ClipArt ETC
"A harp, was of oriental origin. The performances of sambucistriae were only known to the early Romans as luxuries brought over from Asia." — Smith, 1873

Sambuca

"A harp, was of oriental origin. The performances of sambucistriae were only known to the early Romans…

"Signa Militaria, military ensigns or standards. The most ancient standard employed by the Romans is said to have been a handful of straw fixed to the top of a spear or pole. Hence the company of soldiers belonging to it was called Manipulus. The bundle of hay or fern was soon succeeded by the figures of animals, viz. the eagle, the wolf, the minotaur, the horse, and the boar. These appear to have corresponded to the five divisions of the Roman army." — Smith, 1873

Signa Militaria

"Signa Militaria, military ensigns or standards. The most ancient standard employed by the Romans is…

Men building the bridge that led to Rome.

Bridge

Men building the bridge that led to Rome.

Men building the bridge that led to Rome, a fatal task.

Bridge

Men building the bridge that led to Rome, a fatal task.

A Roman soldier

Soldier

A Roman soldier

A Roman soldier

Soldier

A Roman soldier

A Roman soldier

Soldier

A Roman soldier

A Roman boat

Roman Boat

A Roman boat

"Tela, a loom. Although weaving was among the Greeks and Romans a distinct trade, carried on by a separate class of persons, yet every considerable domestic establishment, especially in the country, contained a loom, together with the whole apparatus necessary for the working of wool. These occupations were all supposed to be carried on under the protection of Athena or Minerva, specially denominated Ergane. When the farm or the palace was sufficiently large to admit of it, a portion of it called the histon or textrinum, was devoted to this purpose. The work was there principally carried on by female slaves, under the superintendence of the mistress of the house." — Smith; 1873

Tela

"Tela, a loom. Although weaving was among the Greeks and Romans a distinct trade, carried on by a separate…

"Tela, a loom. Although weaving was among the Greeks and Romans a distinct trade, carried on by a separate class of persons, yet every considerable domestic establishment, especially in the country, contained a loom, together with the whole apparatus necessary for the working of wool. These occupations were all supposed to be carried on under the protection of Athena or Minerva, specially denominated Ergane. When the farm or the palace was sufficiently large to admit of it, a portion of it called the histon or textrinum, was devoted to this purpose. The work was there principally carried on by female slaves, under the superintendence of the mistress of the house." &mdash Smith; 1873

Tela

"Tela, a loom. Although weaving was among the Greeks and Romans a distinct trade, carried on by a separate…

"Tiara or Tiaras, a hat with a large high crown. This was the head-dress which characterized the north-western Asiatics, and more especially the Armenians, Parthians, and Persians, as distinguished from the Greeks and Romans, whose hats fitted the head, or had only a low crown. The king of Persia wore an erect tiara, whilst those of his subjects were soft and flexible, falling on one side. The Persian name for this regal head-dress was cidaris. " &mdash Smith; 1873

Tiara

"Tiara or Tiaras, a hat with a large high crown. This was the head-dress which characterized the north-western…

"Tintinna'bulum, a bell. Bells were of various forms among the Greeks and Romans, as among us. various specimens of them are given in the annexed cut." &mdash Smith; 1873

Tintinna'bulum

"Tintinna'bulum, a bell. Bells were of various forms among the Greeks and Romans, as among us. various…

"Toga, a gown, the name of the principal outer garment worn by the romans, seems to have been received by them from the Etruscans. The toga was the peculiar distinction of the Romans, who were thence called togats or gens togata. It was originally worn only in Rome itself, and the use of it was forbidden alike to exiles and to foreigners. Gradually, however, it went out of common use, and was supplanted by the pallium and lacerna, or else it was worn in public under the lacerna. But it was still used by the upper classes, who regarded it as an honourable distinction, in the courts of justice, by clients when they received the Sportula, and in the theatre or at the games, at least when the emperor was present." &mdash Smith; 1873

Toga

"Toga, a gown, the name of the principal outer garment worn by the romans, seems to have been received…

