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Plan of the body in cross-section. The systems in the body are arranged in a certain way which is the same in all animals which have a backbone. The plan of the bony skeleton is a central axis from which all other parts are extended. In this lies the central axis of the nervous system, from which its branches also extend.

Diagram of the Body Plan

Plan of the body in cross-section. The systems in the body are arranged in a certain way which is the…

Singular warfare of the American Indians. Caption below illustration: "I no longer hesitated; I took my aim; discharged ,y piece; and the animal was instantly stretched before me with a groan, which I conceived to be that of a human creature. I went up to it, and judge my astonishment when I found I had killed an Indian."

American Indians Warfare

Singular warfare of the American Indians. Caption below illustration: "I no longer hesitated; I took…

Conflict with a rattlesnake. Caption below illustration: "The snake when about a yard distant, made a violent spring. Jervas caught it in his right hand, directly under his head. He squeezed it with all his power. Its eyes almost started out of its head. It lashed its body on the ground, at the same time rattling loudly."

Conflict with a Rattlesnake

Conflict with a rattlesnake. Caption below illustration: "The snake when about a yard distant, made…

"Longitudinal section through fertilized ovule of a spruce. p, pollen grains; t, pollen tubes; n neck of the archegonium; a, body of archegonium with nucleus; e, embryo sac filled with endosperm." -Bergen, 1896

Spruce Ovule

"Longitudinal section through fertilized ovule of a spruce. p, pollen grains; t, pollen tubes; n neck…

(1800-1859) American abolitionist famous for the Pottawatomie Massacre, Bleeding Kansas, and the raid of Harper's Ferry.

John Brown

(1800-1859) American abolitionist famous for the Pottawatomie Massacre, Bleeding Kansas, and the raid…

Men carrying someone in a palanquin in China.

Palanquin

Men carrying someone in a palanquin in China.

"The Proteus anguinus attains a length of about 1 foot. The body is smooth, naked, and eel-like, the legs four in number, small and weak, the forefeet three-toed, the hinder four-toed, and in addition to permanent external gills, it possesses lungs in the form of slender tubes. From its inhabiting places devoid light the power f vision is unnecessary and in point of fact its eyes are rudimentary and covered by the skin." -Marshall

Proteus Anguinus

"The Proteus anguinus attains a length of about 1 foot. The body is smooth, naked, and eel-like, the…

"The Lungs. 1, Summit of lungs. 2, Base of lungs. 3, Trachea. 4, Right bronchus. 5, Left bronchus. 6, Left aurical of heart. 7, Left superior pulmonary vein. 8, Right superior pulmonary vein. 9, Left ventricle of heart. 10, Right ventricle of heart." -Foster, 1921

Lungs

"The Lungs. 1, Summit of lungs. 2, Base of lungs. 3, Trachea. 4, Right bronchus. 5, Left bronchus. 6,…

"Superficial arteries and nerves of the face and neck. 1, Temporal artery; 2, artery behind the ear; 3, occipital artery; 4, greater occipital nerve; 5, smaller occipital nerve; 6, nerve of the neck; 7, trapezius muscle; 8, clavicular nerves; 9, clavicle; 10, sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle; 11, outer artery of the head; 12, inner artery of the head; 13, salivary gland; 14, nerves of the lower jaw; 15, outer maxillary artery; 16, nerve of the chin; 17, circular muscle of the mouth; 18, greater yoke muscle; 19, nerves below the eye; 20, masseter, or chewing muscle; 21, ear passage; 22, arteries of the forehead; 23; nerves of the forehead; 24, eye-closing muscle; 25, facial artery; 26, facial nerve." -Foster, 1921

Arteries and Nerves

"Superficial arteries and nerves of the face and neck. 1, Temporal artery; 2, artery behind the ear;…

"Nerves of the had. 1, Nerves of the skin; 2, tendons; 3, arteries of the palm of the hand; 4, elbow nerve; 5, elbow artery; 6, nerve of the forearm; 7, nerve of the under-arm; 8, artery of the under-arm." -Foster, 1921

Hand Nerves

"Nerves of the had. 1, Nerves of the skin; 2, tendons; 3, arteries of the palm of the hand; 4, elbow…

