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"The date is the fruit of a tall and graceful palm which shoots up a single straight stem to height of fifty or sixty feet, and then expands into a beautiful crown of leaves.

Date Tree

"The date is the fruit of a tall and graceful palm which shoots up a single straight stem to height…

"This tree, a native of India, is remarkable for its vast branches. It is a species of fig; has ovate, heart-shaped, entire leaves, about five or six inches long, and produces a fruit of a rich scarlet, not larger than a cherry, growing in pairs from the axils of the leaves." -Lupton

Banyan Tree

"This tree, a native of India, is remarkable for its vast branches. It is a species of fig; has ovate,…

"Called the Indian fig. The opuntia is a fleshly and succulent plant, destitute of leaves, covered with clusters of spines, and consisting of flattened joints inserted upon each other." -Marshall

Prickly Pear Cactus

"Called the Indian fig. The opuntia is a fleshly and succulent plant, destitute of leaves, covered with…

In architecture, an opening or a panel dividing by cusps or foliations into four leaves, or more correctly the leaf-shaped figure formed by the cusps. It is an ornament which has been supposed to represents the four leaves of a cruciform flower, and is common in the tracery of Gothic windows.

Quatrefoil Architecture

In architecture, an opening or a panel dividing by cusps or foliations into four leaves, or more correctly…

This gigantic flower, one of the marvels of the vegetable world, was discovered in the interior Sumatra by Sir. T Raffles and Dr. Arnold. The whole plant seems to consist of little else beyond the flower and root.

Raffle'sia Flower

This gigantic flower, one of the marvels of the vegetable world, was discovered in the interior Sumatra…

Leaf arrangements: left, alternate arrangement; right, opposite arrangement.

Leaf Arrangements

Leaf arrangements: left, alternate arrangement; right, opposite arrangement.

"Marginal forms of leaves: a- serrate, or saw-toothed. b- dentate, or toothed. c- crenate, or scalloped. d- repand, undulate, or wavy. e- sinuate. f- incised, cut or jagged." -Foster, 1921

Leaf Margins

"Marginal forms of leaves: a- serrate, or saw-toothed. b- dentate, or toothed. c- crenate, or scalloped.…

Two examples of leaf venation: left, parallel veining; right, netted veining.

Leaf Veins

Two examples of leaf venation: left, parallel veining; right, netted veining.

Leaves, flowers, and seeds from the Logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum).

Logwood

Leaves, flowers, and seeds from the Logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum).

The maidenhair fern or Adiantum.

Maidenhair Fern

The maidenhair fern or Adiantum.

The leaves, flowers, and fruit of the mango tree.

Mango

The leaves, flowers, and fruit of the mango tree.

The fruit and leaves of a mulberry tree or Morus.

Mulberry

The fruit and leaves of a mulberry tree or Morus.

A small cruciferous plant, growing in arid Arabia and Palestine. When full grown and ripe its leaves drop and it becomes rolled up like a ball in the dry season, but opens its branches and seed vessels when it comes in contact with moisture.

Illustration of Roots and Jericho Rose

A small cruciferous plant, growing in arid Arabia and Palestine. When full grown and ripe its leaves…

The mistletoe, a parasitic plant more well-known as a Christmas decoration.

Mistletoe

The mistletoe, a parasitic plant more well-known as a Christmas decoration.

"Cross-sections of leaves of an oak (Quercus novimexicana), showing the effect of different light conditions on the internal anatomy. 1, from leaf growing in sunlight; 2, from leaf growing in the shade." -Gager, 1916

Oak Leaf Cross-Section

"Cross-sections of leaves of an oak (Quercus novimexicana), showing the effect of different light conditions…

"Effect of removal of a leaflet from a palmately compound leaf (e.g. Woodbine). B, normal leaf; C, after removal of upper right-hand leaflet. A, Unbroken lines represent average normal position of leaflets; dotted lines, average position of leaflets after operation; barred line, position of leaflet removed." -Gager, 1916

Leaflet Removal

"Effect of removal of a leaflet from a palmately compound leaf (e.g. Woodbine). B, normal leaf; C, after…

"Fern leaves, showing various degrees of subdivision or branching of the blade. A, Phyllitis; B, Polypodium; C, Pteris; D, Adiantum." -Gager, 1916

Fern Leaves

"Fern leaves, showing various degrees of subdivision or branching of the blade. A, Phyllitis; B, Polypodium;…

"Adder's tongue fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum L.). R, runner or stolon." -Gager, 1916

Southern Adderstongue

"Adder's tongue fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum L.). R, runner or stolon." -Gager, 1916

"Regeneration at the leaf-base of potato leaves (Solanum tuberosum). a, roots formed; b, tuber-like enlargement; c, same as b, with roots; d, formation of true tuber." -Gager, 1916

Potato Root Stages

"Regeneration at the leaf-base of potato leaves (Solanum tuberosum). a, roots formed; b, tuber-like…

"Wild senna (Cassia marilandica)." -Gager, 1916

Wild Senna

"Wild senna (Cassia marilandica)." -Gager, 1916

"Broccoli (leaves and flowers both used)." -Gager, 1916

Broccoli

"Broccoli (leaves and flowers both used)." -Gager, 1916

These are very destructive parasites that attack valuable crops. Rusty lines and dots appear on the leaves, which are masses of spores called summer spores.

