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Gypsum

"Monoclinic. Crystals usually tabular parallel to clinopinacoid; in diamond-shaped crystals with edges…

A triangular prism.

Triangular prism

A triangular prism.

A mechanical device for printing multiple copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. It was invented in the West by a German goldsmithand eventual printer, Johann Gutenberg in the 1450s. Apart from Gutenberg, the Dutch laurens Janszoon coster has also been credited with this invention.

Printing Press

A mechanical device for printing multiple copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. It was invented…

A regular body with six square faces; a rectangular parallelopiped, having all its edges equal.

Cube

A regular body with six square faces; a rectangular parallelopiped, having all its edges equal.

A rectangular library table made out of oak.

Library Table

A rectangular library table made out of oak.

A rectangular cantilever with supports on the end and the load on the middle.

Cantilever

A rectangular cantilever with supports on the end and the load on the middle.

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

First Right Square Prism

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Second Right Square Prism

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Right rhombic prism." — Hallock, 1905

Prism

"Right rhombic prism." — Hallock, 1905

"Doubly oblique prism." — Hallock, 1905

Prism

"Doubly oblique prism." — Hallock, 1905

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Hexagonal Prism

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Six-sided Pyramid

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which belongs a number of forms having some property in common. In order to classify these different crystals, the existence of certain lines within the crystal, called axes, is assumed, around which the form can be symmetrically build up. These axes are assumed to intersect in the center of the crystal, and to pass through from one side to the other." — Hallock, 1905

Rhombohedron

"Science has succeeded in classifying the thousands of known crystals in six systems, to each of which…

"The stock is of iron, similar to the Admiralty anchor; the shank is of rectangular section, somewhat larger at the center than at the ends, and is made fork-shaped at one end to receive the arms; the arms are in one piece, and are connected to the shank by a bolt passing through their center." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Trotman's Anchor

"The stock is of iron, similar to the Admiralty anchor; the shank is of rectangular section, somewhat…

"The anchor is represented in the position in which it lies on the ground just before taking hold. The shank is made in one forging, is of rectangular section, having a shoulder for the stock to fit against, and is increased both in thickness and area at the crown; the arms with the palms are forged in one piece, and then bent to the required shape; one of the arms is passed through a hole in the crown and is kept in position by a bolt screwed through the end of the crown, so that its point reaches a little way into an indent made for it in the round part at the back of the arms." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Martin's Anchor

"The anchor is represented in the position in which it lies on the ground just before taking hold. The…

A triangular prism.

Prism

A triangular prism.

A triangular prism on a stand.

Prism

A triangular prism on a stand.

"The plain rectangular cross, with a view to its enrichment." — Encyclopedia Brittanica, 1893

Cross

"The plain rectangular cross, with a view to its enrichment." — Encyclopedia Brittanica, 1893

A pulley with a sheave having its perimeter a rectangular or nearly rectangular groove. Used for transmitting power by ropes or bands.

Flat Rope Pulley

A pulley with a sheave having its perimeter a rectangular or nearly rectangular groove. Used for transmitting…

"The coil is of flat, rectangular shape, with a narrow central opening just large enough to allow one of the magnets of the astatic system to swing freely. The other magnet swings over a graduated circle placed on the top of the coil, and serves also as an index. Sometimes a mirror and scale are substituted for the index and graduated circle. The sole on which the coil stands is movable on a fixed piece which can be levelled by means of three screws." &mdash Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Astatic Multiplier

"The coil is of flat, rectangular shape, with a narrow central opening just large enough to allow one…

Sluice

"One of the simplest forms of sluice as used in river diggings in the north-west of America. A rectangular…

"A horizontal tubular, which is found to be extremely powerful as well as economical. It is a rectangular box 6 feet long, made of 2-inch iron pipes, fixed into hollow water spaces which form the ends; these pipes act as fire bars, and form the sides of the furnace. above the fire there are three series of horizontal pipes, each covered by a layer of tiles so placed as to convert the two intervening spaces into flues, along which the flames and smoke travel for 18 feet, the smoke escaping at the far end by an opening in the upper layer of tiles." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Ladds's Boiler

"A horizontal tubular, which is found to be extremely powerful as well as economical. It is a rectangular…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"An optical instrument employed to facilitate the sketching of objects from nature by producing a reflected picture of them upon paper. Wollaston's apparatus is one of the commonest. The essential part is a totally-reflecting prism with four angles, one of which is 90 degrees, the opposite one 135 degrees, and the other two each 67 degrees. One of the two faces which contain the right angle is turned towards the object to be sketched." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Camera Lucida

