ClipArt ETC
"No matter what the size or shape of a body of water may be, its surface has the same level throughout." —Quackenbos 1859

Uniform Water Level

"No matter what the size or shape of a body of water may be, its surface has the same level throughout."…

"The pond is tapped with a pipe leading to two fountains and a home. The water provided by the pipe will extend upward in the home and fountains to the same level as the pond." —Quackenbos 1859

Tapped Water Level

"The pond is tapped with a pipe leading to two fountains and a home. The water provided by the pipe…

"The lock C is a controllable compartment with raise-able and lower-able gates D and E. Since water always finds its level, by raising and lowering the gates, two separate water levels can be maintained and still provide water transportation through the lock." —Quackenbos 1859

Locks

"The lock C is a controllable compartment with raise-able and lower-able gates D and E. Since water…

"The tightly fitted piston at the top of a glass vessel of water is driven down. The contained liquid is compressed and the pressure equally distributed through the glass and the water flows out of the tubes along the sides." —Quackenbos 1859

Pressure of Liquids

"The tightly fitted piston at the top of a glass vessel of water is driven down. The contained liquid…

"As the ball of wood is dropped into the container or water, the water level rises and is caused to flow into the bucket. The water in the bucket, once weighed, is equal to the weight of the wooden ball." —Quackenbos 1859

Water Displacement

"As the ball of wood is dropped into the container or water, the water level rises and is caused to…

"Waterwheel where the lowest flat-board is submerged in the running water. The water is often given its power from a slight inclination. This wheel is also often powered by the running water issued by a dam." —Quackenbos 1859

Undershot Wheel

"Waterwheel where the lowest flat-board is submerged in the running water. The water is often given…

"Wheel consists of flaps in the shape of buckets that are equally spaced. As water flows onto the wheel, the weight of the water in the buckets causes the wheel to rotate and empty the buckets." —Quackenbos 1859

Overshot Wheel

"Wheel consists of flaps in the shape of buckets that are equally spaced. As water flows onto the wheel,…

"Water enters the wheel halfway up and flows against the slots on the wheel. The wheel rotates with the flow of the water and the stream continues out the bottom of the wheel." —Quackenbos 1859

Breast Wheel

"Water enters the wheel halfway up and flows against the slots on the wheel. The wheel rotates with…

"Water enters through J and K following into G and H compartments. Afterwards the water is forced into the outside compartments thus turning the wheel." —Quackenbos 1859

Water Turbine

"Water enters through J and K following into G and H compartments. Afterwards the water is forced into…

"Invented to raise water. A hollow tube wound spirally around a solid cylinder. As the cylinder is turned, water is fed up through the hollow tube and discharged at the top of the tube." —Quackenbos 1859

Archimedes' Screw

"Invented to raise water. A hollow tube wound spirally around a solid cylinder. As the cylinder is turned,…

"Used to raise water with a continuous chain with evenly spaced circular plates. The plates exactly fit a hollow tube, G and H. When the wheels I, J are turned, they move the chain which carries water up the pipe into the collection reservoir." —Quackenbos 1859

Chain Pump

"Used to raise water with a continuous chain with evenly spaced circular plates. The plates exactly…

"Pumps water in bursts. Water enters pipe B and is forced into D then up the tube F. Any excess water in tube B exits through E." —Quackenbos 1859

Hydraulic Ram

"Pumps water in bursts. Water enters pipe B and is forced into D then up the tube F. Any excess water…

"The large iron vessel does not allow air to escape once it is lowered into a body of water for underwater work. The hose attached to the top allows for new air to enter the bell." —Quackenbos 1859

Diving Bell

"The large iron vessel does not allow air to escape once it is lowered into a body of water for underwater…

"Liquid is pumped up through pipe A, through valve H. The airtight piston G allows the liquid to pass up into the spout F where it is discharged from the pump." —Quackenbos 1859

Lifting Pump

"Liquid is pumped up through pipe A, through valve H. The airtight piston G allows the liquid to pass…

"The shaft A and B is attached to tubes, C. When the crank is turned, centrifugal force in the tubes draws the water up and into the circular trough, D. The water then collects and discharges out at E." —Quackenbos 1859

Centrifugal Pump

"The shaft A and B is attached to tubes, C. When the crank is turned, centrifugal force in the tubes…

