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This illustration shows the union of a pyramid and a prism of the same order.

Union of a Pyramid and a Prism of the Same Order

This illustration shows the union of a pyramid and a prism of the same order.

This form shows the planes given on a crystal of hydrous nickel sulphate: the basal pinacoid, (c); three pyramids of the second order, (m), (o), and (q); two pyramids of the first order, (n) and (p); and the prisms of the first and second orders, (r) and (s).

Hydrous Nickel Sulphate

This form shows the planes given on a crystal of hydrous nickel sulphate: the basal pinacoid, (c); three…

This form shows a very complex combination of thirteen tetragonal forms occuring on the mineral Vesuvianite: the prism of the first order, (d); prism of the second order, (M); basal pinacoid, (s); three pyramids of the first order, (c), (b), and (u); the ditetragonal prism (f); and the four ditetragonal pyramids (z), (x), (e), and (a).

Vesuvianite

This form shows a very complex combination of thirteen tetragonal forms occuring on the mineral Vesuvianite:…

Also known as Stolzite, this crystal is bounded by the unit pyramid of the first order, P, {111} (o), and by the prism of the third order, (p).

Lead Tungstate

Also known as Stolzite, this crystal is bounded by the unit pyramid of the first order, P, {111} (o),…

Also known as Fergusonite, this crystal shows the basal pinacoid, (c); the unit pyramid, (s); and the pyramid and prism of the third order, (z) and (r) respectively.

Yttrium Niobate

Also known as Fergusonite, this crystal shows the basal pinacoid, (c); the unit pyramid, (s); and the…

This figure shows a combination of forms sometimes observed on the silicate Scapolite, with the unit pyramid, (o); the prisms of the first and second orders, (M) and (b) respectively; and the pyramid of the third order, (s).

Scapolite

This figure shows a combination of forms sometimes observed on the silicate Scapolite, with the unit…

This crystal of Calcium Phosphate, Apatite, represents a complex combination of hexagonal hemihedral forms produced by the pyramidal selection. The nine forms comprise the basal pinacoid ,(P); the prism of the first order, (M); second order, (u); and third order, (h); three pyramids of the first order, (r), (x), and (y); one pyramid of the second order, (s); and one of the third order, (m).

Calcium Phosphate, Apatite

This crystal of Calcium Phosphate, Apatite, represents a complex combination of hexagonal hemihedral…

This is a crystal of Copper Silicate (Dioptase) with a rhombohedron of the third order, (s), in combination with the prism of the second order, (m), and the negative rhombohedron, (r). This crystal is an example of rhombohedral tetartohedrism in the hexagonal system.

Copper Silicate Showing Rhombohedral Tetartohedrism In the Hexagonal System

This is a crystal of Copper Silicate (Dioptase) with a rhombohedron of the third order, (s), in combination…

This crystal is mainly terminated by a rhombohedron of the third order, (x). With this form are associated the prisms of the first and the second order, (m) and (a); another rhombohedron of the third order, (s), and the two rhombohedrons of the first order, (r).

Phenacite

This crystal is mainly terminated by a rhombohedron of the third order, (x). With this form are associated…

This figure shows two twin rhombohedrons, symmetrical with reference to a prism of the first order, but without any composition face. There is a complete interpenetration of their substance, and the space common to both is very irregularly distributed between them, as may be shown by an examination in polarized light.

Twin Rhombohedrons

This figure shows two twin rhombohedrons, symmetrical with reference to a prism of the first order,…

In the tetragonal system, the unit pyramid of the second order is the most common twinning plane. This is represented here as it occurs on crystals of Zircon, bounded by the forms (m), (u), (p), and (o).

Zircon (Twinning)

In the tetragonal system, the unit pyramid of the second order is the most common twinning plane. This…

The tetragonal rutile grows upon the rhombohedral titanic iron, so that its prism of the second order, ∞ P ∞ (100), coincides with the basal pinacoid of the latter mineral, while its vertical axis has the direction of one of the intermediate lateral axes of the iron ore.

