earliest looms were vertical warp-weighted looms, with the warp threads suspended from a branch or piece of wood and weighted or attached to the ground. The weft threads would be pushed into place by hand or a stick that would eventually become the shuttle. At first, it was necessary to raise and lower every warp thread one at a time, which was a time-consuming and laborious process. Basic techniques, such as the insertion of a rod, were developed to produce a shed, the space between warp threads (perhaps every other thread would be alternately raised and lowered), so that the weft thread or shuttle could pass through the entire warp at once.

Hand Loom

An illustration of a hand loom. he earliest looms were vertical warp-weighted looms, with the warp threads…

"Midshipman's Hitch -- Take two round turns inside the bight, the same as a half-hitch repeated; stop up the end or let another half-hitch be taken or held by hand. Used for hooking a tackle for temporary purpose." -Brittanica, 1910

Midshipman's Hitch

"Midshipman's Hitch -- Take two round turns inside the bight, the same as a half-hitch repeated; stop…

A vehicle with a folding hood, which can be used open or closed, and a glass front, mounted on three or four wheels and drawn or pushed by hand.

Bath Chair

A vehicle with a folding hood, which can be used open or closed, and a glass front, mounted on three…

A simple view of two people shaking hands.

Handshake

A simple view of two people shaking hands.

A group of boys with flyers in hand.

Flyers in Hand

A group of boys with flyers in hand.

An illustration of elastic spiral wings of the gull. "a b, Anterior margin of the left wing; c d, Posterior margin of the ditto; d g, Primary or rowing feathers of left wing; g a, Secondary feathers ditto; x, root of right wing with ball-and-socket joint; l, Elbow joint; m, Wrist joint; n o, Hand and finger joints." -Britannica, 1910

Elastic Spiral Wings of the Gull

An illustration of elastic spiral wings of the gull. "a b, Anterior margin of the left wing; c d, Posterior…

"Industrial-railway Turn-table. a, circular base with channel for ball-bearing, showing ring of balls; b, under side of table; c, table in position, showing cross-tracks; d, latch for cover. A car is run by hand on the turn-table, the table turned one quarter of the way round, and the car run off on a track at right angles to the first track." -Whitney, 1911

Railway Turntable

"Industrial-railway Turn-table. a, circular base with channel for ball-bearing, showing ring of balls;…

An illustration of an adult man holding a sword in each hand.

Man Holding Swords

An illustration of an adult man holding a sword in each hand.

"Road-machine. a, telescopic axle for rear wheels; b, scraper delivering spoil between rear wheels; c, platform for operator; d, seat for driver; e, e, e, e, hand-wheels controlling all operations of machine." -Whitney, 1911

Road Machine

"Road-machine. a, telescopic axle for rear wheels; b, scraper delivering spoil between rear wheels;…

An illustration of a knight holding a prisoner with one hand and a sword with the other.

Knight and Captive

An illustration of a knight holding a prisoner with one hand and a sword with the other.

An illustration of a fixed hand revolving jib crane. A jib crane is a type of crane where a horizontal member (jib or boom), supporting a moveable hoist, is fixed to a wall or to a floor-mounted pillar. Jib cranes are used in industrial premises and on military vehicles. The jib may swing through an arc, to give additional lateral movement, or be fixed. Similar cranes, often known simply as hoists, were fitted on the top floor of warehouse buildings to enable goods to be lifted to all floors.

Fixed Hand Revolving Jib Crane

An illustration of a fixed hand revolving jib crane. A jib crane is a type of crane where a horizontal…

The Matchlock was the first mechanism or "lock" invented to uncomplicate the firing of a hand-held firearm.

Indian Matchlock

The Matchlock was the first mechanism or "lock" invented to uncomplicate the firing of a hand-held firearm.

The capital of the antæ and pilasters is without volutes, as is seen here. The shaft has no flutings; the base, on the other hand, is the same as in the columns, and is continued round the walls as a plinth.

Plan of Ionic Antæ Capital from the Temple of Minerva Polias at Athens

The capital of the antæ and pilasters is without volutes, as is seen here. The shaft has no flutings;…

The capital of the antæ and pilasters is without volutes, as is seen here. The shaft has no flutings; the base, on the other hand, is the same as in the columns, and is continued round the walls as a plinth.

