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Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as algæ derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] A single segment or proglottis magnified; 1, generating pore; 2, water vessels; 3, dendritic ovary."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as algæ derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] Head of tænia solium (enlarged)."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as algæ derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] A, ovum with contained embryo, B, Cystericus longicollis."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

An instrument with straight edges or sides, for drawing lines; a rule.

Ruler

An instrument with straight edges or sides, for drawing lines; a rule.

"In the diagram, let AB and AC represent two forces acting upon the point, A. Draw the two dotted lines to complete the parallelogram." — Avery, 1895

Parallelogram

"In the diagram, let AB and AC represent two forces acting upon the point, A. Draw the two dotted lines…

Visible spectrum

"A spectrum of sunlight is crossed by dark lines, many hundreds of whcih have been counted and accurately…

"The forms present upon it are two pyramids of different slope but each intersecting all three of the crystal axes when properly extended. The lower pyramid intersects the two horizontal axes at distances which are proportional to their unit lengths and if it was extended as shown by the dotted lines would also cut the vertical axis at a distance proportional to its unit length." — Ford, 1912

Sulphur crystal

"The forms present upon it are two pyramids of different slope but each intersecting all three of the…

"Triclinic. Twinning very common, according to the albite law and evidenced by fine striation lines on the better cleavage surface." — Ford, 1912

Albite

"Triclinic. Twinning very common, according to the albite law and evidenced by fine striation lines…

A person using a T square to draw straight lines.

T Square

A person using a T square to draw straight lines.

A person using a T square to draw triangles.

T Square

A person using a T square to draw triangles.

Arteries of the trunk of a bird. 1: The aorta. 2: The vena cava. 3: A cerebral artery. The small lines on each side represent the arteries and veins of the lungs.

Bird Arteries

Arteries of the trunk of a bird. 1: The aorta. 2: The vena cava. 3: A cerebral artery. The small lines…

Greek Meander

A border design also known as the zigzag, the wave crest, or the water motif. It consists of a series…

This illustration shows the field between two equally and oppositely charged spheres, mapped out by lines of force.

Electricity

This illustration shows the field between two equally and oppositely charged spheres, mapped out by…

This illustration represents the field between two equal positive charges; in this case the lines of force do not pass from one to the other, but travel off to an infinate distance.

Electricity

This illustration represents the field between two equal positive charges; in this case the lines of…

This illustration shows the lines of force when a positive charge equal to 4 at A, and a negative charge of 1 at B, are used. A being numerically stronger than B, lines starting from A will not fall on B, but pass off to infinate distance.

Electricity

This illustration shows the lines of force when a positive charge equal to 4 at A, and a negative charge…

This illustration shows the field of force between two parallel planes. At the edges its lines of foce curve out. Some pass from the back of one plane to the back of the other.

Electricity

This illustration shows the field of force between two parallel planes. At the edges its lines of foce…

A is a positively charged conductor and B represents the equal and oppsite charge. When the conductor C is introduced into the field, some of the lines of force are divided, since they cannot exist in a conductor.

Electricity

A is a positively charged conductor and B represents the equal and oppsite charge. When the conductor…

A corner-piece to some stone conduit, carefully ornamented with projecting lines. Details that show Tiahuanacu existed.

Corner-piece

A corner-piece to some stone conduit, carefully ornamented with projecting lines. Details that show…

A corner-piece to some stone conduit, carefully ornamented with projecting lines. Details that show Tiahuanacu existed.

Corner-piece

A corner-piece to some stone conduit, carefully ornamented with projecting lines. Details that show…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Cube

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Regular Octahedron

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Rhombic Dodecahedron

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Regular Tetrahedron

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

First Right Square Prism

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Second Right Square Prism

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

First Right Square Octahedron

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Second Right Square Octahedron

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Hexagonal Prism

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Six-sided Pyramid

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Rhombohedron

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly perpendicular to the board as possible, bearing lightly against the T square or triangle, along the edge of which the line is drawn. After a little practice, this position will become natural, and no difficulty will be experienced." — Hallock, 1905

Ruling Pen

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly…

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly perpendicular to the board as possible, bearing lightly against the T square or triangle, along the edge of which the line is drawn. After a little practice, this position will become natural, and no difficulty will be experienced." — Hallock, 1905

Ruling Pen

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly…

Assorted fishing lines, hooks and lures.

