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The dorsal surface of the bones in the right foot.

Foot Bones

The dorsal surface of the bones in the right foot.

The plantar surface of the bones in the right foot.

Foot Bones

The plantar surface of the bones in the right foot.

Coffer and bones, the remains of Columbus.

Coffer

Coffer and bones, the remains of Columbus.

"Treatment of fracture of both bones of the forearm." — Richardson, 1906

Splint

"Treatment of fracture of both bones of the forearm." — Richardson, 1906

"The prey of a serpent is oven thicker than the serpent itself, and to admit of its being swallowed, the throat and body are very dilatable. The bones of the head are adapted to the necessity of a great expansion of the mouth and dilation of the throat." — Chambers, 1881

Serpent Head

"The prey of a serpent is oven thicker than the serpent itself, and to admit of its being swallowed,…

"The skeleton of the Chacma Baboon." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Chacma Baboon

"The skeleton of the Chacma Baboon." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

A fish with a broad flat skull, deformed from synosteosis of frontal and parietal bones.

Flathead

A fish with a broad flat skull, deformed from synosteosis of frontal and parietal bones.

"Upper aspect of the primordial cranium, with the membrane-bones removed. An, angular; ao, anteorbital; Ar, articulary; B, basal; D, dentary; E, ethmoid; F, frontal; Ma, mastoid; Mp, metapterygold; Mx, maxillary; N, nasal; O, operculum; Oc, occipital; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; Pmx, premaxillary; po, postorbital; Prf, prefrontal; Pt, post-temporals; Ptf, postfrontal; Ptr, pterygold; Q, quadrate; S, suspensorium; So, suboperculum; Sp, sphenold; Spl, splenial; St, supratemporals; T, tympanic lamina; Tu, turbinal; v, vomer; x x, small ossicles; x' x', spiraculars." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Polypterus Skull

"Upper aspect of the primordial cranium, with the membrane-bones removed. An, angular; ao, anteorbital;…

"Lower aspect of the primordial cranium, with the membrane-bones removed. An, angular; ao, anteorbital; Ar, articulary; B, basal; D, dentary; E, ethmoid; F, frontal; Ma, mastoid; Mp, metapterygold; Mx, maxillary; N, nasal; O, operculum; Oc, occipital; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; Pmx, premaxillary; po, postorbital; Prf, prefrontal; Pt, post-temporals; Ptf, postfrontal; Ptr, pterygold; Q, quadrate; S, suspensorium; So, suboperculum; Sp, sphenold; Spl, splenial; St, supratemporals; T, tympanic lamina; Tu, turbinal; v, vomer; x x, small ossicles; x' x', spiraculars." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Polypterus Skull

"Lower aspect of the primordial cranium, with the membrane-bones removed. An, angular; ao, anteorbital;…

"Side view, with the membrane-bones. An, angular; ao, anteorbital; Ar, articulary; B, basal; D, dentary; E, ethmoid; F, frontal; Ma, mastoid; Mp, metapterygold; Mx, maxillary; N, nasal; O, operculum; Oc, occipital; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; Pmx, premaxillary; po, postorbital; Prf, prefrontal; Pt, post-temporals; Ptf, postfrontal; Ptr, pterygold; Q, quadrate; S, suspensorium; So, suboperculum; Sp, sphenold; Spl, splenial; St, supratemporals; T, tympanic lamina; Tu, turbinal; v, vomer; x x, small ossicles; x' x', spiraculars." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Polypterus Skull

"Side view, with the membrane-bones. An, angular; ao, anteorbital; Ar, articulary; B, basal; D, dentary;…

"Lower aspect of the skull, part of the bones being removed on the side. An, angular; ao, anteorbital; Ar, articulary; B, basal; D, dentary; E, ethmoid; F, frontal; Ma, mastoid; Mp, metapterygold; Mx, maxillary; N, nasal; O, operculum; Oc, occipital; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; Pmx, premaxillary; po, postorbital; Prf, prefrontal; Pt, post-temporals; Ptf, postfrontal; Ptr, pterygold; Q, quadrate; S, suspensorium; So, suboperculum; Sp, sphenold; Spl, splenial; St, supratemporals; T, tympanic lamina; Tu, turbinal; v, vomer; x x, small ossicles; x' x', spiraculars." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Polypterus Skull

