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An illustration of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris,…

An illustration of the lateral view of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Lateral View of Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the lateral view of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published…

An illustration of a braced frame.

Braced Frame

An illustration of a braced frame.

An illustration of a balloon frame.

Balloon Frame

An illustration of a balloon frame.

An illustration of a female nautilus without the shell. "m, The dorsal "hood" formed by the enlargement of the outer or annular lobe of the forefoot, and corresponding to the sheaths of two tentacles; n. Tentacular sheaths of lateral portion of the annular lobe; u, The left eye; b, The nuchal plate, continuous at its right and left posterior angles with the root of the mid-foot, and corresponding to the nuchal cartilage of Sepia; c, Visceral hump; d, The free margin of the mantle-skirt,...; g.a, Points to the lateral continuation of the nuchal plate b to join the root of the mid foot of siphon." (Britannica, 1910).

Female Nautilus without Shell

An illustration of a female nautilus without the shell. "m, The dorsal "hood" formed by the enlargement…

Edwardsia beautempsi is a species of sea anemone that lives freely in tubes in the sand, unattached.

Sea Anemone

Edwardsia beautempsi is a species of sea anemone that lives freely in tubes in the sand, unattached.

"Suppose we have a pipe A B laid in a horizontal position so that the centre line is exactly at the same level all along the pope, and differences of level may be neglected. Let water be delivered b this pipe at a steady from a reservoir provided with a constant supply which keeps the free surface level always the same. If the pipe A B is of uniform sectional area throughout, and is at all points offers a uniform frictional resistance to the flow of the water, the pressure will gradually become less at points along it more and more distanct from the reservoir. This is no lonfer the case when the pipe is larger at one place than another, as shown in the [figure]." (Britannica, 1891)

Water Flow in Pipes

"Suppose we have a pipe A B laid in a horizontal position so that the centre line is exactly at the…

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining its kind. ... The simplest electroscope consists of pith-balls suspended by silk threads." -Whitney, 1911

Pith-Ball Electroscope

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining…

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining its kind. ... Quadrant electroscope, a form of pith-ball electroscope which serves to measure roughly the degree of electrification by the rise of the pith-ball as indicated by the motion of the rod carrying it on a graduated semicircle." -Whitney, 1911

Quadrant Electroscope

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining…

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining its kind. ... In Volta's condensing electroscope, in place of the gilt knob there is a flat metal plate upon which rests another similar plate, which may be removed by an insulating handle." -Whitney, 1911

Condensing Electroscope

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining…

The Egyptian Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida aegyptiaca) is a species of bat in the Molossidae family of free-tailed bats.

Egyptian Free-Tailed Bat

The Egyptian Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida aegyptiaca) is a species of bat in the Molossidae family of free-tailed…

"A globe casts its shadow upon the ground; the sun's rays parallel with the picture at an angle of 45° with the horizon." (Britannica, 1891)

Shadows of Curvilinear Objects

"A globe casts its shadow upon the ground; the sun's rays parallel with the picture at an angle of 45°…

"An archway parallel to the picture. the sun's inclination 40° and elevation 30°." (Britannica, 1891)

Shadows of an Archway

"An archway parallel to the picture. the sun's inclination 40° and elevation 30°." (Britannica,…

"A column supporting a horizontal square slab at right angles with the picture plane. A pole leans against the wall behind, and cast sit shadow on the column. Sun's inclination 40°, elevation 35°." (Britannica, 1891)

Shadows of an Column Supporting a Horizontal Square

"A column supporting a horizontal square slab at right angles with the picture plane. A pole leans against…

"The galvanometer consists of two distinct coils of wire, each having the same resistance, and having equal magnetic effects upon the needle. These coils C and C' are wound in opposite directions, as shown, and one end of each is joined to the same terminal on the frame of the galvanometer; the other ends are joined to separate terminals also situated on the frame." (Britannica, 1891)

Differential Galvanometer

"The galvanometer consists of two distinct coils of wire, each having the same resistance, and having…

The mosaic circle pattern is inlaid pieces of stone, wood, glass, leather or straw to make a picture or pattern. This design is found in a cathedral in Monreale, Sicily, Italy.

Mosaic Square Pattern

The mosaic circle pattern is inlaid pieces of stone, wood, glass, leather or straw to make a picture…

The marble mosaic circle pattern is inlaid pieces of stone, wood, glass, leather or straw to make a picture or pattern. This design is found in the San Vitale church in Ravenna, Italy.