Angling

Assorted fishing lines, hooks and lures.

"Three principal parts, the card, the needle on its lower suface, and the case. The whole is enclosed in the compass-box, or binnacle. the term compass is said to have been applied to the instrument because the card involves or compasses the whole plane of the horizon, or because the needle indicates the whole circle of possible variations of direction. The surface of the card is divided by radiating lines into 32 parts, each containing 11 degrees." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Compass Card

"Three principal parts, the card, the needle on its lower suface, and the case. The whole is enclosed…

Torsion Balance

"ABCD is a cylinder of glass 1 foot in diameter and 1 foot high. This cylinder is closed by a glass…

"Glazing Barrels. A, elevation, showing door of case; C, hoppers for loading; B, section through barrel (showing opening in dotted lines)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Glazing Barrel

"Glazing Barrels. A, elevation, showing door of case; C, hoppers for loading; B, section through barrel…

One of a series of small ropes or lines which transverse the shrouds horizontally, thus forming steps or ladders for going aloft.

Ratlines

One of a series of small ropes or lines which transverse the shrouds horizontally, thus forming steps…

"A, Schematic longitudinal section through a zooid and bud of Stylophora digitata. In A, B, and C the thick black lines represent coenosarc; col, columella; T, tabulae. B, similar section through a single zoooid and bud of Astroides calicularis. C, similar section through three corallites of Lophohelia prolifera. ez, edge-zone. D, Diagram illustration the process of budding by unequal division. E, section through a dividing calicle of Mussa, showing the union of two septa in the plane of division, and the origin of new septa at right angles to them." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Stylophora Digitata

"A, Schematic longitudinal section through a zooid and bud of Stylophora digitata. In A, B, and C the…

Ruling Pen

A form of pen used for drawing lines of even thickness. It commonly consists of two blades which hold…

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to observe its effects. To witness the phenomena of this instrument, let a room be closed in every direction, so as to exclude the light. Then from an aperture, say of an inch in diameter, admit a single beam of light, and the images of external things, such as trees and houses, and persons walking the streets, will be seen inverted on the wall opposite to where the light is admitted, or on a screen of white paper, placed before the aperture. The reason why the image is inverted will be obvious, when it is remembered that the rays proceeding from the extremities of the object must converge in order to pass through the small aperture; and as the rays of light always proceed in straight lines, they must cross each other at the point of admission. Thus the pencil a, coming from the upperpart of the tower, and proceeding straight, will represent the image of the part at b, while the lower part c, for the same reason, will be represented at d." —Comstock, 1850

Camera Obscura

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to…

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to observe its effects. To witness the phenomena of this instrument, let a room be closed in every direction, so as to exclude the light. Then from an aperture, say of an inch in diameter, admit a single beam of light, and the images of external things, such as trees and houses, and persons walking the streets, will be seen inverted on the wall opposite to where the light is admitted, or on a screen of white paper, placed before the aperture. The reason why the image is inverted will be obvious, when it is remembered that the rays proceeding from the extremities of the object must converge in order to pass through the small aperture; and as the rays of light always proceed in straight lines, they must cross each other at the point of admission. Thus the pencil a, coming from the upperpart of the tower, and proceeding straight, will represent the image of the part at b, while the lower part c, for the same reason, will be represented at d." —Comstock, 1850

Camera Obscura

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to…

"Let this figure represent the Earth, N being the north pole, S the south pole, and E W the equator. The lines 10, 20, 30, and so on, are the parallels of latitude, and the lines N a S, N b S, etc., are meridian lines, or those of longitude." —Comstock, 1850