"An optical instrument employed to facilitate the sketching of objects from nature by producing a reflected…

"Two kinds of successions of grooves used for rectangular bars in "two-high" train." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Two-high Trains

"Two kinds of successions of grooves used for rectangular bars in "two-high" train." — The Encyclopedia…

"The knife is a double-edged rectangular blade, about 12 inches by 5 inches, with a straight handle at one end, and a cross handle at the other in the plane of the blade." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Currying Knife

"The knife is a double-edged rectangular blade, about 12 inches by 5 inches, with a straight handle…

$"Fresnel next conceived the admirable improvement of employing the principle of "total" or internal reflexion by glass prisms. The ray Fi falling on a prismoidal ring, ABC, is refracted and bent in the direction iR, and falling on the side AC, at an angle of incidence greater than the critical, is totally relfected in the direction Re, and, impinging on the side BC at e, it undergoes a second refraction, and emerges horizontally. The highest ray FA after refraction by AB and reflexion by AC must (in order to avoid superfluous glass) pass along AB, and after a second refraction at B emerge horizontally. The lowest ray FB after refraction by AC and a second refraction by BC also emerge horizontally." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910$

Reflecting Prism

"Fresnel next conceived the admirable improvement of employing the principle of "total" or internal…

"First Application of Total Reflexion to Fixed Lights. In this apparatus Fresnel substituted his totally reflecting prism p and lens R for Marcet's reflector, and thus distributed the whole light equally over the horizon by means of dioptric agents alone. This was the first application of total reflexion to lighthouse apparatus, and this beautiful instrument continues till now in universal use." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Dioptric Light

"First Application of Total Reflexion to Fixed Lights. In this apparatus Fresnel substituted his totally…

"Fresnel's Revolving Light. —In this form of revolving light the central burner is surrounded by annular lenses L, and a compound arrangement of inclined trapezoidal lenses L' and plane silvered mirrors M. The inclined lenses fit closely to each other and form a pyramidal dome, and the light, intercepted by them, is sent upwards in inclined beams until, falling upon the plane mirrors M, it is sent outwards in horizontal parallelized beams. All these optical agents are made to revolve round the central lamp, and the sailor receives a full flash when the axis of one of the emerging beams passes his eye, and as soon as it passes him he is in darkness until the next beam comes round." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Fresnels Revolving Light

"Fresnel's Revolving Light. —In this form of revolving light the central burner is surrounded by annular…

"Fresnel's Revolving Light. —In this form of revolving light the central burner is surrounded by annular lenses L, and a compound arrangement of inclined trapezoidal lenses L' and plane silvered mirrors M. The inclined lenses fit closely to each other and form a pyramidal dome, and the light, intercepted by them, is sent upwards in inclined beams until, falling upon the plane mirrors M, it is sent outwards in horizontal parallelized beams. All these optical agents are made to revolve round the central lamp, and the sailor receives a full flash when the axis of one of the emerging beams passes his eye, and as soon as it passes him he is in darkness until the next beam comes round." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Fresnels Revolving Light

"Fresnel's Revolving Light. —In this form of revolving light the central burner is surrounded by annular…

"Fresnel's Revolving Light. —In this form of revolving light the central burner is surrounded by annular lenses L, and a compound arrangement of inclined trapezoidal lenses L' and plane silvered mirrors M. The inclined lenses fit closely to each other and form a pyramidal dome, and the light, intercepted by them, is sent upwards in inclined beams until, falling upon the plane mirrors M, it is sent outwards in horizontal parallelized beams. All these optical agents are made to revolve round the central lamp, and the sailor receives a full flash when the axis of one of the emerging beams passes his eye, and as soon as it passes him he is in darkness until the next beam comes round." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Fresnels Revolving Light

"Fresnel's Revolving Light. —In this form of revolving light the central burner is surrounded by annular…

"Fresnel's Revolving Light. —In this form of revolving light the central burner is surrounded by annular lenses L, and a compound arrangement of inclined trapezoidal lenses L' and plane silvered mirrors M. The inclined lenses fit closely to each other and form a pyramidal dome, and the light, intercepted by them, is sent upwards in inclined beams until, falling upon the plane mirrors M, it is sent outwards in horizontal parallelized beams. All these optical agents are made to revolve round the central lamp, and the sailor receives a full flash when the axis of one of the emerging beams passes his eye, and as soon as it passes him he is in darkness until the next beam comes round." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Fresnels Revolving Light

"Fresnel's Revolving Light. —In this form of revolving light the central burner is surrounded by annular…