"Trochus, a hoop. The Greek boys used to exercise themselves, like ours, with trundling a hoop. It was a bronze ring, and had sometimes bells attached to it. It was impelled by means of a hook with a wooden handle called a clavis. From the Greeks this custom passed to the Romans, who consequently adopted the Greek term. The hoop was used at the Gymnasia, and, therefore, on one of the gems in the Stosch collection at Berlin, which is engraved in the annexed wood-cut, it is accompanied by the jar of oil and the bay branch, the emblems of effort and of victory. On each side of this we have represented another gem from the same collection. Both of these exhibit youths trundling the hoop by means of the hook or key. These show the size of the hoop, which in the middle figure has also three small rings or bells on its circumference." &mdash Smith; 1873

Trochus

"Trochus, a hoop. The Greek boys used to exercise themselves, like ours, with trundling a hoop. It was…

"Tunica, an under-garment. Roman. The Tunica of the Romans, like the Greek chiton, was a woollen under garment, over which the toga was worn. It was the Indumentum of Indulus, as opposed to the Amictus, the general term for the toga, pallium, or any other outer garment. The Romans are said to have had no other clothing originally but the toga; and when the tunic was first introduced, it was merely a short garment without sleeves, and was called Colobrium. It was considered a mark of effeminacy for men to wear tunics with long sleeves and reaching the feet." — Smith; 1873

Tunica

"Tunica, an under-garment. Roman. The Tunica of the Romans, like the Greek chiton, was a woollen under…

"Turibulum, a censer. The Greeks and Romans, when they sacrificed, commonly took a little frankincense out of the acerra, and let it fall upon the flaming altar. More rarely they used a censer, by means of which they burned the incense in greater profusion, and which was in fact a small moveable grate or foculus. he following wood-cut, taken from an ancient painting, shows the performance of both of these acts at the same time." &mdash Smith; 1873

Turibulum

"Turibulum, a censer. The Greeks and Romans, when they sacrificed, commonly took a little frankincense…

"Venatio, hunting was the name given among the Romans to an exhibition of wild beasts, which fought with one another and with men. These exhibitions origionally formed part of the games of the circus. Julius Caesar first build a wooden ampitheatre for the exhibition of wild beasts, and others were subsequently erected; but we frequently read of venationes in the circus in subsequent times. The persons who fought with the beasts were either condemned criminals or captives, or individuals who did so for the sake of pay, and were trained for the purpose." &mdash Smith; 1873

Venatio

"Venatio, hunting was the name given among the Romans to an exhibition of wild beasts, which fought…

"Venatio, hunting was the name given among the Romans to an exhibition of wild beasts, which fought with one another and with men. These exhibitions origionally formed part of the games of the circus. Julius Caesar first build a wooden ampitheatre for the exhibition of wild beasts, and others were subsequently erected; but we frequently read of venationes in the circus in subsequent times. The persons who fought with the beasts were either condemned criminals or captives, or individuals who did so for the sake of pay, and were trained for the purpose." &mdash Smith; 1873

Venatio

"Venatio, hunting was the name given among the Romans to an exhibition of wild beasts, which fought…

"Venatio, hunting was the name given among the Romans to an exhibition of wild beasts, which fought with one another and with men. These exhibitions origionally formed part of the games of the circus. Julius Caesar first build a wooden ampitheatre for the exhibition of wild beasts, and others were subsequently erected; but we frequently read of venationes in the circus in subsequent times. The persons who fought with the beasts were either condemned criminals or captives, or individuals who did so for the sake of pay, and were trained for the purpose." &mdash Smith; 1873

Venatio

"Venatio, hunting was the name given among the Romans to an exhibition of wild beasts, which fought…

"All histories of England commence with the invasion of Julius Caesar, the earliest event in that quarter of which we have any authentic account. The Island of Britain was an unknown region to the Romans, and nearly so to the rest of mankind, at the period when Caesar's conquests had reduced the greater part of Gaul to the Roman government. Britain, lying within sight of the northern shores of Gaul, attracted his notice, and he began to meditate schemes of conquest." — Goodrich, 1844

Caesar in England

"All histories of England commence with the invasion of Julius Caesar, the earliest event in that quarter…

"Romans of the Augustan Age." — Quackenbos, 1882

Romans

"Romans of the Augustan Age." — Quackenbos, 1882

The fruid of the tropical or subtropical tree citrus medica, of the orange family, and originally native to the tropical portions of Asia. It is quite certain that lemons were unknown to the ancient Greeks and romans, and that this fruit was introduced into Spain by the Arabs about the 12th century.