"Thorax and abdomen. 1, 1, 1, 1. Muscles of the chest. 2, 2, 2, 2. Ribs. 3, 3, 3. Upper, middle and lower lobes of the right lung. 4, 4. Lobes of the left lung. 5, Right ventricle of the heart. 6. Left ventricle. 7. Right auricle. 8. Left auricle. 9. Pulmonary artery. 10. Aorta. 11. Descending vena cava. 12. Trachea. 13. Oesophagus. 14, 14, 14, 14. Pleura. 15, 15. Diaphragm. 16, 16. Right and left lobes of the liver. 17. Gall cyst. 18. Stomach. 19. Duodenum. 20. Ascending colon. 21. Transverse colon. 22. Descending colon. 23, 23. Small intestine. 24. Thoracic duct opening into the left subclavian vein. 25. Spleen." -Foster, 1921

Thorax and Abdomen

"Thorax and abdomen. 1, 1, 1, 1. Muscles of the chest. 2, 2, 2, 2. Ribs. 3, 3, 3. Upper, middle and…

Device for transferring water up from a lower body.

Archimedean Screw

Device for transferring water up from a lower body.

"Atoll, a coral reef surrounding a pool of shallow water, usually called a lagoon. The atoll is formed by the building of a coral reef on a circular or nearly circular foundation. It is usually broken in one or more places so that the lagoon is connected with the surrounding waters." -Foster, 1921

Atoll

"Atoll, a coral reef surrounding a pool of shallow water, usually called a lagoon. The atoll is formed…

(1799-1850) French novelist and playwright most famous for Eugenie Grandet and La Comedie Humaine.

Honore de Balzac

(1799-1850) French novelist and playwright most famous for Eugenie Grandet and La Comedie Humaine.

A bony structure located at the bottom of the spine. The human sacrum forms the back part of the pelvis, is roughly triangular in shape, consists of five united vertebrae, and from its solidity it is well adapted to serve as the keystone of the pelvic arch.

Pelvic Bone, Male

A bony structure located at the bottom of the spine. The human sacrum forms the back part of the pelvis,…

A coffin or tomb of stone; a kind of stone chest, generally more or less ornamented for receiving a dead body. The oldest known sarcophagi are Egyptian, and have been found in certain pyramids.

Egyptian Sarcophagus

A coffin or tomb of stone; a kind of stone chest, generally more or less ornamented for receiving a…

A coffin or tomb of stone; a kind of stone chest, generally more or less ornamented for receiving a dead body. This illustration is the tomb of Scipios.

Roman Sarcophagus Tomb

A coffin or tomb of stone; a kind of stone chest, generally more or less ornamented for receiving a…

The name of animals of the class Arachnida. Scorpions have an elongated body, suddenly terminated by a long slender tail formed of six joints, the last of which terminates in an arcuated and very acute sting, which effuses a venomous liquid.

Arachnid Scorpion

The name of animals of the class Arachnida. Scorpions have an elongated body, suddenly terminated by…

Human red blood corpuscles. Highly magnified.

Blood Corpuscles

Human red blood corpuscles. Highly magnified.

The chief organs of the body from the side. Labels: a, arch of the aorta or main artery of the trunk; c, large intestine; d, diaphragm; e, throat; g, lung; k, kidney; l, spinal cord within the back bone; m, main artery divided to go to h legs; n, pancreas; o, gullet; s, spleen; tr, wind pipe; t, main vein of body; ap, appendix.

View of Organs from the Side

The chief organs of the body from the side. Labels: a, arch of the aorta or main artery of the trunk;…

Organs in the body cavity viewed from the front.

View of Organs from the Front

Organs in the body cavity viewed from the front.

Chief veins and arteries of the body. Labels: a, place of the heart; the veins are in the back. On the right side of the picture the veins just under the skin are shown on the other side the deep vessels near the bones. b, vessels to the lungs.

Veins and Arteries of the Body

Chief veins and arteries of the body. Labels: a, place of the heart; the veins are in the back. On the…

Blood plasma passing out of capillary to feed the body cells.

The Course of Blood

Blood plasma passing out of capillary to feed the body cells.

The opium plant can be used to produce sleep, numb pain, and quiet the organs of the body.

Opium Plant

The opium plant can be used to produce sleep, numb pain, and quiet the organs of the body.

William Harvey discovered that blood circulates through the body in 1628.