"In 1835 Mr. Stevenson, in a report to the Northern Lighthouse Board, proposed to add fixed reflecting prisms p below the lenses of Fresnel's revolving light, and he communicated this proposal to M. L. Fresnel, who approved of his suggestion, and assisted in carrying out the design in 1843. This combination added, however, but little to the power of the flash, and produced both a periodically flashing and constantly fixed light; but it must be remembered that the prism for fixed lights was the only kind of reflecting prism then known." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Stevensons Revolving Light

"In 1835 Mr. Stevenson, in a report to the Northern Lighthouse Board, proposed to add fixed reflecting…

"Catadioptric Holophote.—Part of the anterior hemisphere of rays is intercepted and at once parallelized by the lens L, whose principal focus (i.e., for parallel rays) is in the center of the flame, while the remainder is intercepted and made parallel by the paraboloid a, and thus the double agents in Fresnel's design are dispensed with. The rays of the posterior hemisphere are reflected by the spherical mirror b back again through the foxus, whence passing onwards one portion of them falls on the lens and the rest on the paraboloid, so as finally to emerge in union with and parallel to the front rays." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Catadioptric Holophote

"Catadioptric Holophote.—Part of the anterior hemisphere of rays is intercepted and at once parallelized…

"Catadioptric Holophote.—Part of the anterior hemisphere of rays is intercepted and at once parallelized by the lens L, whose principal focus (i.e., for parallel rays) is in the center of the flame, while the remainder is intercepted and made parallel by the paraboloid a, and thus the double agents in Fresnel's design are dispensed with. The rays of the posterior hemisphere are reflected by the spherical mirror b back again through the foxus, whence passing onwards one portion of them falls on the lens and the rest on the paraboloid, so as finally to emerge in union with and parallel to the front rays." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Catadioptric Holophote

"Catadioptric Holophote.—Part of the anterior hemisphere of rays is intercepted and at once parallelized…

"Holophotal Catadioptric Apparatus Revolving round a Central Flame." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Holophotal Catadioptric

"Holophotal Catadioptric Apparatus Revolving round a Central Flame." —The Encyclopedia Britannica,…

"Perfect Form of Dioptric Holophote for an Oil Flame.—By combining the back prisms ga, hc just described with a semi-holophote abc subtending 180 degrees and a portion of the dioptric spherical mirror ijk, no light is lost on the burner, and all the rays are parallelized, so that this apparatus, being all of glass, is both geometrically and physically perfect." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Dioptric Holophote

"Perfect Form of Dioptric Holophote for an Oil Flame.—By combining the back prisms ga, hc just described…

$"Professor Swan's Designs.—Among several ingenious arrangements and new forms of agents proposed by Professor Swan is the mode of sending rays from prisms through interstices left between other prisms placed in front, and also a form of agent which he termed the triesoptric prism, in which the rays would undergo two refractions and three reflexions. a are the front and b the triesoptric prisms. The two upper and lower prisms a are constructed of flint glass of high refractive power. It will be observed from the drawing that this ingenious arrangement is nevertheless open to objection, for cones of light of 30 degrees in front and of 65 degrees at the back are lost through the interstices." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910$

Swans Designs

"Professor Swan's Designs.—Among several ingenious arrangements and new forms of agents proposed by…

$"Condensing Straight Prisms.—These, either by reflexion or refraction or both, cause a ray fr proceeding in any compass bearing from a fixed light apparatus AA to emerge in the direction, e.g., parallel to the corresponding ray fb, which proceeds in the same compass bearing from another part of the apparatus and so of any other ray fc which is bent parallel to the ray fa." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910$

Straight Prisms

"Condensing Straight Prisms.—These, either by reflexion or refraction or both, cause a ray fr…

"Fixed Conensing Light for a Single Sector, 1850.—The holophote Light pLp throws its whole light on straight condensing prisms c, each of which distributes the rays over the required sector." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Condensing Light

"Fixed Conensing Light for a Single Sector, 1850.—The holophote Light pLp throws its whole light on…

"Condensing Quadrant.—The fixed apparatus bbb, with spherical mirror behind, throws its rays directly through the angle of 90 degrees afa', while the supplementary rays falling on the straight condensing prisms p, p, p', p' are sent out parallel to the corresponding rays in the unobstructed central quadrant of the main apparatus. The whole light will therefore be condensed equally over 90 degrees." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Condensing Quadrant

"Condensing Quadrant.—The fixed apparatus bbb, with spherical mirror behind, throws its rays directly…