Ionic Antæ Capital from the Temple of Minerva Polias at Athens

The capital of the antæ and pilasters is without volutes, as is seen here. The shaft has no flutings;…

The old point lace border is a form of textile art that has a combination of the conventional treatment and delicate hand-work.

Old Point Lace Border

The old point lace border is a form of textile art that has a combination of the conventional treatment…

The old point lace border is a form of textile art that has a combination of the conventional treatment and delicate hand-work.

Old Point Lace Border

The old point lace border is a form of textile art that has a combination of the conventional treatment…

The modern pillow lace border is a form of textile art that has a combination of the conventional treatment and delicate hand-work.

Modern Pillow Lace Border

The modern pillow lace border is a form of textile art that has a combination of the conventional treatment…

The modern pillow lace border is a form of textile art that has a combination of the conventional treatment and delicate hand-work.

Modern Pillow Lace Border

The modern pillow lace border is a form of textile art that has a combination of the conventional treatment…

The modern pillow lace border is a form of textile art that has a combination of the conventional treatment and delicate hand-work.

Modern Pillow Lace Border

The modern pillow lace border is a form of textile art that has a combination of the conventional treatment…

A cream separator is device invented by Martin Wiberg to separate cream from milk (see also Gustaf de Laval). Before milk-cream separators, cream was separated from milk by letting milk sit until the cream floated to the top and could then be skimmed off by hand. The separator was first made by Gustaf de Laval in 1877. With it, it was possible to separate the cream from the milk. When it spins, the milk, which is heaviest, is pushed outward against the walls and the cream, which is lighter, is collected in the middle.

Power Cream Separator

A cream separator is device invented by Martin Wiberg to separate cream from milk (see also Gustaf de…

An illustration of sign language numbers one through one hundred.

Numbers

An illustration of sign language numbers one through one hundred.

Simple styles, such as the Doric, which accorded so intimately with the whole disposition of the Grecian temple, and the Ionic, were but rarely used; whilst, on the other hand, the Corinthian order was extremely prevalent, for it corresponded to the desire for splendor and magnificence. This order was employed, not, as among the Greeks, in small dimensions, but on the largest scale.

Corinthian Entablature from the Nerva at Rome

Simple styles, such as the Doric, which accorded so intimately with the whole disposition of the Grecian…

This Graeco-Italic hand-hydria is made out of clay and is unpainted. It is smaller and a slenderer hydria intended to be carried by hand and not the head.

Graeco-Italic Hand-Hydria

This Graeco-Italic hand-hydria is made out of clay and is unpainted. It is smaller and a slenderer hydria…

This Graeco-Italic hand-hydria is made out of clay and is unpainted. It is smaller and a slenderer hydria intended to be carried by hand and not the head.

Graeco-Italic Hand-Hydria

This Graeco-Italic hand-hydria is made out of clay and is unpainted. It is smaller and a slenderer hydria…

An illustration of a quadrant electrometer. An electrometer is an electrical instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference. There are many different types, ranging from historical hand-made mechanical instruments to high-precision electronic devices.

Quadrant Electrometer

An illustration of a quadrant electrometer. An electrometer is an electrical instrument for measuring…

"A pipe of this nature fitted with a piece of glass so as to exhibit the reed (which is a "free reed") is shown in [the illustration]. Q is the wind-chest of the bellows, into which P is fitted. In the right-hand figure the upper part of the pope is removed, so as to show the reed more clearly. A plate of metal c c, has a slit but in it, in which the tongue I may just past. By means of a curved wire, r, projecting above the top of the pipe, and the play of the tongue may be controlled and the pipe tuned. The conical pipe, H, placed at the top, serves to increase the power of the sound". -Benson, 1891

Reed

"A pipe of this nature fitted with a piece of glass so as to exhibit the reed (which is a "free reed")…

"Files. a, cotter-file when large, and verge- or pivot-file when small; b, square file (parallel or taper); c, banking or watch-pinion file when parallel, and knife-file when tape; d, half-round, nicking, piercing, or round-off file; e, round, gulleting, or rat-tail file; f, triangular, three-square, or saw file; g, equaling, clock-pinion, or endless-screw file when parallel, and slitting, entering, warding, or barrel-hole file when tape; h, cross- or double-half-round file; i, screw-head, feather-edge, or slitting file." -Whitney, 1911

Types of Files

"Files. a, cotter-file when large, and verge- or pivot-file when small; b, square file (parallel or…

Tracks of Chirotherium or "hand-beast" in Buntsandstein found in Hessbeg, Germany.