William Harvey

William Harvey discovered that blood circulates through the body in 1628.

The human skeleton.

The Human Skeleton

The human skeleton.

The upper surface of the bones of the foot. Labels: 1, the surface of the astragulus or ankle bones, where it unites with the tibia. 2, The body of the astragulus. 3, Calcis or heel-bone. 4, The scaphoid. 5,6,7, The cuneiform. 8, The cuboid. 9,The metatarsal bones. 10,11, The phalanges of the great toe. 12, 13, 14, The phalanges of the other toes.

Bones of the Foot

The upper surface of the bones of the foot. Labels: 1, the surface of the astragulus or ankle bones,…

A human skeleton from the back.

Back View of a Human Skeleton

A human skeleton from the back.

A front view of the superficial muscles of the body. Labels: 1, The frontal swells of the occipito-frontalis. 2, The orbicularis palpebrarum. 3, The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. 4, The zygomaticus major. 5, The zygomaticus minor. 6, The masseter. 7, The orbicularis oris. 8, The depressor labii inferioris. 9, The latysma myoides. 10, The deltoid. 11, The pectoralis major. 12, The latissimus dorsi. 13, The serratus major anticus. 14, The biceps flexor cubiti. 15, The triceps extensor cubiti. 16, The supinator radii longus. 17, The pronator radii teres. 18, The extensor carpi radialis longior. 19, The extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 20, The annular ligament. 21, The palmar fascia. 22, The obliquus externus abdominis. 26, The psoas magnus. 27, The abducter longus. 28, The sartorius. 29, The rectus femoris. 30, The vastus externus. 31, vastus internus. 32, The tendo patellae. 33, The gastrocnemius. 34, The tibialis anticus. 35, The tibia. 36, The tendons of the extensor communis.

Front View of the Superficial Muscles of the Body

A front view of the superficial muscles of the body. Labels: 1, The frontal swells of the occipito-frontalis.…

A diagram of the human muscular system.

A Diagram of the Human Muscular System

A diagram of the human muscular system.

The molar teeth of a human, horse and dog. The first image to the left in a molar tooth of a horse. Labels: 1, The enamel. 2, The ivory. 3, Canals for blood vessels. The center image is a molar tooth of a human. Label: 1, The enamel. 2, The ivory. 3, The cavity containing blood vessels. 4, 5, Artery and nerve. The image on the right is a molar tooth of a dog. Labels: 1, The enamel. 2, The ivory. 3, Cavity for blood-vessels.

Comparison of the Molar Teeth of a Human, Horse, and Dog

The molar teeth of a human, horse and dog. The first image to the left in a molar tooth of a horse.…

The Annulosa and Mollusca are furnished with a distinct alimentary canal that does not open into the body cavity. In most cases, the digestive canal communicates with the outer world by two-openings- a mouth and an excretory aperture. The annulosa system is demonstrated in the digestive apparatus of a beetle.

The Digestive Apparatus of a Beetle

The Annulosa and Mollusca are furnished with a distinct alimentary canal that does not open into the…

In birds the lungs are confined to the back wall of the chest. They are not separated into lobes, but are oblong and flattened in shape, and connected with a series of air-receptacles scattered through various parts of the body. Shown is the right lung of a goose. Labels: 1, A bronchial tube which divides into two tubes that open into the abdominal air-receptacles (2).

The Right Lung of a Goose

In birds the lungs are confined to the back wall of the chest. They are not separated into lobes, but…

In birds the lungs are confined to the back wall of the chest. They are not separated into lobes, but are oblong and flattened in shape, and connected with a series of air-receptacles scattered through various parts of the body. Shown is a section of a bird lung, magnified. Labels: 1, A bronchial tube that ends in a sac (caeca). 2, Division of the bronchial tubes that branch out among lobules. B, A plexus of capillary vessels.

Section of the Lung of a Bird

In birds the lungs are confined to the back wall of the chest. They are not separated into lobes, but…

The human circulatory organs.

The Circulatory Organs

The human circulatory organs.

A diagram of the heart of a fish. Labels: 1, Pericardium. 2, The ventricle that receives the blood from the body. 3, The ventricle that sends the blood to the gills.