"Condensing Octant.—The central fixed apparatus bb with spherical mirror dd throws its rays directly over the angle of 45 degrees pgp, while the supplemental rays fall upon the straight condensing prisms p, each of which spreads the incident rays parallel to the corresponding rays in the central angle pgp. In this way the whole of the front hemisphere of rays is parallelized in the vertical plane and spread equally over the 45 degree in azimuth." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Condensing Octant

"Condensing Octant.—The central fixed apparatus bb with spherical mirror dd throws its rays directly…

"Condensing Octant.—The central fixed apparatus bb with spherical mirror dd throws its rays directly over the angle of 45 degrees pgp, while the supplemental rays fall upon the straight condensing prisms p, each of which spreads the incident rays parallel to the corresponding rays in the central angle pgp. In this way the whole of the front hemisphere of rays is parallelized in the vertical plane and spread equally over the 45 degree in azimuth." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Condensing Octant

"Condensing Octant.—The central fixed apparatus bb with spherical mirror dd throws its rays directly…

"Condensing Twin Prism Light.—Part of the Lamiash light in the Firth of Clyde. Its action will be easily understood by the numbers shown on the diagram." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Twin Prism

"Condensing Twin Prism Light.—Part of the Lamiash light in the Firth of Clyde. Its action will…

"Solar Spectrum.—If a ray, proceeding from the sun, be admitted into a darkened chamber, through an aperture in the window shutter, and allowed to pass through a triangular shaped piece of glass, called a prism, the light will be decomposed, and instead of a spot of white, there will be seen, on the opposite wall, a most brilliant display of colors, including all those seen in the rainbow." —Comstock, 1850

Solar Spectrum

"Solar Spectrum.—If a ray, proceeding from the sun, be admitted into a darkened chamber, through…

"At sea the declination is generally observed by means of an azimuth compass invented by Kater. It consists of a magnet with a graduated compass card attached to it. At the side of the instrument opposite the eye there is a frame which projects upwards from the plane of the instrument in a nearly vertical direction, and this frame contains a wide rectangular slit cut into two parts by a wire extending lengthwise. The eye-piece is opposite this frame, and the observer is supposed to point the instrument in such a manner that the wire above mentioned shall bisect the sun's visible disk. There is a totally reflecting glass prism which throws into the eye-piece an image of the scale of the graduated card, so that the observer, having first bisected the sun's disk by the wire, must next read the division of the scale which is in the middle of the field of view." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Azimuth Compass

"At sea the declination is generally observed by means of an azimuth compass invented by Kater. It consists…

"In this the four lateral planes are rectangular and equal; they may be either oblong or square; in the latter case the form is the cube." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Primitive Crystal

"In this the four lateral planes are rectangular and equal; they may be either oblong or square; in…

"If the base is a square and the prism stands erect—that is, if its sides or lateral planes, as they are called, are perpendicular to the base—the form is termed a right square prism." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Primitive Crystal

"If the base is a square and the prism stands erect—that is, if its sides or lateral planes, as…

"When the base is a rectangle instead of a square, the form is a right rectangular prism." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Primitive Crystal

"When the base is a rectangle instead of a square, the form is a right rectangular prism." —The…

"When the base is a rhombus, and the prism stands erect, the form is a right rhombic prism." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Primitive Crystal

"When the base is a rhombus, and the prism stands erect, the form is a right rhombic prism." —The…

"When the base is a rhomboid, and the prism stands erect, it is only the opposite laeral faces that can be equal. The form is called a right rhomboidal prism." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Primitive Crystal

"When the base is a rhomboid, and the prism stands erect, it is only the opposite laeral faces that…

A prism and rhombohedron calcite crystal

Calcite

A prism and rhombohedron calcite crystal

A basal pinacoid, prism, and rhoombohedron calcite crystal

Calcite

A basal pinacoid, prism, and rhoombohedron calcite crystal

Three dimensional to two dimensional representation of an octagonal prism

Octagonal Prism Orthagonal Projection

Three dimensional to two dimensional representation of an octagonal prism

"C. Collimator; P, center of group of prisms; T, telescope; s, slit through which the ray of light enters, R, ray on its progress through prisms to telescope."—Finley, 1917

Spectroscope

"C. Collimator; P, center of group of prisms; T, telescope; s, slit through which the ray of light enters,…

Diagrammatic Representation of Spectroscope

"The light to be studied is admitted through a narrow slit (A) in the end of a tube, in such a way that…

Combination of holohedral tetragonal forms.

Combination of Tetragonal Prism and Basal Pinacoid

Combination of holohedral tetragonal forms.