Chirotherium Tracks

Tracks of Chirotherium or "hand-beast" in Buntsandstein found in Hessbeg, Germany.

"Fire-arrows, 14th and 15th centuries. An arrow formerly used, whether shot from a hand-bow or from an engine, having combustibles attached to it for incendiary purposes." -Whitney, 1911

Fire Arrows of the 14th and 15th Centuries

"Fire-arrows, 14th and 15th centuries. An arrow formerly used, whether shot from a hand-bow or from…

An illustration of a hand holding a pen.

Hand Holding Pen

An illustration of a hand holding a pen.

An illustration of a woman holding the hand of a small child.

Woman and Child

An illustration of a woman holding the hand of a small child.

The mass consists of crystalline rocks, shown by dots, covered by limestones and other sediments, which originally were horizontal. A single great fault forms the left-hand face of the mountain, which consists of a tilted block, broken into minor blocks by lesser faults.

Block Faulting, Sandia Mountains

The mass consists of crystalline rocks, shown by dots, covered by limestones and other sediments, which…

Diagram illustrating the relation of the Dansville to the Wayland Valleys. The floor of the Wayland Valley at Wayland has an elevation of 1372 feet. Its continuation on the extreme left hand of the diagram is 1300 feet. The elevation of the Dansville Valley at Dansville is 700 feet. Both valleys are partially filled by drift. The streams which dissect the Wayland Valley have cut narrow gorges in the rock bottom.

Wayland Valleys

Diagram illustrating the relation of the Dansville to the Wayland Valleys. The floor of the Wayland…

An illustration of a man wearing a black top hat and holding a cane in his left hand.

Man with Hat and Cane

An illustration of a man wearing a black top hat and holding a cane in his left hand.

An illustration of a young boy sitting in a chair with a book in his hand.

Boy Sitting in Chair with Book

An illustration of a young boy sitting in a chair with a book in his hand.

An illustration of a hand taking a piece of fruit from a bowl.

Hand Taking Fruit From Bowl

An illustration of a hand taking a piece of fruit from a bowl.

An illustration of a small hand saw.

Hand Saw

An illustration of a small hand saw.

Located in Heilbronn, a city in the north of Baden-Wirttemburg, Germany, is the tower of an old fortress , formerly the donjon-keep. The tower received its name from the fact that a celebrated warrior, Goetz von Berlichingen, was confined there for a short time. Goetz von Berlichingen was elected leader of the peasants who revolted in 1526. During one of his battles his left hand was cut off by a grape-shot. He had a skilful armorer to make him a hand of steel which enabled him to continue his warrior life. His iron hand is still preserved in the little town of Jaxthausen, near Berlichingen.

Tower of Goetz

Located in Heilbronn, a city in the north of Baden-Wirttemburg, Germany, is the tower of an old fortress…

"A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." Its better to have a small advantage rather than a greater one. -Trowbridge, 1866

Advantage Rebus

"A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." Its better to have a small advantage rather than a greater…

An illustration of a bird in a hand.

Bird in Hand

An illustration of a bird in a hand.

An illustration of a hand with its palm facing upwards.

Hand with Palm Facing Up

An illustration of a hand with its palm facing upwards.

An illustration with a palm facing down.

Hand with Palm Facing Down

An illustration with a palm facing down.