"Impure water is vaporized in the boiler, A. It travels to the vat and down pipe R where it condenses and distilled water finally collects at the bottom. Cold water enters the vat at P and warm water at the top escapes at Q." —Quackenbos 1859

Still

"Impure water is vaporized in the boiler, A. It travels to the vat and down pipe R where it condenses…

"Handle A opens and closes valves B and G. Steam is injected through pipe S which flushes any air/water out of C. G is closed and cold water enters through I causing a vacuum drawing water up through F." —Quackenbos 1859

Savery's Engine

"Handle A opens and closes valves B and G. Steam is injected through pipe S which flushes any air/water…

"Since air is a rarer medium and water is denser, as ray A passes into the water, it is refracted to C. Also note that as ray B leaves the water, it is refracted to D as it enters the air." —Quackenbos 1859

Refraction Between Mediums

"Since air is a rarer medium and water is denser, as ray A passes into the water, it is refracted to…

"If the coin were to be observed in an empty pan and then watched as the pan was filled with water, the image of the coin would be refracted to position N." —Quackenbos 1859

Refraction as seen by the Human Eye

"If the coin were to be observed in an empty pan and then watched as the pan was filled with water,…

Cross section of Pullman car water tank. The diagram can be used to find volume.

Cross Section of Water Tank

Cross section of Pullman car water tank. The diagram can be used to find volume.

Cylindrical water tank with a height of 10 ft., thickness of 3 inches, and diameter of 3 feet. The diagram can be used to find volume.

Cylindrical Water Tank

Cylindrical water tank with a height of 10 ft., thickness of 3 inches, and diameter of 3 feet. The diagram…

Sheet metal blank for making a cylindrical box with a diameter of 1 inch and a height of 2 inches.

Cylindrical Box - Blank

Sheet metal blank for making a cylindrical box with a diameter of 1 inch and a height of 2 inches.

An illustration of a water tower.

Water Tower

An illustration of a water tower.

Illustration of perpendicular lines with the horizontal and vertical lines labeled. "A horizontal line is a line parallel to the horizon, or water level. A vertical line is a line perpendicular to a horizontal line; consequently, it has the direction of a plumb-line."

Perpendicular Lines With Horizontal and Vertical Labeled

Illustration of perpendicular lines with the horizontal and vertical lines labeled. "A horizontal line…

The vertebra of a fish, which is very different from that of a human. It has but two processes, <em> f f </em>. In humans there is a single short spinous process behind, while the vertebra is round in front. But in the fish there are two quite long spinous processes, one in front and the other in the rear (which is above and below, respectively, when the fish is in water).

Vertebra of a Fish

The vertebra of a fish, which is very different from that of a human. It has but two processes, …

Illustration of a swimming pool and water hose that is in the shape of a hollow regular decagonal prism with regular decagons on the ends/bases and square faces.

Swimming Pool Shaped Like A Decagonal Prism

Illustration of a swimming pool and water hose that is in the shape of a hollow regular decagonal prism…

Leaves - simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf - five to ten inches long, thin, dark green above; green beneath and slightly downy; growing along the branch and not simply in a cluster at its end. Bark - dark and rough. Flowers - three to six inches across, bluish or yellowish-white, abundant and fragrant. May, June. Fruit - in a cylinder-shaped bunch, two to three inches long, and somewhat resembling a small cucumber. Found - in rich woods from Western New York to southern Illinois and southward, and in cultivation. Its finest growth is in the southern Alleghany Mountains. General Information - A tree sixty to ninety feet high, with a straight trunk and rich foliage. The wood is durable, soft, and light. Used for cabinet-work, for flooring, for pump-logs, and water-troughs. As in other magnolias the juice is bitter and aromatic. From "magnol," the name of a botanist of the seventeenth century.