"Lower aspect of the skull, part of the bones being removed on the side. An, angular; ao, anteorbital;…

"Skeleton of Egyptian Vulture. (Neophron percnopterus), to show bones of bird. a, post-orbital process; b, lower jaw; c, cervical vertebra; co, coracoid bone; d, humerus; e, radius; f, ulna; g, metacarpus; h, second phalanx of chief digit of wing; h, phalanges of lower digit; h'', first phalanx of chief digit; i, clavicle; k, sternum; l, pelvis; m, coccyx; n, femur; o, tibia; p, tarso-metatarsus; q, phalanges of foot." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Vulture Skeleton

"Skeleton of Egyptian Vulture. (Neophron percnopterus), to show bones of bird. a, post-orbital process;…

"A. Pelvis and bones of the leg of the Leon or Diver; i, Innominate bone; f, Thighbone (femur); r, Tibia; r, Fibula, together forming the shank; m, Tarso-metatarsus; p Phalanges of the toes. B, Tail of the Golden Eagle; s, Ploughshare-shaped bone, carrying the great tail-feathers." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Diver Bones

"A. Pelvis and bones of the leg of the Leon or Diver; i, Innominate bone; f, Thighbone (femur); r, Tibia;…

"The external bones of the temple are supposed to be removed in order to render visible the muscular arrangements. The muscle, 1, raises the eye-lid, and is constantly in action while we are awake. During sleep, the muscle being in repose and relaxed, the eye-lid falls and protects the eye from the action of light. The muscle, 4, turns the eye upwards; 5, downwards; 6, outwards; and a corresponding one on the inside, not seen in the figure, turns it inwards. No. 2 and 10 turn the eye round its axis. No. 11 is the great optic nerve, which conveys the sensation to the brain. If this nerve were cut, notwithstanding the eye might be in other respects perfect, the sense of sight would be destroyed." —Wells, 1857

Eye Muscles

"The external bones of the temple are supposed to be removed in order to render visible the muscular…

A large triangular bone as the base of the spine. Resides between the two hip bones.

Human Sacrum

A large triangular bone as the base of the spine. Resides between the two hip bones.

A large triangular bone as the base of the spine. Resides in between the two hip bones.

Human Sacrum

A large triangular bone as the base of the spine. Resides in between the two hip bones.

A large triangular bone as the base of the spine. Resides inbetween the two hip bones.

Bird Sacrum

A large triangular bone as the base of the spine. Resides inbetween the two hip bones.

"The bones of the arm. a, humerus; b, ulna; c, radius; d, the carpus; e, the fifth metacarpal; f, the three phalanges of the fifth digit (little finger)." —Martin, 1917

Arm Bones

"The bones of the arm. a, humerus; b, ulna; c, radius; d, the carpus; e, the fifth metacarpal; f, the…

"Bones of the leg. a, femur; b, tibia; c, fibula; d, tarsal bones; e, metatarsal bones; f, phalanges; g, patella." —Martin, 1917

Leg Bones

"Bones of the leg. a, femur; b, tibia; c, fibula; d, tarsal bones; e, metatarsal bones; f, phalanges;…

"It is worthy of note that, owing to the oblique direction in which the muscles are commonly inserted into the bones, much of their force is lost so far as producing movement is concerned. Suppose the log of wood in the diagram to be raised by pulling on the rope in the direction a; it is clear at first that the rope will act at a great disadvantage; most of the pull transmitted by it will be exerted against the pivot on which the log hinges, and only a small fraction be available for elevating the latter. But the more the log is lifted, as for example into the position indicated by the dotted lines, the more useful will be the direction of the pull, and the more of it will be spend on the log and the less lost unavailingly in merely increasing the pressure at the hinge." —Martin, 1917