Lemon

The fruid of the tropical or subtropical tree citrus medica, of the orange family, and originally native…

"The favorite order was the richly-decorated Corinthian, the beauty of which the Romans strove to increase by adding to it a fulness and strength such as the Greeks never succeeded in attaining." —D'Anvers, 1895

Roman-Corinthian Capital

"The favorite order was the richly-decorated Corinthian, the beauty of which the Romans strove to increase…

The Greek god of the sea, identified by the Romans with the Italian deity Neptune. A son of Kronos and Rhea, and hence a brother of Zeus, Hera, and Demeter, he was regarded as only inferior in power to Zeus.

Poseidon

The Greek god of the sea, identified by the Romans with the Italian deity Neptune. A son of Kronos and…

A key used by the ancient Romans for a dwelling or a chest.

Roman Key

A key used by the ancient Romans for a dwelling or a chest.

Armor used by the ancient Romans in battle.

Roman Armor

Armor used by the ancient Romans in battle.

A lamp used by the ancient Romans for light.

Roman Lamp

A lamp used by the ancient Romans for light.

"The name of a Roman goddess, identified by the later Graecising Romans with the Greek Athene, whom she greatly resembled, though, like all old Latin divinities, there was nothing anthropomorphic in what was told concerning her." — Chambers, 1881

Minerva

"The name of a Roman goddess, identified by the later Graecising Romans with the Greek Athene, whom…

"The Romans, an essentially practical nation, largely improved on the plough, adding to it the coulter and mould-board, and occasionally attaching wheels to the beam to prevent the share from going too deep into the earth." — Chambers, 1881

Plough

"The Romans, an essentially practical nation, largely improved on the plough, adding to it the coulter…

"The name given by the Greeks and Romans to the plants sometimes called Brancursine, of which it is also the botanical generic name. A. mollis and A. spinosa, natives of the south of Europe, are the species best known. The twining habit of the plants, their large white flowers, and, above all, the beautiful form of their dark and shining leaves, have led to their artistical application, especially in the capitals of Corinthian columns." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Acanthus

"The name given by the Greeks and Romans to the plants sometimes called Brancursine, of which it is…

"A plant of the same genus with the Primrose, much cultivated in flower-gardens. The Auricula has long been a florist's flower. It was highly esteemed by the Romans, and has, at least since the beginning of the 18th century, received particular attention from the florists of England and Holland." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Auricula

"A plant of the same genus with the Primrose, much cultivated in flower-gardens. The Auricula has long…

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history. The Persians, in the time of Cyrus the Younger, bore an eagle on a spear as a standard. The Romans for some time used the eagle, the wolf, the boar, the horse, and the minotaur for standards, but afterwards abandoned the last four, and confined themselves to the first." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Roman Eagle

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history.…

Caractacus was a British Chief that had fought very bravely against the Romans. He was brought to Rome with chains on his hands and feet and set before the emperor of Rome. The wife of Caratacus, who had also been brought a prisoner to Rome, fell upon her knees imploring pity, but Caractacus asked for nothing and exhibited no signs of fear.

Caractacus And Claudius

Caractacus was a British Chief that had fought very bravely against the Romans. He was brought to Rome…

Julius Caesar heard that a little way off there was a country nobody knew anything about, except that the people were very fierce and savage, and that a sort of pearl was found in the shells of mussels which lived in the rivers. He could not bear that there should be any place that his own people, the Romans, did not know and subdue. So he commanded the ships to be prepared, and he and his soldiers embarked, watching the white cliffs in the other side of the sea grow higher and higher as he came nearer and nearer.

Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar heard that a little way off there was a country nobody knew anything about, except that…

Interior of bath in ancient Rome.

Bath

Interior of bath in ancient Rome.

Cameo, a term applied to gems of different colors sculptured in relief. The art of engraving on gems boasts of high antiquity, having been practised with various degrees of success by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.