Marble Mosaic Circle Pattern

The marble mosaic circle pattern is inlaid pieces of stone, wood, glass, leather or straw to make a…

This textile pattern comes from a 1560 Venetian picture.

Textile Pattern

This textile pattern comes from a 1560 Venetian picture.

This spice-frame salt-cellar is a 18th century design made out of glass.

Spice-Frame Salt-Cellar

This spice-frame salt-cellar is a 18th century design made out of glass.

This modern cruet-frame is used to hold oil and vinegar in small bottles with a shoulder.

Modern Cruet-Frame

This modern cruet-frame is used to hold oil and vinegar in small bottles with a shoulder.

This modern cruet-frame is used to hold oil and vinegar in small bottles with a shoulder. It is made out of colored glass.

Modern Cruet-Frame

This modern cruet-frame is used to hold oil and vinegar in small bottles with a shoulder. It is made…

This modern cruet-frame is used to hold oil and vinegar in small bottles with a shoulder.

Modern Cruet-Frame

This modern cruet-frame is used to hold oil and vinegar in small bottles with a shoulder.

Colonial, plant-like animals closely related to jellyfish, with stinging cells, Any member of the invertebrate order Hydroida (class Hydrozoa, phylum Cnidaria). Hydroids have three basic life-cycle stages: (1) a tiny free-swimming planula larva about 1 mm (0.04 inch) long, which settles and grows into (2) a sessile (attached), usually colonial hydroid stage, which in turn liberates (3) medusa.

Medusa of a Hydroid

Colonial, plant-like animals closely related to jellyfish, with stinging cells, Any member of the invertebrate…

An illustration of Geoffrey Chaucer as a Canterbury pilgrim. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – 25 October 1400?) was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales. Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin.

Geoffrey Chaucer

An illustration of Geoffrey Chaucer as a Canterbury pilgrim. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – 25 October…

Illustration of an xy grid/graph with grid lines shown. It is the Cartesian coordinate system. Neither axis is labeled.

Blank Coordinate Grid With Grid Lines Shown

Illustration of an xy grid/graph with grid lines shown. It is the Cartesian coordinate system. Neither…

Illustration of an xy grid/graph with grid lines shown. It is the Cartesian coordinate system with both axes labeled.

Coordinate Grid With Axes Labeled And Grid Lines Shown

Illustration of an xy grid/graph with grid lines shown. It is the Cartesian coordinate system with both…

"A pelagic family of radioflagellate infusorians, typified by the genus Euchitonia. The animalcules are free-floating." -Whitney, 1911

Euchitonia

"A pelagic family of radioflagellate infusorians, typified by the genus Euchitonia. The animalcules…

"A pipe of this nature fitted with a piece of glass so as to exhibit the reed (which is a "free reed") is shown in [the illustration]. Q is the wind-chest of the bellows, into which P is fitted. In the right-hand figure the upper part of the pope is removed, so as to show the reed more clearly. A plate of metal c c, has a slit but in it, in which the tongue I may just past. By means of a curved wire, r, projecting above the top of the pipe, and the play of the tongue may be controlled and the pipe tuned. The conical pipe, H, placed at the top, serves to increase the power of the sound". -Benson, 1891

Reed

"A pipe of this nature fitted with a piece of glass so as to exhibit the reed (which is a "free reed")…

A narrow border with Celtic influences.

Celtic Border

A narrow border with Celtic influences.

Narrow holly border.

Holly Border

Narrow holly border.

An narrow border illustrated with vines and fruit.

Fruit and Vine Border

An narrow border illustrated with vines and fruit.

An illustration of a double border.

Double Border

An illustration of a double border.

An illustration of an ornate frame.

Ornate Frame

An illustration of an ornate frame.

An illustration of a oval ivy decorated border.

Ivy Oval Border

An illustration of a oval ivy decorated border.