Oblique Pull

"It is worthy of note that, owing to the oblique direction in which the muscles are commonly inserted…

"The mouth, nose and pharynx, with the commencement of the gullet and larynx, as exposed by a section, a little to the left of the median plane of the head. a, vertebral column; b, gullet; c, wind-pipe; d, larynx; e, epiglottis; f, soft palate; g, opning of eustachian tube; k, tongue; l, hard palate; m, the sphenoid bone on the base of the skull; n, the fore part of the cranial cavity; o, p, q, the turbinate bones of the outer side of the left nostril-chamber." —Martin, 1917

Mouth

"The mouth, nose and pharynx, with the commencement of the gullet and larynx, as exposed by a section,…

The pelvis of the human body. 1: Hip Bones; 2: Sacrum; 3: Coccyx.

Pelvis

The pelvis of the human body. 1: Hip Bones; 2: Sacrum; 3: Coccyx.

The upper extremity of the human body. 1: Clavicle; 2: Scapula; 3: Humerus; 4: Ulna; 5: Radius; 6: Carpus; 7: Metacarpal; 8: Phalanges.

Upper Extremity

The upper extremity of the human body. 1: Clavicle; 2: Scapula; 3: Humerus; 4: Ulna; 5: Radius; 6: Carpus;…

Section of the femur. 1: External view; 2: Cellular portion at end; 3: Hollow in middle; 4: Thick shell of middle.

Femur

Section of the femur. 1: External view; 2: Cellular portion at end; 3: Hollow in middle; 4: Thick shell…

"Skeleton and volar Membranes of the Noctule Bat. c, clavicle; h, humerus; r, radius; u, ulna; d1, first digit or pollex; d2, d3, d4, d5, other digits of the manus supporting um, the wing-membrane; m, m, metacarpal bones; ph1, first phalanx; ph2, second phalanx; ph3, third phalanx; am, antebrachial membrane; f, femur; t, tibia; fb, fibula (rudimentary); c, calcaneum or calcar supporting im, the interfemoral membrane; pcl, post-calcaneal lobe." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Noctule Bat

"Skeleton and volar Membranes of the Noctule Bat. c, clavicle; h, humerus; r, radius; u, ulna; d1, first…

"Bones of the fore foot of existing Perissodactyle. Tapir (Tapirus indicus)." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Perissodactyle

"Bones of the fore foot of existing Perissodactyle. Tapir (Tapirus indicus)." —The Encyclopedia…

"Bones of the fore foot of existing Perissodactyle. Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Sumairensis)." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Perissodactyle

"Bones of the fore foot of existing Perissodactyle. Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Sumairensis)." —The…

"Bones of fore foot of existing Artiodactyle. Pig (Sus scrofa)." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Artiodactyles

"Bones of fore foot of existing Artiodactyle. Pig (Sus scrofa)." —The Encyclopedia Britannica,…

"Bones of fore foot of existing Artiodactyle. Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Artiodactyles

"Bones of fore foot of existing Artiodactyle. Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)." —The Encyclopedia Britannica,…

A human skeleton

Skeleton

A human skeleton

A side-view of the skull.

Skull

A side-view of the skull.

A front-view of the skull.

Skull

A front-view of the skull.

Bones of the shoulder and arm

Shoulder

Bones of the shoulder and arm

Bones of the shoulder and arm

Shoulder

Bones of the shoulder and arm

Bones of the arm

Arm Bones

Bones of the arm

Bones of the arm

Arm Bones

Bones of the arm

Bones of the leg

Leg Bones

Bones of the leg

Diagram of the chief organs of a mammal. The bones are black. <em>a</em>, opening from the nasal cavity <em>s</em> to pharynx; <em>bl</em>, bladder; <em>ce</em>, caecum; <em>di</em>, diaphragm; <em>e</em>, epiglottis; <em>n</em>, nostril or anterior nares; <em>ov</em>, ovary; <em>rf</em> and <em>ute</em>, uterus; <em>ru</em> and <em>lu</em>, ureters; <em>x</em>, pancreas; <em>vag</em>, vagina. From Davison's <em>Mammalian Anatomy</em>.

