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Sir Robert S. Ball's Theory of Screws.

Theory of Screws

Sir Robert S. Ball's Theory of Screws.

Two dimensional view of the cuts required to create the conic sections hyperbola, parabola, ellipse, and circle.

Conic Sections 2D

Two dimensional view of the cuts required to create the conic sections hyperbola, parabola, ellipse,…

The panels of a Quay front in Paris.

Renascence Trophy

The panels of a Quay front in Paris.

The panels of a Quay front in Paris.

Renascence Trophy

The panels of a Quay front in Paris.

"Side view of <em>Amphioxus</em>: fs, fin supports; nc, notochord; ot, oral tentacles."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Side view of lancelet

"Side view of Amphioxus: fs, fin supports; nc, notochord; ot, oral tentacles."—Finley,…

A side view of the human skull at birth.

Infant skull

A side view of the human skull at birth.

A top down view of the human skull at birth.

Infant skull

A top down view of the human skull at birth.

Adult skull, side view.

Adult skull

Adult skull, side view.

Front view of an adult skull.

Adult skull

Front view of an adult skull.

A bottom view of an adult human skull.

Adult skull

A bottom view of an adult human skull.

A top down view of a human skull.

Adult skull

A top down view of a human skull.

Side view of a human spinal column.

Spinal column

Side view of a human spinal column.

"View from above of the Atlas, the first cervical vertebra."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Atlas

"View from above of the Atlas, the first cervical vertebra."—Finley, 1917

"Side view of the axis, the second cervical vertebra."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Axis

"Side view of the axis, the second cervical vertebra."—Finley, 1917

Side view of the dorsal vertebra.

Dorsal vertebra

Side view of the dorsal vertebra.

"The valve gear for operating the steam hammer is shown separately, the cylinder and valve chest being in section."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Valve gear of a steam hammer

"The valve gear for operating the steam hammer is shown separately, the cylinder and valve chest being…

The Os Innominatum, or nameless bone, so called from bearing no resemblance to any known object, is a large irregular shaped bone, which, with its fellow of opposite side, forms the sides and front wall of the pelvic cavity. Labels: R, O, crest of ilium, just below O is seen the anterior superior spinous process; J, tuberosity of ischium; t, part of pubes, between J and T is seen the thyroid foramen: H, acetabulum, below H is seen end of ubic bone which, with its fellow of opposite side, forms the symphysis pubis.

Part of the Human Pelvic Bone

The Os Innominatum, or nameless bone, so called from bearing no resemblance to any known object, is…

Lachrymal Bone. The lachrymal are the smallest and most fragile bones fo the face. They are situated at the front part of the inner wall of the orbit.

Human Lachrymal Facial Bone

Lachrymal Bone. The lachrymal are the smallest and most fragile bones fo the face. They are situated…

The hyoid, os hyoides, or tongue bone, is an isolated, U-shaped bone lying in front of the throat, just above the Adam's apple; it supports the tongue, and give attachment to some of its numerous muscles.

Human Hyoid Bone

The hyoid, os hyoides, or tongue bone, is an isolated, U-shaped bone lying in front of the throat, just…

Side view of spinal column, without sacrum and coccyx. Labels: 1 to 7, cervical vertebrae; 8 to 19, dorsal vertebrae; 20 to 24, lumbar vertebrae; A, A, spinous processes; C, D, transverse processes; E, intervertebral aperture or foramen; a, atlas; 2, axis.

Human Spinal Column

Side view of spinal column, without sacrum and coccyx. Labels: 1 to 7, cervical vertebrae; 8 to 19,…

Thorax. The thorax, or chest, is an elongated conical-shaped cage, formed by the sternum and costal cartilages in front, the 12 ribs on each side, and the bodies of the 12 dorsal vertebrae behind. It contains and protects the principal organs of respiration and circulation. Labels: 1 to 12, ribs; d, d, costal cartilages; e, upper end of sternum; b, middle portion of sternum; 1 a, first dorsal vertebra; 12 a, twelfth dorsal vertebra; 7 a, seventh cervical vertebra; 1 to 7, true ribs; 8 to 12, false ribs; 11, 12, floating ribs. 10th rib is defective; it should be attached to the costal cartilage.

Human Thorax (Chest)

Thorax. The thorax, or chest, is an elongated conical-shaped cage, formed by the sternum and costal…

Sternum, front and side view. The sternum, or breast bone, is a flat narrow bone, situated in the median line in the front of the chest, and consisting, in the adult, of 3 portions.

Human Sternum Bone

Sternum, front and side view. The sternum, or breast bone, is a flat narrow bone, situated in the median…

Male pelvis (top) and female pelvis (bottom). The pelvis is stronger and more massively constructed than either the cranial or thoracic cavity. It is composed of 4 bones, the ossa innominata, forming sides and front, and the sacrum and coccyx, completing it behind. The female pelvis differs from that of the male in making it better adapted for giving birth. The most notable differences are that the female pelvis is wider in every direction, giving more room for the child to pass and shallower, which lessens the distance through which the child has to be propelled; and lastly, the bones are thinner and smoother.