Cameo

Cameo, a term applied to gems of different colors sculptured in relief. The art of engraving on gems…

"A variety of the common wheat, originally cultivated by the Romans."—Finley, 1917

Spelt

"A variety of the common wheat, originally cultivated by the Romans."—Finley, 1917

Monuments in Constantinople by Greeks, Romans, and Turks.

Constantinople

Monuments in Constantinople by Greeks, Romans, and Turks.

"The Ferret was imported into Europe from Africa, and was well known to the Romans, being anciently employed, as it still is, in catching rabbits."

Ferret

"The Ferret was imported into Europe from Africa, and was well known to the Romans, being anciently…

A species of masonry very common among the ancients, in which the stones are square and laid lozenge-wise, resembling the meshes of a net, and producing quite an ornamental appearance. It is the opus reticulate of the Romans.

Reticulated Work

A species of masonry very common among the ancients, in which the stones are square and laid lozenge-wise,…

A view of Rome including St. Peter's and the Vatican.

View of St. Peter's

A view of Rome including St. Peter's and the Vatican.

"The snails are male and female in the same individual, or hermaphrodite. The Romans had many species served up at their feasts, which they distinguished in categories according to the delicacy of their flesh."

Helix Aspersa (Var. Scalaris)

"The snails are male and female in the same individual, or hermaphrodite. The Romans had many species…

"The Purpuras have a classical name and history, having furnished the Greeks and Romans with the brilliant purple coloring matter which was reserved for the mantles of patricians and princes."

Purpura Consul.

"The Purpuras have a classical name and history, having furnished the Greeks and Romans with the brilliant…

"The Purpuras have a classical name and history, having furnished the Greeks and Romans with the brilliant purple coloring matter which was reserved for the mantles of patricians and princes."

Buccinum Senticosum (Linnaeus)

"The Purpuras have a classical name and history, having furnished the Greeks and Romans with the brilliant…

This image depicts a market in front of The Aqueduct of Segovia, located in Segovia, Spain. It was built by the Romans to provide water to the city from the Frio River.

Aqueduct

This image depicts a market in front of The Aqueduct of Segovia, located in Segovia, Spain. It was built…

Morgan Dix (born November 1, 1827 in New York City; died April 29, 1908) was an American priest, "divine" (a theologian) and religious author. The son of John A. Dix and Catherine Morgan, he was educated at Columbia College and the General Theological Seminary. For almost fifty-three years, he was identified with Trinity Church, New York, of which he became assistant minister in 1855 and rector in 1862. As well as being a very active churchman, Dix also wrote widely about the practice of Christianity. Among his major works are Commentaries on Romans and on Galatians and Colossians; The Calling of a Christian Woman; The Seven Deadly Sins; The Sacramental System; and Lectures on the First Prayer-Book of Edward VI.

Morgan Dix

Morgan Dix (born November 1, 1827 in New York City; died April 29, 1908) was an American priest, "divine"…

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum (treated as the sole species in the genus by most botanists). It is a hardy, perennial, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves, grows wild in most parts of temperate Europe, but is generally considered indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean, whence it spreads eastwards to India and even in England in Bedfont Lakes Country Park and Thurrock . It has followed, especially where Romans have colonized, and may be found growing wild in many parts of the world upon dry soils near the sea-coast and upon river-banks. It is a member of the family Apiaceae. It is a highly aromatic and flavorful herb with culinary and medicinal uses, and is one of the primary ingredients of absinthe. Fennel is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Mouse Moth and the Anise Swallowtail.

Fennel

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum (treated as the sole species…

A coffer in architecture, is a sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. A series of these sunken panels were used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault. The stone coffers of the ancient Greeks and Romans are the earliest surviving examples.A, from Palmyra; B, Basilica of Constantine.

Roman Ceiling Panels

A coffer in architecture, is a sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling,…

Egg-and-dart is an ornamental device often carved in wood, stone, or plaster quarter-round ovolo mouldings, consisting of an egg-shaped object alternating with an element shaped like an arrow, anchor or dart. Egg-and-dart enrichment of the ovolo molding of the Ionic capital is found in Ancient Greek architecture at the Erechtheion and was used by the Romans.