"And he arose, and came to his father. But when he was yet a great way off, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and kissed him. And the son said unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in thy sight, and am no more worthy to be called thy son. But the father said to his servants, Bring forth the best robe, and put it on him; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet: And bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it; and let us eat, and be merry: For this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found. And they began to be merry." Luke 15:20-24 KJV

The Return of the Prodigal Son

"And he arose, and came to his father. But when he was yet a great way off, his father saw him, and…

"While he yet spake, there came from the ruler of the synagogue's house certain which said, Thy daughter is dead: why troublest thou the Master any further? As soon as Jesus heard the word that was spoken, he saith unto the ruler of the synagogue, Be not afraid, only believe. And he suffered no man to follow him, save Peter, and James, and John the brother of James. And he cometh to the house of the ruler of the synagogue, and seeth the tumult, and them that wept and wailed greatly. And when he was come in, he saith unto them, Why make ye this ado, and weep? the damsel is not dead, but sleepeth. And they laughed him to scorn. But when he had put them all out, he taketh the father and the mother of the damsel, and them that were with him, and entereth in where the damsel was lying. And he took the damsel by the hand, and said unto her, Talitha cumi; which is, being interpreted, Damsel, I say unto thee, arise. And straightway the damsel arose, and walked; for she was of the age of twelve years. And they were astonished with a great astonishment. And he charged them straitly that no man should know it; and commanded that something should be given her to eat." Mark 5:36-43 KJV

Christ Raising the Daughter of Jairus

"While he yet spake, there came from the ruler of the synagogue's house certain which said, Thy daughter…

"And when he thus had spoken, he cried with a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth. And he that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with graveclothes: and his face was bound about with a napkin. Jesus saith unto them, Loose him, and let him go." John 11:43-44 KJV

The Raising of Lazarus

"And when he thus had spoken, he cried with a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth. And he that was dead…

"And thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste: it is the LORD'S passover." Exodus 12:11

The Feast of the Passover

"And thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand;…

"And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and Jehovah caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all the night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided. And the children of Israel went into the midst of the sea upon the dry ground: and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left. And the Egyptians pursued, and went in after them into the midst of the sea, all Pharaoh's horses, his chariots, and his horsemen. And it came to pass in the morning watch, that Jehovah looked forth upon the host of the Egyptians through the pillar of fire and of cloud, and discomfited the host of the Egyptians. And he took off their chariot wheels, and they drove them heavily; so that the Egyptians said, Let us flee from the face of Israel; for Jehovah fighteth for them against the Egyptians. And Jehovah said unto Moses, Stretch out thy hand over the sea, that the waters may come again upon the Egyptians, upon their chariots, and upon their horsemen. And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to its strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians fled against it; and Jehovah overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea." Exodus 14:21-27 <p>The Israelites stand on dry land with their children and possessions as the sea swallows the Egyptian army. Moses stands in the middle holding his staff out toward the sea. The pillar of cloud separates the Israelites from the Egpytians.

Pharaoh's Host Destroyed

"And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and Jehovah caused the sea to go back by a strong east…

"Then the LORD opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and he bowed down his head, and fell flat on his face. " Numbers 22:31 KJV

Balaam Met by the Angel of the Lord

"Then the LORD opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and…

1) The first or index finger. 2) The second or middle finger. 3) The third finger. 4) The fourth finger. 5) The finger's first or lower phalanx. 8) The thumb's second or breath phalanx. 9) The thumb's terminal or voice phalanx. 10) The Palm. 11) The wrist.

Explanatory Diagram

1) The first or index finger. 2) The second or middle finger. 3) The third finger. 4) The fourth finger.…

Physiological Bases of the Visible Speech Symbols - Consonants. In representing the consonant a peculiar and exclusive mode of accenting ... the important ... parts of the hand is resorted to, so that, when the different ways of accentuation are understood, the class to which a given position belongs may be readily determined. The modes of accentuation adopted, impart to the various manual positions something more than mere arbitrary class distinction. A hint at the physiological differences between consonants, vowels, and glides also is given, when the positions that represent them are viewed from the index-finger side of the hand ..., according to the rules in this Manual. <p>Consonant positions are distinguished by having the breath phalanx of the thumb close to the plane of the palm and the accented fingers straightened. When the voice phalanx of the thumb is accented, it is never held in contact with an accented finger’s second, or with its terminal, phalanx. The Shut and Nasal positions under this class are the only positions which fail to have accented fingers. In reading a Consonant position we begin at the index-finger side of the hand and treat as accented the nearest straightened finger, and also all other straightened fingers which are directly or indirectly in contact therewith; and as unaccented, all fingers which are closed, and also all straightened fingers which are out of contact with an accented finger. There are fifty-two Consonant positions.