A Diagram of the Heart of a Fish

A diagram of the heart of a fish. Labels: 1, Pericardium. 2, The ventricle that receives the blood from…

In the class of Crustacea there is a single ventricle, which receives the blood from the gills and propels it to other parts of the body. Shown is the heart and arteries of a lobster. Labels: 1, The heart. 2, The abdominal artery. 5, Venous sinuses. 6, The branchia from which the blood returns to the hear.

The Heart and Arteries of a Lobster

In the class of Crustacea there is a single ventricle, which receives the blood from the gills and propels…

A diagram of the circulation of a fish. Labels: 1, The pericardium. 2, The single auricle. 3, The single ventricle. 4, The vessel that conveys the blood from the ventricle to the gills. 5, The vessel that conveys the blood from the body to the heart. The arrows show the direction of the blood.

Circulation of a Fish

A diagram of the circulation of a fish. Labels: 1, The pericardium. 2, The single auricle. 3, The single…

Diagram of human brain in vertical section, showing the situation of the different ganglia and the course of fibers. Labels: 1, Olfactory ganglion. 2, Hemisphere. 3, Corpus striatum. 4, Optic thalamus. 5, Tubercula quadrigemina. 6, Cerebellum. 7, Ganglion of tuber annulare. 8, Ganglion of medulla oblongata.

Diagram of Human Brain in Vertical Section

Diagram of human brain in vertical section, showing the situation of the different ganglia and the course…

In birds the hemispheres are not united as in humans; the cerebellum is proportionately larger than the medulla oblongata, and the comparative weight of the brain to the body is less than in mammals. Labels: 1, Cerebrum. 2, Optic ganglion. 3, Cerebellum. 4, Medulla oblongata.

Brain of a Bird

In birds the hemispheres are not united as in humans; the cerebellum is proportionately larger than…

In the Mollusca are found the ganglions and connective arrangement, with both sensitive and motor nerves, and on a plan corresponding to the body. Labels: 1, Esophagal ganglions. 2, Cerebral ganglions. , Pedal of locomotive ganglions. 4, Respiratory ganglions.

Diagram of a Type of Mollusca

In the Mollusca are found the ganglions and connective arrangement, with both sensitive and motor nerves,…

"Cell of Pellionia Daveauana, showing starch-grains. The black, crescent-shaped body on the end of each grain is the amyloplast." -Gager, 1916

Pellionia Plant Cell

"Cell of Pellionia Daveauana, showing starch-grains. The black, crescent-shaped body on the end of each…

The human skull. Labels: 1, frontal lobe; 2, parietal lobe; 3, temporal lobe; 4, the sphenoid bone; 5, ethmoid bone; 6, superior maxillary (upper jaw) bone; 7, malar bone; 8, lachrymal bone; 9, nasal bone; 10, inferior maxillary (lower jaw) bone.

The Skull

The human skull. Labels: 1, frontal lobe; 2, parietal lobe; 3, temporal lobe; 4, the sphenoid bone;…

The human torso. Labels: A, the heart; B, the lungs drawn aside to show the internal organs; C, the diaphragm; D, the liver; E, the gall cyst; F, the stomach; G, the small intestines; H, the transverse colon.

Torso

The human torso. Labels: A, the heart; B, the lungs drawn aside to show the internal organs; C, the…

A magnified view of corpuscles of human blood compared to animal blood. Labels: A, corpuscles of human blood; B, corpuscles in the blood of an animal (a non-mammal).

Corpuscles of Human and Animal Blood

A magnified view of corpuscles of human blood compared to animal blood. Labels: A, corpuscles of human…

The human nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves. Labels: A, cerebrum; B, cerebellum.

Nervous System

The human nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves. Labels: A, cerebrum; B, cerebellum.

The human ear. Labels: A, vestibule or antechamber; B, auditory canal; C, the hammer, anvil, and the stirrup; D, semicircular canals; E, cochlea; G, Eustachian tube.

Ear

The human ear. Labels: A, vestibule or antechamber; B, auditory canal; C, the hammer, anvil, and the…

The human eye. Labels: a, crystalline lens; b, retina; c, cornea; d, sclerotic; e, choroid; g, ciliary processes; h, vitreous humor; k, pupil; i, iris; o, optic nerve.