Egg-and-Dart

Egg-and-dart is an ornamental device often carved in wood, stone, or plaster quarter-round ovolo mouldings,…

Regensburg, also Ratisbon, Ratisbona, is a city in Bavaria, Germany, located at the confluence of the Danube and Regen rivers, at the northernmost bend in the Danube. To the east lies the Bavarian Forest. Regensburg is the capital of the Bavarian administrative region Upper Palatinate. The large medieval center of the city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The first settlements in Regensburg date to the Stone Age. The Celtic name Radasbona was the oldest name given to a settlement near the present city. Around AD 90 the Romans built a small "cohort-fort" in what would now be the suburbs.

Ratisbon

Regensburg, also Ratisbon, Ratisbona, is a city in Bavaria, Germany, located at the confluence of the…

Ramparts or limes, defensive walls or fortifications constructed for defense of ancient cities or settlement from aggressors. Some constructed as early as the 1st century A.D. when the Romans conquered the land and defended their position there by constructing a rampart (limes). A limes (or the Limes Romanus) was a border defense of Ancient Rome. It marked the boundaries of the Roman Empire. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls.

Ramparts of Ulm

Ramparts or limes, defensive walls or fortifications constructed for defense of ancient cities or settlement…

A picturesque view of the Lintz (Linz) city center. Lintz was founded by the Romans, who called it "Lentia." It was a provincial and local government city, an important trading point connecting several routes, on either side of the river Danube from the East to the West and Bohemia and Poland from north to the Balkans and Italy to the south. Linz is the third largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria. It is located in the north centre of Austria on both sides of the river Danube.

View of Lintz

A picturesque view of the Lintz (Linz) city center. Lintz was founded by the Romans, who called it "Lentia."…

The suovetaurilia was a sacred Roman sacrifice of a pig, a ram, and a bull to Mars, the god of war to purify the land.

Suovetaurilia

The suovetaurilia was a sacred Roman sacrifice of a pig, a ram, and a bull to Mars, the god of war to…

A Roman rider battling a Sueve. Suevi were Germanic people that posed a threat to the Romans.

Sueve and Roman Rider

A Roman rider battling a Sueve. Suevi were Germanic people that posed a threat to the Romans.

Praetorian guards were responsible for the protection of the Roman emperor.

Praetorian Guards

Praetorian guards were responsible for the protection of the Roman emperor.

The Common Medlar (Mespilus germanica) is a large shrub or small tree, and the name of the fruit of this tree. Despite its Latin name, which means German or Germanic Medlar, it is indigenous to southwest Asia and possibly also southeastern Europe, and was introduced to Germany by the Romans.

Leaves and Fruit of Common Medlar

The Common Medlar (Mespilus germanica) is a large shrub or small tree, and the name of the fruit of…

The Walls of Carcassonne fortify the French town of Carcassonne in France. It was fortified on a hilltop by the Romans in 100 BC.

Walls of Carcassonne

The Walls of Carcassonne fortify the French town of Carcassonne in France. It was fortified on a hilltop…

"After a successful summer campaign, [Caesar] made his way to the coast and cross over into Britain. He then withdrew into his winter-quarters in Gaul, but in the following year returned into the island, defeated the British Celts under their king Cassivellaunus, and reduced the country to a dependency, compelling the Britons to pay tribute and give hostages."

Landing of the Romans in Britain

"After a successful summer campaign, [Caesar] made his way to the coast and cross over into Britain.…

"The romans had no knowledge of gunpowder, siege cannon, or field guns; but the place of modern artillery was supplied by what in general were called tormenta. These were powerful engines for hurling missiles, the propelling force being furnished by the twisting of rope, sinews, or hair. They were used in siege operations rather than in ordinary battle."

Tormenta Within a Fortified Camp

"The romans had no knowledge of gunpowder, siege cannon, or field guns; but the place of modern artillery…

An ancient ship used by Greeks and Romans. The ship has three rows of oars on each side, with a man operating each oar.

An Athenian Trireme

An ancient ship used by Greeks and Romans. The ship has three rows of oars on each side, with a man…