Physiological Bases of the Visible Speech Symbols for Consonants

Physiological Bases of the Visible Speech Symbols - Consonants. In representing the consonant a peculiar…

Physiological Bases of the Visible Speech Symbols - Vowels. In representing the vowel classification of sounds, a peculiar and exclusive mode of accenting ... the important ... parts of the hand is resorted to, so that, when the different ways of accentuation are understood, the class to which a given position belongs may be readily determined. The modes of accentuation adopted, impart to the various manual positions something more than mere arbitrary class distinction. A hint at the physiological differences between consonants, vowels, and glides also is given, when the positions that represent them are viewed from the index-finger side of the hand ..., according to the rules in this Manual. <p>Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. The Vowel position are thirty-six in number.

Physiological Bases of the Visible Speech Symbols for Vowels

Physiological Bases of the Visible Speech Symbols - Vowels. In representing the vowel classification…

Chart illustrating 45 hand positions representing sounds in the English language as described in the Lyon Phonetic Manual.

Code of English Sounds

Chart illustrating 45 hand positions representing sounds in the English language as described in the…

Consonants have a closed or narrowly expanded adjustment of the vocal organs, so that in their production some part of the throat or mouth obstructs, squeezes, or divides the breath. &hellip;in representing consonants the hand suggests a narrow adjustment of the organs, by having the prominent or accented fingers straightened and the second phalanx of the thumb close to the plane of the palm. <p>Non-Vocal Consonant positions have the voice phalanx of the thumb bent at right angles to the breath phalanx, or unaccented. Primary Consonant positions have only the first finger accented. Back Consonant positions, being posterior, have the palm held laterally at an angle to the arm.

Non-Vocal Primary Back Consonant

Consonants have a closed or narrowly expanded adjustment of the vocal organs, so that in their production…

Consonants have a closed or narrowly expanded adjustment of the vocal organs, so that in their production some part of the throat or mouth obstructs, squeezes, or divides the breath. &hellip;in representing consonants the hand suggests a narrow adjustment of the organs, by having the prominent or accented fingers straightened and the second phalanx of the thumb close to the plane of the palm. <p>Non-Vocal Consonant positions have the voice phalanx of the thumb bent at right angles to the breath phalanx, or unaccented. Primary Consonant positions have only the first finger accented. Top Consonant positions have the lower phalanges of the fingers at right angles to the plane of the palm.

Non-Vocal Primary Top Consonant

Consonants have a closed or narrowly expanded adjustment of the vocal organs, so that in their production…

Consonants have a closed or narrowly expanded adjustment of the vocal organs, so that in their production some part of the throat or mouth obstructs, squeezes, or divides the breath. &hellip;in representing consonants the hand suggests a narrow adjustment of the organs, by having the prominent or accented fingers straightened and the second phalanx of the thumb close to the plane of the palm. <p>Non-Vocal Consonant positions have the voice phalanx of the thumb bent at right angles to the breath phalanx, or unaccented. Primary Consonant positions have only the first finger accented. Point Consonant positions, being anterior, have the palm upright and in line with the arm.

Non-Vocal Primary Point Consonant

Consonants have a closed or narrowly expanded adjustment of the vocal organs, so that in their production…

Consonants have a closed or narrowly expanded adjustment of the vocal organs, so that in their production some part of the throat or mouth obstructs, squeezes, or divides the breath. &hellip;in representing consonants the hand suggests a narrow adjustment of the organs, by having the prominent or accented fingers straightened and the second phalanx of the thumb close to the plane of the palm. <p>Non-Vocal Consonant positions have the voice phalanx of the thumb bent at right angles to the breath phalanx, or unaccented. Primary Consonant positions have only the first finger accented. Lip Consonant positions, being anterior, have the palm upright and in line with the arm.

Non-Vocal Primary Lip Consonant

Consonants have a closed or narrowly expanded adjustment of the vocal organs, so that in their production…