Human Pelvis, Male and Female

Male pelvis (top) and female pelvis (bottom). The pelvis is stronger and more massively constructed…

Muscles of right eyeball within the orbit, seen from the front. Labels: 21, superior rectus; 22, inferior rectus; 23, external rectus; 24, internal rectus; 25, superior oblique; 26, inferior oblique.

Muscles of the Human Eyeball

Muscles of right eyeball within the orbit, seen from the front. Labels: 21, superior rectus; 22, inferior…

Muscles in front of forearm. Labels: 62, pronator teres; 63, 65, 66, 67, flexors; 70, supinator longus; 71, 77, 78, extensors; a, annular ligament.

Muscles of the Forearm

Muscles in front of forearm. Labels: 62, pronator teres; 63, 65, 66, 67, flexors; 70, supinator longus;…

Muscles of the leg, superficial view of the calf. Labels: 22, tendo Achillis (Achilles heel); 21, gastrocnemius; 18, soleus; 16, peroneal.

Muscles of the Leg

Muscles of the leg, superficial view of the calf. Labels: 22, tendo Achillis (Achilles heel); 21, gastrocnemius;…

General view of the sympathetic nervous. Labels: 1,2,3, cervical ganglia; 4, 1st thoracic ganglion; 5, 1st lumbar ganglion; 6, 7, sacral ganglion; 9, 9, cardiac nerves; 13, branch of pneumogastric nerve ending in semi-lunar ganglion; 14, epigastric plexus.

General View of the Sympathetic Nervous System

General view of the sympathetic nervous. Labels: 1,2,3, cervical ganglia; 4, 1st thoracic ganglion;…

Anterior view of the heart, dissected, after long boiling to show the superficial muscular fibers. The aorta (b') and pulmonary artery (a') have been cut short close to the semilunar valves. Labels: a, right ventricle; b, left ventricle; c, c, groove between ventricles; d, d', right auricle (atrium); e, e', left auricle (atrium); f, superior vena cava; g', g", right and left pulmonary veins. The fibers are seen running a circular, oblique, transverse, and longitudinal direction.

Anterior View of the Heart

Anterior view of the heart, dissected, after long boiling to show the superficial muscular fibers. The…

The aorta. A, from in front; B, from behind, with the origin of its principal branches. Labels: 1,2, ascending aorta; 2, 3, arch of aorta; 4, innominate artery; 5, left carotid; 6, left sublavian; 7,7,7, intercostal and lumbar arteries; 8, 8, renal arteries; 9,9, common iliac arteries; 10, middle sacral arteries; 11, one of the phrenic arteries; +, coeliac axis; 12, gastric; 13, hepatic; 14, splenic artery; 15, superior mesenteric; 16, interior mesenteric; 17, 17, spermatic or ovarian arteries.

The Aorta

The aorta. A, from in front; B, from behind, with the origin of its principal branches. Labels: 1,2,…

a is the burner tip for an oxy-hydrogen flame, and b is the cylinder of quicklime.

Lime-Light Burner

a is the burner tip for an oxy-hydrogen flame, and b is the cylinder of quicklime.

Front view of cartilages of larynx, trachea and Bronchi.

Front View of the Cartilages of the Larynx, Trachea and Bronchi.

Front view of cartilages of larynx, trachea and Bronchi.

Anterior view of the lungs and heart. Labels: 1, heart; 2, inferior vena cava; 3, superior vena cava; 4, right innominate vein; 5, left innominate vein; 6, jugular vein; 7, subclavian vein; 8, arch of aorta; 8', subclavian artery; 9, left pulmonary artery; 9', 9', carotid artery; 10, trachea; 11, left bronchus; 12, ramifications of right bronchus exposed in upper lobe of right lung; 13, 14, middle lobe; 15, lower lobe; 16, upper lobe of left lung; 17, lower lobe of left lung.

Anterior View of the Lungs and Heart

Anterior view of the lungs and heart. Labels: 1, heart; 2, inferior vena cava; 3, superior vena cava;…

Posterior view of pancreas. Labels: 1, pancreas; 2, pancreatic duct; 6, opening of common duct, formed by union of pancreatic and choledochus ducts, into duodenum; A, pyloric end of stomach; B, duodenum; C, part of gall-bladder; D, cystic duct; E, hepatic duct; F, choledochus duct.