Rutile Growing Upon Titanic Iron

The tetragonal rutile grows upon the rhombohedral titanic iron, so that its prism of the second order,…

Flagellata is an order of Protozoa characterized by the presence of flagellae (whip-like structures used for locomotion). In many flagellate forms, chlorophyll is present. These forms have been regarded by botanists as minute algae. This illustration shows 3 flagellates: 1) Ceratium Tripos, 2) Noctiluca, and 3) Euglena.

Flagellata

Flagellata is an order of Protozoa characterized by the presence of flagellae (whip-like structures…

Frankincense (Olibanum) is a gum resin obtained from Boswellia Carterii, of the order Burseraceae, and grows chiefly in Somali land. It occurs in roundish tears, about half an inch in diameter, colorless to reddish and covered with a white powder. its odor is balsamic, and it tastes bitter. It burns with a fragrant odor, and is used in incense. The illustration shows 1) the flower, 2) a cross section with petals removed, and 3) fruit.

Frankincense

Frankincense (Olibanum) is a gum resin obtained from Boswellia Carterii, of the order Burseraceae, and…

Fumitory, or Fumaria, is a genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the order Fumariaceae. The common fumitory of waste ground (F. officinalis) is a European species whose smoke was once thought useful for expelling evil spirits.

Common Fumitory

Fumitory, or Fumaria, is a genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the order Fumariaceae. The common…

Galeopithecus is the generic name of certain mammals from the Malayan region, commonly (incorrectly) referred to as flying lemurs. The two species of Galeopithecus are now placed in a sub-order of Insectivora, and regarded as the vegetarian analogues of the insect-eating bats. The common species, G. volans, is about the size of a cat and has a flying-membrane. The teeth are remarkable, the lower incisors being comb-like, while the upper outer incisor at each side has two roots. Galeopithecus primarily inhabit forests. They feed upon leaves, fruit, eggs, insects, and even small birds. They are nocturnal. Though incapable of true flight, they can take long, flying leaps.

Galeopithecus

Galeopithecus is the generic name of certain mammals from the Malayan region, commonly (incorrectly)…

Gall-fly is a name applied to the members of the family Cynipidae, which are not flies, but are related to ants and bees (order Hymenoptera).

Gall-fly

Gall-fly is a name applied to the members of the family Cynipidae, which are not flies, but are related…

Also known as a Solan Goose (Sula bassana), the Gannet is a large marine bird which nests in scattered localities in most parts of the world. Its specific name refers to the fact that it has long been a denizen of Bass Rock -- a famous craggy islet on the coast of England. This bird also nests on Bird Rock in the gulf of St. Lawrence, and other species exist in the tropics. It belongs to the same sub-order as the cormorant, and may be recognized by the fact that, as in the latter, all four toes are united by a web. Its bill is long, strong, and compressed to a point. In adult life, the plumage is white, save for the black primaries and a buff patch on the head or neck; the young are dusky, and do not acquire the white plumage until their sixth year. Their nests contain only one egg.

Gannet

Also known as a Solan Goose (Sula bassana), the Gannet is a large marine bird which nests in scattered…

A type of Ganoid fish. Ganoid is an order of fishes included seven living genera, whose members are all found in fresh water. The members of these genera are distinguished from their nearest allies, the teleosteans, or bony fish, by the presence of a spiral valve in the intestine, the fact that the tail is frequently heterocercal or unequally lobed, the skeleton often, at least in part, cartilaginous, and the skin furnished with bony scales or scutes (ganoid scales). This particular type (Acipenser) is a Sturgeon.

Acipenser Sturio

A type of Ganoid fish. Ganoid is an order of fishes included seven living genera, whose members are…

A type of Ganoid fish. Ganoid is an order of fishes included seven living genera, whose members are all found in fresh water. The members of these genera are distinguished from their nearest allies, the teleosteans, or bony fish, by the presence of a spiral valve in the intestine, the fact that the tail is frequently heterocercal or unequally lobed, the skeleton often, at least in part, cartilaginous, and the skin furnished with bony scales or scutes (ganoid scales). This particular species is a Bow-fin.