"A shallow frame of wood or iron used in foundries to contain the sand and patterns employed in molding and casting." -Whitney, 1911

Two-Part Flask

"A shallow frame of wood or iron used in foundries to contain the sand and patterns employed in molding…

"Ship's Floor. Nautical, that part of the bottom of a vessel on each side of the keelson which is most nearly horizontal. AA, floor-plates; BBB, keelsons; FF, main frame; K, keel; LL, lightening-holes; RR, reverse frame." -Whitney, 1911

Floor of Ship

"Ship's Floor. Nautical, that part of the bottom of a vessel on each side of the keelson which is most…

"Frame of Iron Ship. A, double bottom; B, bracket frame; C, coal-bunkers; D, upper or spar deck; D', upper- or or spar-deck beam; F, main frame; H, hammock-berthing; I, inner bottom plating; K, keel; L, longitudinals; M, main deck; M', main-deck beam; P, outside plating; R, reverse frame; S, boilers; Y, protective deck; Y', protective-deck beam." -Whitney, 1911

Frame of Iron Ship

"Frame of Iron Ship. A, double bottom; B, bracket frame; C, coal-bunkers; D, upper or spar deck; D',…

A picture of a woman.

Picture of Woman

A picture of a woman.

An illustration of a prisoner drilling a hole in the wall of his prison cell.

Prisoner Drilling Hole

An illustration of a prisoner drilling a hole in the wall of his prison cell.

An illustration of a woman looking at a picture of a man.

Woman Looking at Picture

An illustration of a woman looking at a picture of a man.

"Nautical, on men-of-war, a pair of strong frames of oak made in the form of a gallows, fixed between the fore and main hatchways, with concave cross-beams called gallows-tops tenoned on to the uprights, to support spare topmasts, yards, booms, boats, etc." -Whitney, 1911

Gallows-Bitts

"Nautical, on men-of-war, a pair of strong frames of oak made in the form of a gallows, fixed between…

"G, G, garboard strakes; F, frame, K, keel. Nautical, the first range or strake of planks laid on a ship's bottom next the keel. Also called ground-strake." -Whitney, 1911

Garboard Strake

"G, G, garboard strakes; F, frame, K, keel. Nautical, the first range or strake of planks laid on a…

Strasburg, originally known as Strateburguen in the sixth century, on the first partition of the Frankish territory this ancient city was included in the kingdom of Austria; on the second partition in Lorraine, In the tenth century it belonged to the German emperors, and subsequently became a free city of the empire, until 1681, when it was finally annexed to France.

Ancient Houses in Strasburg

Strasburg, originally known as Strateburguen in the sixth century, on the first partition of the Frankish…

The Wiener Prater is a large public park in Vienna's 2nd district Leopoldstadt. Prater is derived from the Latin word pratum meaning meadow, possibly via Spanish prado. In 1162, the Emperor Friedrich I gave the land to a noble family called de Prato. The land changed hands frequently until it was bought by Emperor Maximilian II in 1560 to be a hunting ground. To deal with the problem of poachers, Emperor Rudolf II forbade entry to the Prater. On April 7 1766, Emperor Joseph II declared the Prater to be free for public enjoyment, and allowed the establishment of coffee-houses and cafés, which led to the beginnings of the Wurstelprater.

The Prater

The Wiener Prater is a large public park in Vienna's 2nd district Leopoldstadt. Prater is derived from…

"Accipiter nisus, the Sparrow-Hawk, which breeds throughout Europe, North Africa, Asia north of the Himalayas; extending further south in winter, but represented in South Africa. It is bluish-grey above, with white mottling on the nape and rufous cheeks, the white-tipped tail exhibiting from three to five bands, and the buffish-white under parts red-brown bars. A. H. Evans. This picture shows two adult Sparrow-hawk in a large flat nest of twigs with five young Sparrow-Hawk by a tall tree." A. H. Evans, 1900

Two Sparrow Hawk in a Large Flat Nest of Twigs with Five Young Sparrow-Hawk Beside a Tree Trunk

"Accipiter nisus, the Sparrow-Hawk, which breeds throughout Europe, North Africa, Asia north of the…

"And, behold, the angel of the Lord came upon him, and a light shined in the prison: and he smote Peter on the side, and raised him up, saying, Arise up quickly. And his chains fell off from his hands." Acts 12:7

Peter Delivered from Prison by an Angel

"And, behold, the angel of the Lord came upon him, and a light shined in the prison: and he smote Peter…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Back Primary High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Back Primary Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Normal Aperture Back Primary Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Back Wide High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Back Wide Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Normal Aperture Back Wide Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Mixed Primary High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Mixed Primary Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Mixed Wide High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Mixed Wide Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Normal Aperture Mixed Wide Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Front Primary High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Front Primary Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Normal Aperture Front Primary Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…