Posterior View of Pancreas

Posterior view of pancreas. Labels: 1, pancreas; 2, pancreatic duct; 6, opening of common duct, formed…

"Experiment illustrating the nature of an induced charge. The apparatus consists of a metal ball and cylinder, both mounted on insulated stands, pith balls being placed on the cylinder at points C, D and E." -Hawkins, 1917

Induced Charge

"Experiment illustrating the nature of an induced charge. The apparatus consists of a metal ball and…

"Lines of force of a charged sphere and a conductor under induction. The negative electrification on the end a of the cylinder indicates that an equal number of lines set out from that end." -Hawkins, 1917

Lines of Force under Induction

"Lines of force of a charged sphere and a conductor under induction. The negative electrification on…

"Experiment illustrating Lenz's Law. If a copper ring be held in front of an ordinary elecromagnet, and the current circulating through the coil of the magnet be in such a direction as to magnetize the core as indicated b the letters S N, then as the current increases in the coil more and more of the lines of force proceeeding from N pass through the ring OO from left to right." -Hawkins, 1917

Lenz's Law

"Experiment illustrating Lenz's Law. If a copper ring be held in front of an ordinary elecromagnet,…

"...consists of a circular, multipolar field magnet, inclusing a cylinder armature with coils wound back and forth in grooces on its face." -Atkinson 1903

Altenating Current Motor

"...consists of a circular, multipolar field magnet, inclusing a cylinder armature with coils wound…

"It consists of a tube, made of lead, or strong leather, coiled round a cylinder of wood or iron, as represented..." -Comstock 1850

Archimedes' Water Screw

"It consists of a tube, made of lead, or strong leather, coiled round a cylinder of wood or iron, as…

"Natural view of an arrow." -Comstock 1850

Natural Vision

"Natural view of an arrow." -Comstock 1850

"View of an arrow through a plano convex lens will have the arrow appear smaller than it actually is." -Comstock 1850

View of an Arrow Through a Plano Convex Lens

"View of an arrow through a plano convex lens will have the arrow appear smaller than it actually is."…

Side view of the spinal column, with the vertebrae numbered: C1-7, cervical vertebrae; D1-12, dorsal vertebrae; L1-4, lumbar vertebrae; S1, sacrum; Co1-4, coccyx.

Spinal Column

Side view of the spinal column, with the vertebrae numbered: C1-7, cervical vertebrae; D1-12, dorsal…

The skeleton of the trunk and the limb arches seen from the front. Labels: c, clavicle; S, scapula; Oc, innominate bone attached to the side of the sacrum dorsally and meeting its fellow at the pubic symphysis in the ventral median line.

Skeleton of Trunk

The skeleton of the trunk and the limb arches seen from the front. Labels: c, clavicle; S, scapula;…

The base of the skull. "The lower jaw has been removed. At the lower part of the figure is the hard palate forming the roof of the mouth and surrounded by the upper set of teeth. Above this are the paired opening of the posterior nares, and a short way above the middle of the figure is the large median foramen magnum, with the bony convexities (or occipital condyles) which articular with the atlas, on its sides. It will be seen that the part of the skull behind the occipital condyles is about equal in size to that in front of them; in an ape the portion in front of the occipital condyles would be much larger than that behind them." &mdash;Newell, 1900

Base of the Skull

The base of the skull. "The lower jaw has been removed. At the lower part of the figure is the hard…

A side view of the skull. Labels: O, occipital bone; T, temporal bone; Pr, parietal bone; F, frontal bone; S, sphenoid; Z, malar; Mx, maxilla; N, nasal; E, ethmoid; L, lachrymal; Md, inferior maxilla.

The Skull

A side view of the skull. Labels: O, occipital bone; T, temporal bone; Pr, parietal bone; F, frontal…

The right humerus (leg bone), seen from the front.

The Humerus

The right humerus (leg bone), seen from the front.

"The wheel and axle consists of a wheel united to a cylinder in such a way that they may turn together on a common axis. It is a modified lever of the first or second class." -Avery 1895

Wheel and Axle with Rope and Bucket

"The wheel and axle consists of a wheel united to a cylinder in such a way that they may turn together…

"A screw is a cylinder, generally made of wood or metal, with a spiral ridge (the thread) winding about its circumfrence. The thread works in a nut, withihn which there is a corresponding spiral groove to receive the thread." -Avery 1895

Screw press

"A screw is a cylinder, generally made of wood or metal, with a spiral ridge (the thread) winding about…

"From one end of a scale-beam, suspend a cylindrical metal bucket, b, with a solid cylinder, a, that fits accurately into it hanging below. Conterpoise with weights (shot or sand) in the opposite scale-pan. Immerse a in water, and the counterpoise will descend, as if a had lost some of its weight. Carefully fill b with water. It will hold exactly the quantity displaced by a. Equilibrium will be restored." -Avery 1895

Archimedies Principle

"From one end of a scale-beam, suspend a cylindrical metal bucket, b, with a solid cylinder, a, that…