Amia Occidentalis

A type of Ganoid fish. Ganoid is an order of fishes included seven living genera, whose members are…

A gas holder is a metallic shell which is open at the bottom (like a bell), the lower edge of which dips into a deep tank of water in order to prevent the contained gas from escaping. The framework may be either of steel or timber -- the latter being preferred for the largest holders. This illustration shows a partial section of a typical large American gas holder. It is a 5,000,000 cubic foot holder in New York City.

Partial Section of Typical Large American Gas Holder

A gas holder is a metallic shell which is open at the bottom (like a bell), the lower edge of which…

A genus of hardy plants, Gentians belong to the order Gentianaceae. They have a bitter taste, and one species, G. lutea, is largely used as a bitter tonic in medicine. Gentians are not easy plants to establish in a garden, on account of their need of root moisture and their dislike of root disturbance. It is best to raise them from seed, although slow to germinate. The most commonly cultivated Gentian is the Alpine G. acaulis, with large, deep-blue flowers on a dwarfed plant.

Gentian

A genus of hardy plants, Gentians belong to the order Gentianaceae. They have a bitter taste, and one…

Also known as Sea Milkwort, Glaux Maritima is a hardy perennial seashore plant belonging to the order Primulaceæ. It is a common European plant with glaucous leaves and pink flowers in summer. This illustration shows the plant itself, as well as a flower (1) and a calyx (2) laid open.

Glaux Maritima

Also known as Sea Milkwort, Glaux Maritima is a hardy perennial seashore plant belonging to the order…

After the softening process in the manufacturing of jute, the fibers are about six feet long, and are passed onto the breaker card, where they are reduced in length, finely divided, thoroughly mixed, cleared of impurities, and laid in parallel order. The chief features of the card are a cylinder about four feet in diameter covered with wooden staves filled with steel teeth, and around this cylinder a number of smaller cylinders, known as strippers and workers, also covered with steel teeth. The jute fibers are carried around the large cylinder, being finely divided by the workers and strippers in their course. A doffer roller then strips the elongated lap from the main cylinder and sends it down a broad channel, which compresses it to a strand or sliver about four inches wide. Twelve of these slivers are then fed into the finisher card, which is similar to the breaker, but has finer teeth, and are drawn out into a finer, smoother strand.

Carding Process in the Manufacuring of Jute

After the softening process in the manufacturing of jute, the fibers are about six feet long, and are…

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliaceæ, and employed in the manufacture of the coarser textiles. The great bulk of the world's supply is derived from two species, C. capsularis and C. olitorius (Jew's Mallow), both of which are indigenous to Bengal, India, where from remote times they have been cultivate for economic purposes. The two species are similar in appearance, but may be distinguished by the form of the seed pods, which are nearly spherical in C. capsularis, and long and narrow in C. olitorius. Both plants are herbaceous annuals with straight, slender stalks from 5 to 15 feet in height, branched at the top, and bearing small yellow flowers. The fiber, which is derived from the inner bark, is of a creamy yellow or light buff color and of a silky luster. It spins well, but is not as strong as flax or hemp, and deteriorates rapidly. The young shoots are used as pot herbs. Jute is grown chiefly in Bengal, though it is raised to a limited extent in China, Formosa, and Southern Japan. It can be grown successfully in the South Atlantic and Gulf States of the United States, but lack of mechanical methods for preparing the fiber has prevented its cultivation on an industrial scale. Attempts to naturalize it elsewhere have generally failed. For its most successful cultivation, jute requires a soft, deep soil and a hot, moist atmosphere, alluvial lands being especially adapted to its production. This illustration shows Corchorus capsularis.

Jute

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of…

Lattice Leaf is the popular name of a water plant, 'Aponogeton jenestralis', belonging to the order 'Aponogetonaceæ'. The older leaves are of open structure, are nearly a foot long, oblong in shape, and float just below the surface of the water. The flowers are born in spikes in the surface. The roots of the plant are used as an article of food by the natives of Madagascar, where it is indigenous. (1. Part of Flower Spike)

Lattice Leaf

Lattice Leaf is the popular name of a water plant, 'Aponogeton jenestralis', belonging to the order…

The Cross of the Legion of Honor is a decoration composed of a star of five double rays, with a wreath of oak and laurel. On the obverse appears the female head personifying France, and the words, 'République Française'; on the reverse, two tricolors, and the motto, 'Honneur et Patrie'. The Legion of Honor is a French order of merit, created in 1802 by Napoleon, when first consul, with the view of specially marking exploits and services in the military and civil departments. Napoleon himself was first grandmaster.