Organs

Diagram of the chief organs of a mammal. The bones are black. a, opening from the nasal cavity…

Caucasians typically have the lowest degree of projection of the alveolar bones which contain the teeth, a notable size prominence of the cranium and forehead region, and a projection of the midfacial region.

Caucasian

Caucasians typically have the lowest degree of projection of the alveolar bones which contain the teeth,…

The chief characteristics of the Asian race are: broad head; angular face; high cheek-bones; small, obliquely-set eyes; straight, coarse, black hair; scanty beard, and short stature. The color of the skin varies from pale lemon to brownish yellow.

Asian

The chief characteristics of the Asian race are: broad head; angular face; high cheek-bones; small,…

"The Scapula, or shoulder blade, is one of the two bones, the other being the clavicle, which form the pectoral arch or shoulder girdle." &mdash;Finley, 1917

Shoulder blade

"The Scapula, or shoulder blade, is one of the two bones, the other being the clavicle, which form the…

"Shoulder bones and ligaments. 1. Humerus, 3. Scapula, 4. Tendon of biceps 5. Capsular ligament 6. Acromion 7. Coracoid process 8. Clavicle"&mdash;Finley, 1917

Shoulder bones and ligaments

"Shoulder bones and ligaments. 1. Humerus, 3. Scapula, 4. Tendon of biceps 5. Capsular ligament 6. Acromion…

The Human Skeleton. Labels: a, parietal bone; b, frontal; c, cervical vertebrae; d, sternum; e, lumbar vertebrae; f, ulna; g, radius; h, wrist or carpal bones; i, metacarpal bones; k, phalanges; l, tibia; m, fibula; n, tarsal bones; o, metatarsal; p, phalanges; , patella; r, femur; s, haunch (hip) bone; t, humerus; u, clavicle.

The Human Skeleton

The Human Skeleton. Labels: a, parietal bone; b, frontal; c, cervical vertebrae; d, sternum; e, lumbar…

Bones of the Wrist and Hand. Labels: m, metacarpal bones; p, phalanges; 3, bones of wrist.

The Human Wrist and Hand Bones

Bones of the Wrist and Hand. Labels: m, metacarpal bones; p, phalanges; 3, bones of wrist.

Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Labels: m, metatarsal bones; p, phalanges; ca, os calcis, or heel bone.

Bones of the Ankle and Foot

Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Labels: m, metatarsal bones; p, phalanges; ca, os calcis, or heel bone.

Parietal bone of the human skull, inner surface. The parietal bones form the greater part of the sides and roof of the skull. Labels: A, parietal depression; E, furrow for ramification of arteries.

Parietal Bone of the Human Skull

Parietal bone of the human skull, inner surface. The parietal bones form the greater part of the sides…

Temporal bone of the human skull. The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull. Labels: 1, squamous portion; 2, placed below external opening of auditory canal in petrous portion; 3, placed below mastoid portion; 4, placed below glenoid cavity for reception of condyle of lower jaw.

Temporal Bone of the Human Skull

Temporal bone of the human skull. The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull.…

Sphenoid bone, situated the anterior part of the base of the skull, articulating with all the other cranial bones, which it binds firmly and solidly together. Labels: a, greater wing; b, lesser wing.

Sphenoid Bone of the Human Skull

Sphenoid bone, situated the anterior part of the base of the skull, articulating with all the other…

Lachrymal Bone. The lachrymal are the smallest and most fragile bones fo the face. They are situated at the front part of the inner wall of the orbit.

Human Lachrymal Facial Bone

Lachrymal Bone. The lachrymal are the smallest and most fragile bones fo the face. They are situated…

Malar (cheek) bone. The malar bones form the prominence of the cheek, and part of the outer wall and floor of the orbit.

Human Malar (Cheek) Bone

Malar (cheek) bone. The malar bones form the prominence of the cheek, and part of the outer wall and…

Palate bone. Palate bones form the back part of the roof of the mouth; part of the floor and outer wall of the nasal fossae, and a very small portion of the floor of the orbit.