"The Nicholson hydrometer of constant volume is a hollow cylinder carrying at its lower end a basket, d, heavy enough to keep the apparatus upright in water. At the top of the cylinder is a vertical rod carrying a pan, a, for holding weights, etc. The whole apparatus must be lighter than water, so that a certain weight (W) must be put into the pan to sink the apparatus to a fixed point marked on the rod (as c). The given body, which must weigh less than W, is placed in the pan, and enought weights (w) added to sink the point c, to the water line It is evident that the weight of the given body is W-w." -Avery 1895

Nicholson Hydrometer

"The Nicholson hydrometer of constant volume is a hollow cylinder carrying at its lower end a basket,…

"The graphic method of studying sounds, which fairly meets even the exacting demands of physicists, and is largely used by them may be briefly explained thus: Suppose the smoked plate [shown] to be a sheet of smoked paper fastened around a cylinder that is mounted that, when it is turned by a crank, the screw cut upon the axis moves the cylinder endwise as shown. Such and instrument is called a vibroscope." -Avery 1895

Graphic Method of Studying Sounds Using a Vibroscope

"The graphic method of studying sounds, which fairly meets even the exacting demands of physicists,…

"Consider a beam of light as made up of a number of ehter waves moving forward in air and side by side, as represented by the rays A, B, C. Imagine a plane, MN, normal to these yars, attached to the waves and moving forward in a straight line. As the wave front advances beyond MN, the ray, A, strikes the reflecting surface, RS, and is turned back into the air in accordance with the law just given." -Avery 1895

Explanation of Reflection

"Consider a beam of light as made up of a number of ehter waves moving forward in air and side by side,…

"If an object is placed before a plane mirror, a virtual image appears behind the mirror. Each point of this image seems to be as far behind the mirror as the corresponding point of the object is in front of the mirror. Hence, images seen in still, clear, water are inverted." -Avery 1895

Plane Mirror

"If an object is placed before a plane mirror, a virtual image appears behind the mirror. Each point…

"The foci of concave mirrors may be in front of the mirror, in which case they are real; or they may be behind teh mirror, in which case they are virtual." -Avery 1895

Foci of Concave Mirror

"The foci of concave mirrors may be in front of the mirror, in which case they are real; or they may…

"Thus, when erher waves that constitute light are transmitted through glass, they are hindered by the molecules of the glass, and impart some of their motion to those molecules' i.e., a part of the light is absorbed. When a beam of light, as represented by ABC moves forward in the air, the wave-front, MN, continues parallel to itself and moves forward in a straight line. As the wave front advances, A strikes the glass first, and is retarted, the retardation of B and C later change the direction of the rays." -Avery 1895

Explanation of Refraction

"Thus, when erher waves that constitute light are transmitted through glass, they are hindered by the…

"The tin-foil strips or carriers on the rear plate of a Wimhurst machine are represented by the outer row of strips; those on the fornt plate, by the inner row. The diagonal conductor that faces the rear plate is represented by cs; the one that faces the front plate, by ab." -Avery 1895

Design of the Wimhurst Machine

"The tin-foil strips or carriers on the rear plate of a Wimhurst machine are represented by the outer…

"One of the best-known instruments of this [electrometer] class is Coulomb's torsion-balance, which consists essentially of gilt ball, i, carried at the end of a horizontal shellac needle that is suspended by a fine silver wire from the top of a tube that rises from the cover of the enclosing glass cylinder. A vertical insulating rod passing through the cover carries a handle, a, and a gilt ball, e, at its ends." -Avery 1895

Coulomb's Torsion-Balance

"One of the best-known instruments of this [electrometer] class is Coulomb's torsion-balance, which…

Left - back view of the muscles of the trunk. Right - front view of the muscles of the trunk.

Trunk Muscles

Left - back view of the muscles of the trunk. Right - front view of the muscles of the trunk.

Side view of the muscles of the face and neck.

Muscles of the Face and Neck

Side view of the muscles of the face and neck.

"A screw is a cylinder with a helical proection winding around its circumference. This helix is called the thread of the screw. The distance that a point of the helix is drawn back or advanced in the direction of the length of the screw during one turn is called the pitch of the screw." &mdash;Hallock 1905

Using a Screw to Raise Weight

"A screw is a cylinder with a helical proection winding around its circumference. This helix is called…

"The vessel a is fitted with a wooden bock of the same size as, and free to move in, the cylinder; the vessel b is filled with water, whose depth is the same as the length of the wooden block in a. When a pressure is applied to a, the pressure will be transmitted to the bottom unchanged. However, when the same pressure is applied to b, the pressure is transmitted everywhere, as the molecules of water are free to move." &mdash;Hallock 1905

Water versus Wood Pressure

"The vessel a is fitted with a wooden bock of the same size as, and free to move in, the cylinder; the…