Longitude

"Let this figure represent the Earth, N being the north pole, S the south pole, and E W the equator.…

$"It is worthy of note that, owing to the oblique direction in which the muscles are commonly inserted into the bones, much of their force is lost so far as producing movement is concerned. Suppose the log of wood in the diagram to be raised by pulling on the rope in the direction a; it is clear at first that the rope will act at a great disadvantage; most of the pull transmitted by it will be exerted against the pivot on which the log hinges, and only a small fraction be available for elevating the latter. But the more the log is lifted, as for example into the position indicated by the dotted lines, the more useful will be the direction of the pull, and the more of it will be spend on the log and the less lost unavailingly in merely increasing the pressure at the hinge." —Martin, 1917$

Oblique Pull

"It is worthy of note that, owing to the oblique direction in which the muscles are commonly inserted…

Muscle Diagram

"Diagram illustrating the muscles (drawn in thick black lines) which pass before and behind the joints…

Heart

"The heart and blood-vessels diagrammatically represented. L, lung; M, intestine; P, liver; dotted lines…

"Sea anemone dissected; c, tentacles; d, mouth; e, stomach; white lines above k, the mesenteries." —Davison, 1906

Anemone

"Sea anemone dissected; c, tentacles; d, mouth; e, stomach; white lines above k, the mesenteries." —Davison,…

Diagram of the eye. 1: Lines of light from end of arrow; 2: Small, inverted image in the eye.

Eye Diagram

Diagram of the eye. 1: Lines of light from end of arrow; 2: Small, inverted image in the eye.

"A plate of glass about 2.5 inches square is ruled with twenty-one lines in one direction .1 inch apart, and two lines in the other direction 2 inches apart. The extreme lines of the set therefore form a perfect square of 2 inches. These lines are ruled with exceeding accuracy and care, but provision is left for ascertaining any errors that remain either as to distance or want of perfect squareness." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Micrometer

"A plate of glass about 2.5 inches square is ruled with twenty-one lines in one direction .1 inch apart,…

Horizontal Line

Illustration of the proper position for the horizontal line.

In this figure <em>BB</em> is the base line; <em>HH</em> the common horizontal or vanishing line; <em>C</em> the centre of view in that vanishing linel <em>LL</em> the vanishing line of the ascent; and <em>C1</em> the centre of view in that vanishing line.

Horizontal Line Diagram

In this figure BB is the base line; HH the common horizontal or vanishing line; C…

A diagram of the down-hill view to the eye.

Down-Hill View

A diagram of the down-hill view to the eye.

This figure represents the whole of the points and lines requisite for working out a drawing in "parallel perspective." 1) The point of sight; 2)The horizontal line; 3) The point of station; 4) The points of measurement.

Parallel Perspective

This figure represents the whole of the points and lines requisite for working out a drawing in "parallel…

This figure comprises the whole of the points and lines preparatory to beginning a drawing in "angular perspective." 1) The point of sight; 2)The horizontal line; 3) The point of station; 4) The nearest corner of the object to be drawn; 5) The ground line of the building or object, lying on that side, and produced from the nearest corner up to the horizontal line, in order to determine the vanishing point marked 5; 6) A line taken from the vanishing point 5, to the point of station 3; 7) A line drawn at right angles to 6, and extending from the point of station to the horizontal line, at its junction with which the vanishing point, marked 8, is determined; 9) A point of measurement obtained by the use of the vanishing point 8; 10) The other point of measurement, obtained by vanishing point 5; 11) The geometrical scale of the building or object upon a base line drawn through the nearest corner.

