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Of the Composite family (Compositae): left, white snakeroot (Eupatorium urticaefolium); right, boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum).

White Snakeroot and Boneset

Of the Composite family (Compositae): left, white snakeroot (Eupatorium urticaefolium); right, boneset…

Of the Composite family (Compositae): left, New York aster (Aster Novi-Belgii); right, Tradescant's aster (Aster Tradescanti).

New York Aster and Tradescant's Aster

Of the Composite family (Compositae): left, New York aster (Aster Novi-Belgii); right, Tradescant's…

Of the spiderwort family (Tradescantia), clockwise from top: T. bracteata, T. pilosa, T. montana, T. brevicaulis, T. occidentalis, T. reflexa.

Spiderwort

Of the spiderwort family (Tradescantia), clockwise from top: T. bracteata, T. pilosa, T. montana, T.…

"Ideal landscape of the Carboniferous Period." -Taylor, 1904

Carboniferous Landscape

"Ideal landscape of the Carboniferous Period." -Taylor, 1904

"Calamites (a restored); b enlarged fig.; c, d, e, leaflets and branches; f catkin; g root." -Taylor, 1904

Calamites

"Calamites (a restored); b enlarged fig.; c, d, e, leaflets and branches; f catkin; g root." -Taylor,…

"Ideal landscape of the Triassic period." -Taylor, 1904

Triassic Landscape

"Ideal landscape of the Triassic period." -Taylor, 1904

"Ideal landscape of the Oolitic period." -Taylor, 1904

Jurassic Landscape

"Ideal landscape of the Oolitic period." -Taylor, 1904

"Ideal landscape of the Miocene period." -Taylor, 1904

Miocene Landscape

"Ideal landscape of the Miocene period." -Taylor, 1904

"Dodder growing upon a Golden-Rod Stem. s, seedling dodder plants, growing in earth; h, stem of host; r, haustoria or parasitic roots of dodder; l, scale-like leaves; A, magnified section of a portion of willow stem, showing penetration of haustoria." -Bergen, 1896

Dodder on Golden Rod

"Dodder growing upon a Golden-Rod Stem. s, seedling dodder plants, growing in earth; h, stem of host;…

"Grafting. At the left scion and stock are shown ready to be united; at the right they are joined and ready to cover with grafting wax." -Bergen, 1896

Grafting

"Grafting. At the left scion and stock are shown ready to be united; at the right they are joined and…

"Leaves standing nearly vertical in compass-plant. (Silphium laciniatum). A, view from east or west; B, from north or south." -Bergen, 1896

Compass Plant

"Leaves standing nearly vertical in compass-plant. (Silphium laciniatum). A, view from east or west;…

"Spore-plant of a fern (Aspidium filix-mas). A, part of a rootstock and fronds; fr, young fronds unrollin. B, under side of a pinnule, showing sori, s. C, section through a sorus at right angles to surface of leaf, showing indusium, i, and sporangia, s. D, a sporangium discharging spores." -Bergen, 1896

Fern Spore Plant

"Spore-plant of a fern (Aspidium filix-mas). A, part of a rootstock and fronds; fr, young fronds unrollin.…

A variety of dahlias of the Composite family.

Dahlias

A variety of dahlias of the Composite family.

"It is a very large tree, the trunk being sometimes three feet in diameter, although it is of little is as a timber tree, the wood being spongy." -Lupton

The Gutta-percha tree

"It is a very large tree, the trunk being sometimes three feet in diameter, although it is of little…

"The mint family of plants, of which the most important species are peppermint, spearmint and penny-royal, all contain an aromatic essential oil, possessing medicinal qualities." -Lupton

Peppermint

"The mint family of plants, of which the most important species are peppermint, spearmint and penny-royal,…

" A genus of insessorial birds many of which are remarkable for the beauty of their plumage. They have a longish bill, an extensible tongue, and feed upon insects, soft fruits, and the saccharine juices of plants." -Marshall

Promerops Superba Bird

" A genus of insessorial birds many of which are remarkable for the beauty of their plumage. They have…

The huckleberry is a fruit of the heath family of plants.

Huckleberry

The huckleberry is a fruit of the heath family of plants.

The cranberry is a fruit of the heath family of plants.

Cranberry

The cranberry is a fruit of the heath family of plants.

"Knight's experiment, substituting centrifugal "force" for gravity" proved that stems do not grow upwards because of sunlight but rather, roots grow downwards because of gravity. -Gager, 1916

Knight's Experiment

"Knight's experiment, substituting centrifugal "force" for gravity" proved that stems do not grow upwards…

The Roman Arm-chair had a decoration symbolic of Ceres, the Roman goddess of growing plants.

Roman Arm-Chair

The Roman Arm-chair had a decoration symbolic of Ceres, the Roman goddess of growing plants.