Cross of the Legion of Honor

The Cross of the Legion of Honor is a decoration composed of a star of five double rays, with a wreath…

Typical forms of Chrysalis, the pupae of many Lepidoptera, an order of insects that includes moths and butterflies.

Chrysalis

Typical forms of Chrysalis, the pupae of many Lepidoptera, an order of insects that includes moths and…

Composite, or compound flowers, make up the largest botanical order. 1, Capitulum of dandelion.

Composite

Composite, or compound flowers, make up the largest botanical order. 1, Capitulum of dandelion.

Copepoda, an order of Crustacea. A, cyclops quiadricornis; b, c, d, stages of growth in larvae.

Copepoda

Copepoda, an order of Crustacea. A, cyclops quiadricornis; b, c, d, stages of growth in larvae.

Copepoda, an order of crustaceans. e, Calligus Mulleri, or horseshoe crab.

Crustacean

Copepoda, an order of crustaceans. e, Calligus Mulleri, or horseshoe crab.

A great blue heron, commonly found in tropical areas like Florida. They belong to the order Grallatores, tribe Cultrirostres, and family Ardeida, which also includes spoonbills, storks, boatbills, night-herons, bitterns, adjutants, and ibises.

Heron

A great blue heron, commonly found in tropical areas like Florida. They belong to the order Grallatores,…

Gunboats in the James River off the Virginia coast. Gunboats were boats used for carrying one or more guns in order to bombard coastal targets.

Gunboats

Gunboats in the James River off the Virginia coast. Gunboats were boats used for carrying one or more…

A diagram showing the order of the universe as expounded by Ptolemy. Its basic concept surmises that the Earth is the center of our universe. This diagram was widely accepted as fact for fourteen centuries until it was discredited.

Spheres of the Ptolemaic System

A diagram showing the order of the universe as expounded by Ptolemy. Its basic concept surmises that…

"And when Jesus heard it, he said unto him, One thing thou lackest yet: sell all that thou hast, and distribute unto the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, follow me." Luke 18:22 ASV <p>Illustration of the rich man walking away after Jesus told him that in order to go to heaven he has to sell everything, give to the poor, and follow Jesus. Jesus sits under a curtained window and is looking at a man kneeling next to him. There is another man sitting on a low wall and a man standing nearby with a staff. The rich man can be identified by his decorated robe. He looks downcast as he walks away.

Jesus Tells the Rich Man to Sell All of His Possessions, Give to the Poor, and Follow Him

"And when Jesus heard it, he said unto him, One thing thou lackest yet: sell all that thou hast, and…

Illustration of Paul, kneeling on one knee in the city streets, head bowed, awaiting execution. A man in a short tunic and head wrap is raising his sword above Paul's head. A man in a robe stands nearby with his hand over his mouth. Another man stands in the background, holding a scroll and a staff. Two soldiers are standing in the background.

Paul is Beheaded at Rome by the Order of Emperor Nero

Illustration of Paul, kneeling on one knee in the city streets, head bowed, awaiting execution. A man…

<i>Sansevieria Zeylanica</i> is the Latin name, but this plant is also called a Mother-in-law's Tongue. "A genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order of <i>Haemodoraceae</i> and tribe <i>Ophiopogoneae</i>. It is characterized by a long and slender perianth-tube, six filiform filaments, and a free ovary, fixed by a broad base, containing three cells and three erect ovules." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Snake Plant

Sansevieria Zeylanica is the Latin name, but this plant is also called a Mother-in-law's Tongue. "A…

"A system of pulleys in two blocks, so arranged that the parts of continuous rope are approximately parallel. The order in which the rope passes round the pulleys consecutively is shown by the figures in the cut. Named after the engineer who invented it." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Pulleys - Smeaton's Blocks

"A system of pulleys in two blocks, so arranged that the parts of continuous rope are approximately…