Genus Magnolia, L. (Magnolia)

Leaves - simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf -…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and unequally double-toothed. Outline - egg-shaped. Apex - pointed. Base - rounded, slightly heart-shaped, or, rarely, wedge-shaped. Leaf/Stem - downy. Leaf - two to three inches long; dark green and smooth above; beneath, dull, and with the ribs somewhat hairy, especially in their angles. Bark - of trunk very tough and durable; thick; snow-white on the outside; easily removed from the wood, and then itself very separable into paper-like sheets. The inner sheets are of a reddish tinge. Found - in the mountains of Northern Pennsylvania, New England, and far northward, farther than any other non-evergreen tree of America, excepting the aspen. General Information - A tree, forty to seventy feet high. The wood is light, hard, and very close-grained, but decays rapidly when exposed - more rapidly than the bark, which often remains as a shell long after the wood within has disappeared. It is very largely used in making spools, pegs, shoe-lasts, in turnery, for wood-pulp, and for fuel. The waterproof bark is much used by Indians and trappers for their canoes. "Give me of your bark, O Birch-Tree! Of your yellow bark, O Birch-Tree! Growing by the rushing river, Tall and stately in the valley! I a light canoe will build me, That shall float upon the river, Like a yellow leaf in autumn, Like a yellow water-lily. 'Lay aside your cloak, O Birch-Tree! Lay aside your white-skin wrapper, For the summer time is coming, And the sun is warm in the heaven, And you need no white-skin wrapper!'" Hiawatha

Genus Betula, L. (Birch)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and unequally double-toothed. Outline - egg-shaped. Apex -…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge very finely sharp-toothed. Outline - long and narrow, often "scythe-shaped." Apex - long, taper-pointed. Base - gradually narrowing and pointed or slightly rounded. Leaf/Stem - short. Stipules - (two small, leaf-like appendages at the base of the leaf-stem), not falling off when young, as in most of the willows; moon-shaped, finely toothed, wider than long. Leaf - four to eight inches long; green and smooth above and below (silky-downy when young). Found - on low ground from New England to the Middle States and westward. General Information - A small tree (or sometimes a shrub). The persistent stipules and the length of the leaf furnish ready signs for distinguishing it from S. nigra. Salix from two Celtic words meaning "near" and "water."

Genus Salix, L. (Willow)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge very finely sharp-toothed. Outline - long and narrow, often "scythe-shaped."…

Leaves - Simple; alternate; edge very finely and sharply toothed. Outline - long egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded or slightly pointed. Leaf/Stem - about one fourth to one half inch long. Leaf/Buds - yellowish and smooth. Leaf - about three to five or six inches long, one inch or more wide; dark above, smooth and shining above and below. Middle ribs usually whitish, and distinct above. Found - from New England southward to Chester County, Pennsylvania, west and north. Rather common, usually on wet grounds. General Information - A small tree (or often a shrub) twelve to twenty-five feet high. Salix from two Celtic words meaning "near" and "water."

Genus Salix, L. (Willow)

Leaves - Simple; alternate; edge very finely and sharply toothed. Outline - long egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed.…

Leaves - simple; alernate (sic); edge usually obscurely toothed, but varying from quite sharp-toothed to almost entire and slightly wavy. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex - sharp (or sometimes rather blunted). Base - narrowing to a point (or sometimes slightly rounded). Leaf - two to four inches long; soft, downy, and almost velvety beneath; smoothish above; ribs distinct. Bark - of trunk, dark colored; of the branches, usually yellow; twigs, reddish-brown, straight and tough, downy when young, becoming smooth. Found - along borders of woods, and on low grounds, from New England to Pennsylvania, far westward and northward. General Information - A tall tree (or sometimes a shrug), four to fifteen feet high. Salix from two Celtic words meaning "near" and "water."

Genus Salix, L. (Willow)

Leaves - simple; alernate (sic); edge usually obscurely toothed, but varying from quite sharp-toothed…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed, with the teeth somewhat thickened. Outline - narrow lance-shape. Apex - taper-pointed; in the young leaves often broad and rounded. Base - pointed. Leaf - small (two to three and a half inches long; about one half to five eighths of an inch wide); surface with white, silky hairs beneath and often above, especially in the young leaves. Branches - brittle at the base, smooth and shining and yellow. Blossoms - in May. Introduced - from Europe, but now found throughout the United States. Common around houses and in low grounds. General Information - Introduced from Europe, but now common around houses and in low grounds. A very large and familiar tree (fifty to eighty feet high), one of the largest of the Willows; low-branching; thick-set, of tough and rapid growth. A stake set in the ground grows readily. The silvery look of the tree (especially in a strong wind) is due to the gloss of its downy leaves. Salix from two Celtic words meaning "near" and "water." The Blue Willow (var. caerulea S.) is naturalized in Massachusetts.