"Root grafting in its different stages. a, Scion cut for insertion; b, stock prepared to receive the scion; c, stock and scion untied; d, the same tied up with waxed cord." -Gager, 1916

Root Grafting

"Root grafting in its different stages. a, Scion cut for insertion; b, stock prepared to receive the…

"Cleft grafting (Herbaceous). a, Scion ready for insertion; b, stock; c, stock and scion unted; d, the same tied up with raffia; e, cleft grafting (woody). Stock with two scions." -Gager, 1916

Cleft Grafting

"Cleft grafting (Herbaceous). a, Scion ready for insertion; b, stock; c, stock and scion unted; d, the…

"Saddle grafting. a, Scion; b, stock; c, scion and stock joined." -Gager, 1916

Saddle Grafting

"Saddle grafting. a, Scion; b, stock; c, scion and stock joined." -Gager, 1916

"Budding. a, Budstick; b, T-shaped cut in bark of stock; c, bud ready for insertion; d, stock with bud inserted; e, the same tied up with raffia." -Gager, 1916

Budding Grafting

"Budding. a, Budstick; b, T-shaped cut in bark of stock; c, bud ready for insertion; d, stock with bud…

"Rosa rugosa, at left; Crataegus punctata, at right. The fruit is composed of the ripened ovary, reinforced by the enlarged receptacle." -Gager, 1916

Rose Family

"Rosa rugosa, at left; Crataegus punctata, at right. The fruit is composed of the ripened ovary, reinforced…

The Antheridium is the male organ of plants. Within it are produced the sperms or their equivalents, which fertilize the female cells or eggs.

Section through Antheridium of Liverwort

The Antheridium is the male organ of plants. Within it are produced the sperms or their equivalents,…

A genus of the plants known as liverworts. The body is a simple flat thallus and produces a slender spore-case.

Anthoceros Showing Thallus with Two Capsules

A genus of the plants known as liverworts. The body is a simple flat thallus and produces a slender…

A genus of the plants known as liverworts. The body is a simple flat thallus and produces a slender spore-case.

Anthoceros, Mature Capsule Splitting

A genus of the plants known as liverworts. The body is a simple flat thallus and produces a slender…

These plants have adapted to continuous drought and are able to retain great amounts of water. These species are characteristic of the warm and dry regions of America.

Cacti

These plants have adapted to continuous drought and are able to retain great amounts of water. These…

A view on upper Saint John's River in Florida.

Saint John's River

A view on upper Saint John's River in Florida.

A bunch of daisies.

Daisies

A bunch of daisies.

"One of the largest and most beautiful butterflies. It lives on the fennel, carrot and other such plants."

Swallow Tailed Butterfly (Papilio Machaon)

"One of the largest and most beautiful butterflies. It lives on the fennel, carrot and other such plants."

An annual plant , 6 to 15 inches high, with many slender branches of a brownish or straw color, more or less hairy, parasitic upon the roots of other plants.

Broomrape (orobanche ramosa).

An annual plant , 6 to 15 inches high, with many slender branches of a brownish or straw color, more…

"There are solitary wasps which make their cells in holes, which they scoop out in the ground or in stalks or certain plants."

A Species of Odynerus

"There are solitary wasps which make their cells in holes, which they scoop out in the ground or in…

"There are solitary wasps which make their cells in holes, which they scoop out in the ground or in stalks or certain plants. The larva lines its cell with a silky cocoon."

Larva of the Odynerus Wasp

"There are solitary wasps which make their cells in holes, which they scoop out in the ground or in…

"There are solitary wasps which make their cells in holes, which they scoop out in the ground or in stalks or certain plants. Its nest is made in the stock of a bramble or brier."

Nest of an Odynerus Wasp in the Stem of a Bramble

"There are solitary wasps which make their cells in holes, which they scoop out in the ground or in…

"An insect among the Neuroptera, which undergo incomplete metamorphoses. These flutter about the banks of rivers and settle on stones, shrubs and aquatic plants."

Larva of Perla Bicaudata

"An insect among the Neuroptera, which undergo incomplete metamorphoses. These flutter about the banks…

"An insect among the Neuroptera, which undergo incomplete metamorphoses. These flutter about the banks of rivers and settle on stones, shrubs and aquatic plants."

Larva of Nemoura

"An insect among the Neuroptera, which undergo incomplete metamorphoses. These flutter about the banks…

"An insect among the Neuroptera, which undergo incomplete metamorphoses. These flutter about the banks of rivers and settle on stones, shrubs and aquatic plants."

Larva of Perla Marginata

"An insect among the Neuroptera, which undergo incomplete metamorphoses. These flutter about the banks…

"It resembles a large gnat. They are found on hedges and plants during the summer."