Human Palate Bone

Palate bone. Palate bones form the back part of the roof of the mouth; part of the floor and outer wall…

Inferior turbinated bone, convex surface. The inferior turbinated bones are situated on the outer wall of each side of the nostril. Teach consists of a layer of thin, spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll.

Human Nostril Bone

Inferior turbinated bone, convex surface. The inferior turbinated bones are situated on the outer wall…

The skull at birth, superior suerface. The cranial bones of the infant at birth are not fullyformed and their edges are separated by membranous intervals. Labels: 1, posterior fontanelle; 2, sagital suture; 4, anterior fontanelle; A, A, bi-parietal diameter; B, B, bi-temporal diamter.

Human Skull at Birth

The skull at birth, superior suerface. The cranial bones of the infant at birth are not fullyformed…

Male pelvis (top) and female pelvis (bottom). The pelvis is stronger and more massively constructed than either the cranial or thoracic cavity. It is composed of 4 bones, the ossa innominata, forming sides and front, and the sacrum and coccyx, completing it behind. The female pelvis differs from that of the male in making it better adapted for giving birth. The most notable differences are that the female pelvis is wider in every direction, giving more room for the child to pass and shallower, which lessens the distance through which the child has to be propelled; and lastly, the bones are thinner and smoother.

Human Pelvis, Male and Female

Male pelvis (top) and female pelvis (bottom). The pelvis is stronger and more massively constructed…

A toothed, or dentated suture. This is one type of immovable articulation. It is found in the union of the cranial bones of the skull, such as the suture between the frontal and parietal bones.

Human Joint, Dentated Suture

A toothed, or dentated suture. This is one type of immovable articulation. It is found in the union…

The mouth, nose, and pharynx, with the commencement of gullet (esophagus) and larynx, as exposed by a section a little to the left of the median plane of the head. Labels: a, vertebrae; b, gullet; c, trachea; d, larynx; e, epiglottis; f, soft palate; g, opening of Eustachian tube; k, tongue; l, hard palate; o, p, q, inferior turbinate bones of left nasal chamber.

The Mouth, Nose, and Pharynx

The mouth, nose, and pharynx, with the commencement of gullet (esophagus) and larynx, as exposed by…

Semi-diagrammatic section through the right ear. Labels: M, concha; G, the external auditory canal; T, tympanic, or drum-membrane (ear drum); P, tympanum, or middle ear; o, oval window; r, round window. Extending from T to o is seen the chain of the tympanic bones; R, Eustachian tube; V, B, S, bony labyrinth; V, vestibule; B, semicircular canal; S, cochlea; b, l, v, membranous labyrinth in semi-circular canal and in vestibule. A, auditory nerve dividing into branches for vestibule, semicircular canal, cochlea.

Ear and Auditory Canal

Semi-diagrammatic section through the right ear. Labels: M, concha; G, the external auditory canal;…

Fibrous tissue, from the longitudinal section of a tendon. "The fibrous tissue is met with in the form of ligaments, connecting the bones together at the joints, and in the form of sinews or tendons, by means of which the muscles are attached to the bones. It also forms fibrous membranes which invest and protect different parts or organs of the body." &mdash;Kimber, 1907

Fibrous Tissue of a Tendon

Fibrous tissue, from the longitudinal section of a tendon. "The fibrous tissue is met with in the form…

A section across the forearm a short distance below the elbow-joint. R and U, its two supporting bones, the radius and ulna; e, the epidermis, an d, the dermis, of the skin; the latter is continuous below with bands of connective tissue, s, which penetrate between and invest the muscles (I, 2, 3, 4, etc.); n, n, nerves and vessels.

Section Across the Forearm

A section across the forearm a short distance below the elbow-joint. R and U, its two supporting bones,…

The bony and cartilaginous skeleton.

Human Skeleton, Showing Bony and Cartilage Tissue

The bony and cartilaginous skeleton.