Genus Salix, L. (Willow)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed, with the teeth somewhat thickened. Outline - narrow…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed. Outline - narrow lance-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf - about five inches long by three fourths of an inch wide; somewhat silky, or smooth. Branches and branchlets - very long, curved, and drooping nearly to the ground. Introduced - from Europe, now common, and much used in ornamental cultivation. General Information - A tree thirty to forty feet high. The Latin name (babylonica) was suggested by the lament of the Hebrews, in the 137th Psalm. "By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down: Yea we wept when we remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof." Salix from two Celtic words meaning "near" and "water."

Genus Salix, L. (Willow)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed. Outline - narrow lance-shape. Apex - taper-pointed.…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge strongly and somewhat unevenly toothed, the teeth thickened and their points slightly incurved so as to appear somewhat blunted. Outline - narrow lance-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - taper-pointed. Leaf/Stem - smooth, with two small warts on the upper side near the base of the leaf. Leaf - about five or six inches long, about seven eighths of an inch wide; dark and smooth above; lighter and smooth below (slightly silky when young). Branches - smooth, shining, and greenish; very brittle at the base, cracking off almost "at a touch." Introduced - from Europe. General Information - A tree sometimes sixty to eighty feet high, with a bush head and irregular branches. Its withes are used for basket-work. "The greene willow boughes with the leaves may vary well be brought into chambers and set about the beds of those that be sicke of agues, for they do mightily coole the heate of the aire, which thing is a wonderfull refreshing to the sicke patients." -- Gerardes' Herbal. Salix from two Celtic words meaning "near" and "water."

Genus Salix, L. (Willow)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge strongly and somewhat unevenly toothed, the teeth thickened and their…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness; arranged along the branches in many-leaved bunches without sheaths. Leaf - thread-like, one to two inches long, withering and falling in the autumn. Bark - smooth. Cones - about one half inch long; broad egg-shaped; green or violet when young, becoming purple and brownish as they ripen. Scales - thin, nearly round, their edges entire. Found - from Pennsylvania, Northern Indiana, and Northern Illinois through the Northern States and far northward. It grows usually in low, swampy land, where it often thickly covers large areas. General Information - A tree fifty to one hundred feet high (not evergreen), with a straight trunk and slender, horizontal branches. The wood is durable, hard, and very strong, and is largely used in ship-building, for posts, railroad ties, etc. The Indians and Canadians were accustomed to use the fibres of the Larch roots for sewing their bark canoes; and for tightening the seams, the gum of the Balsam Fir. Give me of your roots, O Tamarak! Of your fibrous roots, O Larch-Tree! My canoe to bind together, So to bind the ends together, That the water may not enter, That the river ma not wet me! Give me of your balm, O Fir-Tree! Of your balsam and your resin, So to close the seams together That the water may not enter, That the river may not wet me! And the Fir-Tree tall and sombre, Sobbed through all its robes of darkness, Answered wailing, answered weeping. 'Take my balm, O Hiawatha!'"

Genus Larix, Tourn. (Larch)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness; arranged along the branches in…

Fahrenheit thermometer at 41 degrees. Blood heat, water freezes, and zero are all marked on the right side.

Thermometer

Fahrenheit thermometer at 41 degrees. Blood heat, water freezes, and zero are all marked on the right…

"A fresh-water fish belonging to the carp family, common in rivers of England." -Foster, 1921

Gudgeon

"A fresh-water fish belonging to the carp family, common in rivers of England." -Foster, 1921

A device propelled through water with a ship as its target. "(a) Head; (b) air cylinder; (c) after body; (e) propellers; (f) war nose." -Foster, 1921

Torpedo

A device propelled through water with a ship as its target. "(a) Head; (b) air cylinder; (c) after body;…

"A waterwheel which the water enters and leaves at all points on its circumference." -Foster, 1921

Turbine Wheel

"A waterwheel which the water enters and leaves at all points on its circumference." -Foster, 1921

An image of the overshot wheel that operates machinery by water power, receiving water at the top.

Water Wheel

An image of the overshot wheel that operates machinery by water power, receiving water at the top.

An image of the breast wheel that operates machinery by water power, receiving water opposite the axle.

Water Wheel

An image of the breast wheel that operates machinery by water power, receiving water opposite the axle.

"A salt-water mollusk, highly esteemed as an article of food." -Foster, 1921.