Summer Spores (Uredospores) on Wheat

These are very destructive parasites that attack valuable crops. Rusty lines and dots appear on the…

An illustration of an electric bell. "The magnetizing coils are a a, and they are connected with their terminals at binding posts b1, b2. When these binding posts are connected with the electric current and the circuit is closed, the armature, at d, will be attracted, and will push the hammer e upon the bell. When the armature is attracted, the spring f leaves the screw contact g, against which it rests." -Foster, 1921

Electric Bell

An illustration of an electric bell. "The magnetizing coils are a a, and they are connected with their…

The leaves and fruit of the elm tree.

Elm Leaves and Fruit

The leaves and fruit of the elm tree.

The female flowers and fruit of the fig tree.

Fig Flowers and Fruit

The female flowers and fruit of the fig tree.

The Florida state flower, the orange blossom.

Orange Blossom

The Florida state flower, the orange blossom.

A bean plant showing roots, stem, leaves, and beans.

Bean Sprout

A bean plant showing roots, stem, leaves, and beans.

"When the caterpillar wants to gnaw the edge of a leaf, it twists its body in such a way that at least one portion of the edge of the leaf is held between its legs, while the insect's jaws cut the leaf."

Looper Caterpillar Eating the Leaves of the Apricot (After Reaumur)

"When the caterpillar wants to gnaw the edge of a leaf, it twists its body in such a way that at least…

"Among caterpillars that make a very slight cocoon, some gather two or three leaves into a ball, to protect them."

Larvae of Catocala Fraxini

"Among caterpillars that make a very slight cocoon, some gather two or three leaves into a ball, to…

"Before its metamorphosis, it encloses itself in a shapeless cocoon, made of the debris of leaves held together by threads placed on the surface of the ground."

Caterpillar of Humming-bird Hawk-moth (Macroglossa Stellatarum)

"Before its metamorphosis, it encloses itself in a shapeless cocoon, made of the debris of leaves held…

"Use the entire blossom mingled with buds and green leaves, all short stemmed, not longer than three or four inches. Bind the stems with string on a circle made of a piece of willow or some other pliable material, and be sure to removed the thorns from all them stems before weaving the wreath." -Beard, 1906

Wreath of roses

"Use the entire blossom mingled with buds and green leaves, all short stemmed, not longer than three…

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves come 3 in a bundle, 9 to 12 inches long.

Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Two-thirds natural size. Leaf bundle.

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves come 3 in a bundle,…

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves are 9 to 12 inches long.

Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Two-thirds natural size. Primary leaf bracts (magnified)

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves are 9 to 12 inches…

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves are 9 to 12 inches long.

Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Two-thirds natural size. cross sections (magnified) of leaves.

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves are 9 to 12 inches…

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves are 9 to 12 inches long.

Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Two-thirds natural size. cross sections (magnified) of leaves.

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves are 9 to 12 inches…

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves are 9 to 12 inches long.

Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Two-thirds natural size. cross sections (magnified) of leaves.

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves are 9 to 12 inches…

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves are 9 to 12 inches long.

Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Two-thirds natural size. epidermis of leaf (magnified)

The longleaf pine commonly found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The leaves are 9 to 12 inches…

"In order to get them to leave their old food and feed upon the bright and newer leaves, a net is spread over them, on which is laid the supply of tender leaves. The worms at once leave the old food, crawl through the meshes of the net, and all begin feeding on the new leaves."

Silkworm, Lozenge Shaped Net

"In order to get them to leave their old food and feed upon the bright and newer leaves, a net is spread…

"In order to get them to leave their old food and feed upon the bright and newer leaves, a net is spread over them, on which is laid the supply of tender leaves. The worms at once leave the old food, crawl through the meshes of the net, and all begin feeding on the new leaves."

Silkworm, Square Net

"In order to get them to leave their old food and feed upon the bright and newer leaves, a net is spread…

Two or three species of yucca are called Spanish bayonet. The shrub has a thick stalk about 3 or 4 feet tall, bearing sharp pointed leaves. In the center is the flower-bearing stalk.

Spanish bayonet (yucca baccata).

Two or three species of yucca are called Spanish bayonet. The shrub has a thick stalk about 3 or 4 feet…

The creosote is a sticky, resinous bush with small round evergreen leaves, yellow flowers, woolly fruit, and a very strong disagreeable odor.

Creosote bush (larrea mexicana)

The creosote is a sticky, resinous bush with small round evergreen leaves, yellow flowers, woolly fruit,…

The acacia have small leaves and very small yellow flowers in dense spherical or cylindrical heads. The <em>acacia constricta</em> is well distinguished by the slender pods constricted between the seeds.