Angular Perspective

This figure comprises the whole of the points and lines preparatory to beginning a drawing in "angular…

The perspective shown in this plate is parallel perspective; and the subject here intended to be represented is a flat and perfectly square surface, such as the floor of a room, a chess board, or any other such object. 1) The front edge of the given square; 2) One side of it receding to the vanishing point, which also is the point of sight; 3) The other side receding to the same point; 4) A line taken from one corner of the front edge, to the point of measuremen on the opposite side, and giving the perspective width or depth of the square at the intersection of the line 3; 5) A line drawn at the above intersection, and parallel to the front edge; this will give the back of the square. The lines 1, 2, 3, and 5 may then be strongly marked, and the figure will be thus completed. 6) This line is taken from the corner of the front edge to the opposite point of the measurement, showing how exactly either this line, o that marked 4, will give the perspective width of the square. It serves also to find the centre.

Parallel Perspective

The perspective shown in this plate is parallel perspective; and the subject here intended to be represented…

The perspective in this plate is "angular perspective," and the figure it represents is a flat square surface; its dimensions are supposed to be either twenty feet or twenty inches. 1) Two lines drawn from the nearest corner of theboard, to the horizontal line, and at a distance from each other equal to the thickness of the board; this fixes the vanishing point at 1. 2) A line drawn from the above vanishing point to the point of station. 3) A line taken at right angles to 2, from the point of station, and fixing on the horizontal line the position of the vanishing point 3. 4) Two lines drawn from the nearest corner of the board to the vanishing point 3, similarly to the previously drawn lines 1. 5) One point of measurement, obtained in the usual way, by the distance of 3 from the point of station. 6) The point of measurement. 7) The line of the geometrical scale, being a line drawn across the base of the nearest corner, and marked according to scale, twenty feet or twenty inches. 8,8) Lines taken from either end of the geometrical scale towards the point of measurement, but extending no farther than where they meet the lines 1,1, and 4,4. 9,10) Small perpendicular lines drawn at the above intersections, by which the width of the board is ascertained. 11) The side of the board opposite and really parallel to that marked 4, and therefore tending to the same vanishing point. 12) The back of the board, opposite and parallel to the front marked 1, and consequently tending to the same vanishing point. The lines 1,1; 4,4; 11 and 12, being strongly marked, the figure will be completed.

Angular Perspective

The perspective in this plate is "angular perspective," and the figure it represents is a flat square…

Two upright oblong figures are here represented in parallel perspective. They may be imagined to resemble the sides and fronts of houses, or their blank walls. One of the figures has two others attached to it of equal dimensions; and these additions might be similarly multiplied to any extent, by the numbers, 7, 8, 9 and 10, in the followig rules. 1) Lines forming to complete fronts of two separate and detached oblongs. 2) The geometrical scale at the base, marked twenty feet. 3) The ground lines of the fronts running to the vanishing point. 4) The top lines tending to vanishing point. 5) Lines from the geometrical scale, to the points of measurement, determining the perspective depths of the oblongs. 6) Perpendicular lines raised at the intersection of the lines 3 and 5, and giving the farthest upright corner lines of the oblongs. The two figures will thus be completed. The remaining lines inserted in the figure are intended to give two other oblongs (or rather their retiring sides) attached to the first, and supposed to be of the same dimensions. They are determined first by finding the centre 7 of the near corner line 1. From 7 a line is drawn to the vanishing point. A line marked 8 is then drawn from the near extremity of 1 through 6, where it is cut by 7; at its intersection with the bottom line 3, the perpendicular line 9 is raised, and another oblong front is completed. A line 10 is drawn, and determined as the line 8 was, from the top of 6, and by crossing the lines 7 and 3. The lines 13, 14, and 15, are inserted merely to show the inner side and back of the other oblong, as they would be seen were the object made of glass. Thus 13,13 are lines for the top and bottom of the back; formed by drawing them to the vanishing point; 14,14 are the top and bottom lines of the farthest side, found by straight lines being drawn from both ends of , until they meet 13,13; at which point of meeting the upright corner of the oblong are completed.