Oyster

"A salt-water mollusk, highly esteemed as an article of food." -Foster, 1921.

"A water plant which furnished the material upon which the ancient Egyptians did their writing."

Papyrus

"A water plant which furnished the material upon which the ancient Egyptians did their writing."

"A device for raising liquids or removing gas from a closed vessel." Foster, 1921. The image shows two types of pumps and their mechanisms: Fig. 1; a. barrel, b. piston, c. valve, d. reservoirs. Fig. 2; a. barrel, b. piston, c. valve in barrel, d. valve in stand pipe, e. reservoir, f. air chamber.

Pump

"A device for raising liquids or removing gas from a closed vessel." Foster, 1921. The image shows two…

"Group of birds related to the coots and gallinules." -Foster, 1921

Rail

"Group of birds related to the coots and gallinules." -Foster, 1921

A bow of prismatic colors formed from the reflection and refraction of the sun and water. In the diagram, S is the sun's rays, E is the eye. There are two bows: the primary is the inner brighter rainbow, and the secondary is dimmer and sometimes unseen.

Rainbow Diagram

A bow of prismatic colors formed from the reflection and refraction of the sun and water. In the diagram,…

A water-cooler made by Native Americans.

Water-cooler

A water-cooler made by Native Americans.

The marks created in mud or sand by flowing water, often found in sandstone.

Ripple Marks

The marks created in mud or sand by flowing water, often found in sandstone.

Marks made by water spreading over shells of stones that are lodged in the sand, in this image in Silurian sandstone.

Rill Marks

Marks made by water spreading over shells of stones that are lodged in the sand, in this image in Silurian…

Jack and Jill fallen at the bottom of the hill.

Jack and Jill

Jack and Jill fallen at the bottom of the hill.

A man and a boy with a pole trying to fish something from the water.

Man and Boy

A man and a boy with a pole trying to fish something from the water.

A dog saves a drowning boy.

Dog Saves Boy

A dog saves a drowning boy.

As the motion of the wave is moving in the right direction in this diagram, a, b, c, and d represent the locations of a floating cork and its positions on the wave. it is at b as it reaches X, c at Y, d at Z, and a at B.

Wave Motion

As the motion of the wave is moving in the right direction in this diagram, a, b, c, and d represent…

The diagram shows the source of groundwater: water falls into porous ground (a), flows underground to be brought to the surface in another location.

Groundwater Source

The diagram shows the source of groundwater: water falls into porous ground (a), flows underground to…

"Diagram illustrating the position of the groundwater surface (the dotted line) in a region of undulating topography." -Salisbury, 1919

Groundwater Position

"Diagram illustrating the position of the groundwater surface (the dotted line) in a region of undulating…

Two cases of springs: "In one, the water descends through the porous bed e to the layer d, which is relatively impervious. The water flows along this layer until it comes to the surface, and there the water flows out as a spring, s'. In the other, the water moves underground through the porous layer b, under pressure, until it reaches a crack which leads up to the surface...s." -Salisbury, 1919

Springs

Two cases of springs: "In one, the water descends through the porous bed e to the layer d, which is…

"If the water table about a lake is above the lake level, there will be no leakage from the lake, even if its basin be of porous material." -Salisbury, 1919

Water Table

"If the water table about a lake is above the lake level, there will be no leakage from the lake, even…

"Diagram suggesting the development of a barrier reef and an atoll, successively, from a fringing reef, by sinking. 1, Fringing reef, formed in shallow water; 2, barrier reef, developed from fringing reef after subsidence; 3, the atoll which succeeds the barrier reef." -Salisbury, 1919

Barrier Reef Development

"Diagram suggesting the development of a barrier reef and an atoll, successively, from a fringing reef,…

"A reservoir in the geological sense is that portion of a sand-body or other rock in place, with pores of sufficient number and size as to be capable of holding and yielding a commercial quantity of oil or gas if they are present. It includes the whole porous volume whether it contains water, oil or gas." -Johnson, 1916

Reservoir

"A reservoir in the geological sense is that portion of a sand-body or other rock in place, with pores…

"Schematic sectional view of a connector well between nonartesian and Floridan aquifers." -Knochenmus, 1975

Connecter Well

"Schematic sectional view of a connector well between nonartesian and Floridan aquifers." -Knochenmus,…