Acacia bush (acacia constricta).

The acacia have small leaves and very small yellow flowers in dense spherical or cylindrical heads.…

Amole has a cluster of thick spiny-margined leaves, from which arises a stem an inch or two in diameter, bearing at the top a showy pancle of creamy white flowers.

Amole (agave parryi)

Amole has a cluster of thick spiny-margined leaves, from which arises a stem an inch or two in diameter,…

The palo verde is a very peculiar naked evergreen tree. It has small freen leaves in the rainy season, but these soon drop off and the smooth, light green surface makes it appear as if stripped of bark as well as leaves.

Palo verde (parkinsonia torreyana).

The palo verde is a very peculiar naked evergreen tree. It has small freen leaves in the rainy season,…

"Besides the rolling and folding caterpillars, there are still those which bind up a good many leaves in one packet. These packets are to be found on nearly every tree and shrub; the caterpillar lying nearly in the middle of the packet, is well sheltered, and surrounded by a good supply of food."

Willow Leaves Rolled by a Caterpillar

"Besides the rolling and folding caterpillars, there are still those which bind up a good many leaves…

"Besides the rolling and folding caterpillars, there are still those which bind up a good many leaves in one packet. These packets are to be found on nearly every tree and shrub; the caterpillar lying nearly in the middle of the packet, is well sheltered, and surrounded by a good supply of food."

Section of Willow Leaves Rolled by a Caterpillar

"Besides the rolling and folding caterpillars, there are still those which bind up a good many leaves…

"Represents a hive constructed with leaves, which open like a book; it was invented by a naturalist to better observe their operations."

Beehive in Leaves

"Represents a hive constructed with leaves, which open like a book; it was invented by a naturalist…

"The Leaf Cutting Bees make their nests in tubes lined with the leaves of the rose, the willow, the lilac, etc., placed in a cylindrical burrow."

Rose Megachile Bee (Megachile Centuncularis)

"The Leaf Cutting Bees make their nests in tubes lined with the leaves of the rose, the willow, the…

Also known as the Parasol Ant. They are called this because of the way they carry leaves above their heads.

Brazilian Umbrella Ant (Atla Cephalotes)

Also known as the Parasol Ant. They are called this because of the way they carry leaves above their…

An illustration of a broad leaf laurel.

Broad leaf laurel

An illustration of a broad leaf laurel.

"Another species which devours the leaves of pine trees. It represents another family of saw-flies."

Saw Fly (Lophyrus Pini)

"Another species which devours the leaves of pine trees. It represents another family of saw-flies."

"These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They are nature's undertakers. A great number live on the skins and flesh of dried animals; some attack roots, bark, wood, leaves and fruits."

Cetonia Argentea

"These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They are nature's undertakers. A great…

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They are nature's undertakers. A great number live on the skins and flesh of dried animals; some attack roots, bark, wood, leaves and fruits."

Goliathus Derbyana

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They…

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They are nature's undertakers. A great number live on the skins and flesh of dried animals; some attack roots, bark, wood, leaves and fruits."

Goliathus Polyphemus

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They…

"Interior of a Brazilian forest on the Organ Mountains." -Lindley, 1853

Brazilian Forest

"Interior of a Brazilian forest on the Organ Mountains." -Lindley, 1853

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They are nature's undertakers. A great number live on the skins and flesh of dried animals; some attack roots, bark, wood, leaves and fruits. The male of the Goliaths, found on the coast of Guiana."

Goliathus Cacicus (Male)

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They…

"The innumerable tribe of Harpalidae (or Harpalinae) contains carnivorous beetles of very small size. Hidden under stones, in dry leaves, at the foot of trees, they attack a number of small insects, caterpillars, etc., exterminating a quantity of vermin."

Harpalus Aeneus

"The innumerable tribe of Harpalidae (or Harpalinae) contains carnivorous beetles of very small size.…

"The innumerable tribe of Harpalidae (or Harpalinae) contains carnivorous beetles of very small size. Hidden under stones, in dry leaves, at the foot of trees, they attack a number of small insects, caterpillars, etc., exterminating a quantity of vermin."

Larva of Galerita Lecontei

"The innumerable tribe of Harpalidae (or Harpalinae) contains carnivorous beetles of very small size.…

"The innumerable tribe of Harpalidae (or Harpalinae) contains carnivorous beetles of very small size. Hidden under stones, in dry leaves, at the foot of trees, they attack a number of small insects, caterpillars, etc., exterminating a quantity of vermin."

Larva of Mormolyce Phyllodes

"The innumerable tribe of Harpalidae (or Harpalinae) contains carnivorous beetles of very small size.…

"The caterpillar of which, commonly known as the tobacco-worm in the Middle States, is very destructive to the leaf of the tobacco-plant, when the worm is young, by eating holes in the leaves, thus spoiling them for use as wrappers for cigars, and when old by devouring the whole of the leaf itself." -Watts, 1874

Tobacco worm

"The caterpillar of which, commonly known as the tobacco-worm in the Middle States, is very destructive…