Bittacus Tipularis

"It resembles a large gnat. They are found on hedges and plants during the summer."

"Interior of a Brazilian forest on the Organ Mountains." -Lindley, 1853

Brazilian Forest

"Interior of a Brazilian forest on the Organ Mountains." -Lindley, 1853

"1. Chara vulgaris; 2. a portion of a branch with a nucule and globule; 3. the globule more magnified; 4. the spiral tubes of the latter; 5. a nucule cut open; 6. a nucule in germination." -Lindley, 1853

Common Stonewort

"1. Chara vulgaris; 2. a portion of a branch with a nucule and globule; 3. the globule more magnified;…

"1. Antherid and spore-case of Chara fragilis not much magnified; 2. the same at a later period, after the dehiscence of the antherid; 3. three of the valves which cover the antherid represented at the moment of dehiscence; 4. an empty tube, in which a few antherozoids are left; 5. Anteroizoids." -Lindley, 1853

Chara fragilis

"1. Antherid and spore-case of Chara fragilis not much magnified; 2. the same at a later period, after…

Arcyria flava (or Arcyria obvelata) is a species of fungus or slime mold found in Australia.

Arcyria flava

Arcyria flava (or Arcyria obvelata) is a species of fungus or slime mold found in Australia.

A species of earthstar, Geastrum multifidum is a mushroom from the Geastraceae family.

Earthstar

A species of earthstar, Geastrum multifidum is a mushroom from the Geastraceae family.

Mucor caninus is a species of mold found in soil, on plant surfaces, and rotting vegetables.

Mucor caninus

Mucor caninus is a species of mold found in soil, on plant surfaces, and rotting vegetables.

The hymenium or tissue layer of the agaric of a mushroom.

Agaric Hymenium

The hymenium or tissue layer of the agaric of a mushroom.

Agaricus cepaestipes is a mushroom from a large genus with both edible and poisonous species.

Agaricus cepaestipes

Agaricus cepaestipes is a mushroom from a large genus with both edible and poisonous species.

Vermicularia trichella is a fungal plant disease that causes leaf and stem spot in English Ivy.

Fungal Disease

Vermicularia trichella is a fungal plant disease that causes leaf and stem spot in English Ivy.

Vertical section of Hypoxylon punctatum, a species of fungi found on dead wood.

Fungal Disease

Vertical section of Hypoxylon punctatum, a species of fungi found on dead wood.

The fungus, Angioridium sinuosum.

Angioridium sinuosum

The fungus, Angioridium sinuosum.

"Mucor mucedo, very highly magnified, exhibiting 1, the spawn or mycelium." -Lindley, 1853

Fungal Diseas

"Mucor mucedo, very highly magnified, exhibiting 1, the spawn or mycelium." -Lindley, 1853

"Galls on the leaf of an Ochnaceous plant." -Lindley, 1853

Galls

"Galls on the leaf of an Ochnaceous plant." -Lindley, 1853

"Woolly Oak-gall, produced by Cynips Quercus ramuli." -Lindley, 1853

Gall Wasp

"Woolly Oak-gall, produced by Cynips Quercus ramuli." -Lindley, 1853

Aseroe pentactina is a species of mushroom from the Phallaceae family.

Aseroe

Aseroe pentactina is a species of mushroom from the Phallaceae family.

The Sphaeria sinensis a cordycep, a parasitic fungus. "The right hand figure represents the manner in which it is made up for sale." -Lindley, 1853

Cordycep

The Sphaeria sinensis a cordycep, a parasitic fungus. "The right hand figure represents the manner in…

The Sphaeria Robertsii a cordycep, a parasitic fungus "growing from the caterpillar of a New Zealand moth called Hepialus verescens." -Lindley, 1853

Cordycep

The Sphaeria Robertsii a cordycep, a parasitic fungus "growing from the caterpillar of a New Zealand…

"1. Polyplocium inquinans, divided vertically, natural size; 2. flocci and spores; 3 and 4, the same more highly magnified." -Lindley, 1853

Flocci and Spores

"1. Polyplocium inquinans, divided vertically, natural size; 2. flocci and spores; 3 and 4, the same…

"Pisomyxa racodioides, Corda.-1. Natural size; 2, the fungus greatly magnified; 3, a spore-case bursting and discharging its spores." -Lindley, 1853

Fungus

"Pisomyxa racodioides, Corda.-1. Natural size; 2, the fungus greatly magnified; 3, a spore-case bursting…

"1. Spore-case of Lycopodium denticulatum opened; 2. antheridium; 3. spore." -Lindley, 1853

Ground Pine

"1. Spore-case of Lycopodium denticulatum opened; 2. antheridium; 3. spore." -Lindley, 1853