Parallel Perspective

Two upright oblong figures are here represented in parallel perspective. They may be imagined to resemble…

This object is a cube, having therefore all its faces of equal dimensions; and as both sides recede, "angular perspective" is employed. The point of sight, horizontal line, and point of station, having been fixed upon, the line A is first to be drawn, touching the bottom of the nearest corner, and is for the geometrical scale or height of the cube, which, in this instance, will be called twelve feet; that is, twelve feet must be marked on the scale from the corner on either side. 1) The ground line of the square, taken from the centre of the geometrical scale line to the horizontal line; by its junction with which is determined the vanishing point or that side. 2) A line drawn from the above vanishing point to the point of station. 3) A line drawn at right angles at the point of station to the line 2, as far as the horizontal line, its intersection with which will give the correct vanishing point to the other side. 4) The ground line of the cube running to the last vanishing point. 5) The nearest corner of the cube, twelve feet in height, being equal to the width. The points of measurement are next to be ascertained, and to be marked in the usual way; and the lines B drawn from the ends of the geometrical scale towards the point of measurement give the perspective width or depth of both sides. This is found at their cutting of the ground lines 1 and 4. The line 6 represents the top line of one side of the cube, and runs from the nearest corner to the vanishing point. 7) The other top line; and it is drawn to the other vanishing point. 8) The far corner line raised vertically from the crossing of the lines B and 1. 9) The other corner line raised vertically from the intersection of the lines B and 4. The lines 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, being strengthened, the figure is complete.

Angular Perspective

This object is a cube, having therefore all its faces of equal dimensions; and as both sides recede,…

This cube has four additional cubes of equal dimensions. This is effected by first drawing the cube in the order and then finding the centre of the upright line 5, that being the nearest corner line of this first cube. The centre being found at 10, take the line 10 to the vanishing point for that side of the cube; this will give the centres of all the other upright lines of that side of all the added cubes. The line 11 is drawn from the top of the corner line 5, through the intersection of 8 and 10, until it meets the ground line 1, at its junction with which the upright line is raised for the far corner line 12 of the second cube. The three other cubes are described precisely in the same manner, being found by the diagonal lines traversing each pair of the cubes, through the intersection of the centre line 10, with each perpendicular line raised from the meeting of the previous diagonal line with the ground line 1. It will be perceived that a further distance of twelve feet is added to one side of the geometrical scale, and marked A. This is done merely to prove the correctness of the first diagonal line 11, passing through the centre line 10, to determine the perspective depth of the second cube. For if a line be taken from the end of the geometrical scale A to the point of measurement on the horizontal line, it will be found to meet the ground line 1 at exactly the same point; thus proving the truth of both modes of drawing. The former mode, however, is more convenient where a number of cubes are to be drawn; as the geometrical scale might extend far beyond the limits of the paper, and consequently give much more trouble.

Angular Perspective

This cube has four additional cubes of equal dimensions. This is effected by first drawing the cube…

This figure differs from the others because they are solid cubes. Further, the geometrical scale is used for the two cubes, because, being only two, it will be found in this way that fewer lines will be necessary, leaving the figure less intricate and confused. The two frnt sides of the cubes are produced in the same way as far as line 10, which is the farthest corner line of the second cube. 11) The line is drawn from the extremity of 10 to the vanishing point of 7, the two lines being really parallel. 12) Is drawn from the top of 9 to the vanishing point of line 6, these also being parallel. 13) Is drawn from the top of the upright centre line 8, to the vanishing point of 11 and 7, these being all really parallel to each other. 14) Is the far ground line taken from the lower extremity of 9 to the vanishing point of 1, these lines being also parallel. 15 and 16) Are lines drawn from the corner end of 10 and 8 to the vanishing point of 4, the three lines being really parallel. 17 and 18) Are upright lines raised at the intersection of the lines 16 and 15, with the ground line 14, being the far corners of the cubes; they respectively will meet the intersections of lines 11 and 13 with 12. These lines will complete the figure.

Angular Perspective

This figure differs from the others because they are solid cubes. Further, the geometrical scale is…