Eye

The human eye. Labels: a, crystalline lens; b, retina; c, cornea; d, sclerotic; e, choroid; g, ciliary…

Next to the choroid and comprising about 1/4 the entire thickness of the retina is a multitude of transparent, colorless, microscopic rods (a) evenly arranged and packed side by side, like the seeds in the disk of a sunflower. Among them at regular intervals, are interspersed the cones (b). Delicate nerve fibers pass from the ends of the rods and cones, each expanding into a granular body (c) thence weaving a mesh (d) and again expanding into the granules (f). Last is a layer of fine nerve fibers (g) and gray, ganglionic cells (h) like the gray matter of the brain, whence filaments extend into the fibers of the optic nerve (i).

The Structure of the Retina

Next to the choroid and comprising about 1/4 the entire thickness of the retina is a multitude of transparent,…

The power possessed by the hand of a human is chiefly depended upon the size and power of the thumb, which is more developed in humans than it is in the highest apes. The thumb of the human hand can be brought into exact opposition to the extremities of all the fingers, whether singly or in combination; while in those quandrumana which most nearly approach man, the thumb is so short, and the fingers are so weak that they can never be opposed to each other with any degree of force. The human foot is, in proportion to the side of the whole body, larger, broader, and stronger than that of any other mammal.

Comparison of the Hand and the Foot of a Monkey and Human

The power possessed by the hand of a human is chiefly depended upon the size and power of the thumb,…

A diagram of the human skeleton.

The Human Skeleton

A diagram of the human skeleton.

The diagram of a human ovum, showing the parts of an animal cell.

A Diagram of the Human Ovum

The diagram of a human ovum, showing the parts of an animal cell.

The diagram of a human ovum undergoing segmentation. Labels: a, human ovum; b, ovum divided into two; c, ovum divided into four; d, process has ended in the production of the so-called mulberry mass.

The Human Ovum Undergoing Segmentation

The diagram of a human ovum undergoing segmentation. Labels: a, human ovum; b, ovum divided into two;…

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea. Large fully formed cell. Labels: b, shorter cell; c, developing cells with more than one nucleus.

Ciliated Epithelium

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea. Large fully formed cell. Labels: b, shorter cell; c, developing…

Flat, pigmented, branched connective tissue cells from the sheath of a large blood vessel of a frog's mesentery. The pigment is not distributed uniformly throughout the substance of the larger cell, consequently some parts of it look blacker than others (uncontracted state). In the two smaller cells most of the pigment is withdrawn into the cell body, so that they appear smaller, blacker, and less branched.

Connective Tissue Cells from a Frog

Flat, pigmented, branched connective tissue cells from the sheath of a large blood vessel of a frog's…

The bone contains a multitude of small irregular spaces, approximately fusiform in shape, called lacunae, with very minute canals leading from them and anastomosing with similar little prolongations from the other lacunae. Shown is a longitudinal section from the human ulna, showing Haversian canal, lacunae, and canaliculi.

Microscopic Structure of Bone

The bone contains a multitude of small irregular spaces, approximately fusiform in shape, called lacunae,…

Bone corpuscles with their processes as seen in a thin section of human bone.

Bone Corpuscles

Bone corpuscles with their processes as seen in a thin section of human bone.

Lamellae torn off from a decalcified human parietal bone at some depth from the surface. Labels: a, lamellae, showing reticular fibers; b, darker part, where several lamellae are superposed; perforating fibers. Apertures through which perforating fibers has passed, are seen especially in the lower part of the figure.

Lamellae

Lamellae torn off from a decalcified human parietal bone at some depth from the surface. Labels: a,…

Osteoblasts from the parietal bone of a human embryo, thirteen weeks old. Labels: a, bony septa with cells of the lacunae; b, layers of osteoblasts; c, the latter in transition to bone corpuscles.

Osteoblasts

Osteoblasts from the parietal bone of a human embryo, thirteen weeks old. Labels: a, bony septa with…

Transverse section of femur of a human embryo about eleven weeks old. Labels: a, rudimentary Haversian canal in cross sections; b, in longitudinal section; c, osteoblast; d, newly formed osseous substance of a lighter color; e, that of greater age; f, lacunae with their cells; g, a cell still united to an osteoblast.

Formation of Compact Bone in a Human

Transverse section of femur of a human embryo about eleven weeks old. Labels: a, rudimentary Haversian…