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"The European hedge woundwort, a tall hairy plant, with heart-shaped leaves, and numerous whorls of full purple flowers, usually six in a whorl."

Stackys sylvatica

"The European hedge woundwort, a tall hairy plant, with heart-shaped leaves, and numerous whorls of…

Nerve fibers. Labels: a, nerve-fiber, showing complete interruption of the white substance; b, another nerve fiber with nucleus. In both these nerve fibers the white substance is stained black with osmic acid, and the axon is seen running as an uninterrupted strand through the center of the fiber. c, ordinary nerve fiber unstained; d, e, smaller nerve fiber; f, varicose nerve fiber; g, non-medullated nerve fibers.

Nerve Fibers

Nerve fibers. Labels: a, nerve-fiber, showing complete interruption of the white substance; b, another…

Diagram showing anatomy of the spinal nerve roots and adjacent parts. Labels: G., gray matter of the spinal cord; W., white matter of the same; D.H., dorsal horn of gray matter; V.H., ventral horn of gray matter; D.R., dorsal root of spinal nerve; Sp.G., spinal ganglion; V.R., ventral root of the spinal nerve; Sp. N., spinal nerve; Rc., communicating branch (ramus communicans); S.G., sympathetic ganglion.

Spinal Nerve Roots

Diagram showing anatomy of the spinal nerve roots and adjacent parts. Labels: G., gray matter of the…

Red and white corpuscles (cells) of the blood, magnified. Labels: A, moderately magnified, the red corpuscles are seen in rouleaux; a, a, white corpuscles; B, C, D, red corpuscles, highly magnified, seen in different positions; E, a red corpuscle swollen in to a sphere by absorption of water; F, G, white corpuscles, highly magnified; K, white corpuscle treated with acetic acid; H, I, red corpuscles wrinkled or crenated.

Red and White Blood Cells

Red and white corpuscles (cells) of the blood, magnified. Labels: A, moderately magnified, the red corpuscles…

Plan of the blood vessels connected with the tubules. "The blood passes downwards in straight vessels between the uriniferous tubules, to be returned by more or less straight veins to the venous arches, whence it is conveyed by large branches into the renal vein, which leaves the kidney at the hilus and pours its contents into the inferior vena cava... Urine is secreted from the blood in two ways. It is partly removed by a process of transudation or filtration, and partly by the secretary action of the cells lining the uriniferous tubules." —Kimber, 1907.

Plan of the Blood Vessels Connected with the Tubules

Plan of the blood vessels connected with the tubules. "The blood passes downwards in straight vessels…

"Experiment to illustrate electrostatic induction. The leaves will diverge, ever though the charged ebonite rod does not approach to within a foot of the electroscope." -Hawkins, 1917

Electrostatic Induction

"Experiment to illustrate electrostatic induction. The leaves will diverge, ever though the charged…

"Faraday's ice pail experiment. An ice pail P connected with gold leaves of an electroscope C, is placed on an insulating stand S. A charged conductor K, carried by a silk thread, is lowered into the pail, and finally touches it at the bottom. While it is being lowered the leaves of the electroscope diverge farther and farther, until K is well within the pail, after which they diverge no more, even when K touches the pail or is afterwards withdrawn by the insulation thread. After withdrawal, K is found to be completely discharged." -Hawkins, 1917

Faraday's Ice Pail Experiment

"Faraday's ice pail experiment. An ice pail P connected with gold leaves of an electroscope C, is placed…

Subcutaneous areolar tissue from a young rabbit, highly magnified. The white fibers are in wavy bundles, the elastic fibers form an open network. Labels: p, p, vacuolated cells; g, granular cells; c, c, branching lamellar cells; c', a flattened cells, of which only the nucleus and some scattered granules are visible; f, fibrillated cell. "If we make a cut through the skin of some part of the body where there is no subcutaneous fat, as in the upper eyelid, and proceed to raise it from the parts lying beneath, we observe that it is loosely connected to them by a soft filmy substance of considerable tenacity and elasticity. This is areolar tissue. It is also found, in like manner, under the serous and mucous membranes, and serves to attach them to the parts which they line or cover. Proceeding further, we find this areolar tissue lying between the muscles, the blood-vessels, and other deep-seated parts; also forming investing sheaths for the muscles, the nerves, the blood-vessels, and other parts. It both connects and insulates entire organs, and, in addition, performs the same office for the finer parts of which these organs are made up. It is thus one of the most general and most extensively distributed of the tissues." —Kimber, 1907

Subcutaneous Areolar Tissue from a Young Rabbit

Subcutaneous areolar tissue from a young rabbit, highly magnified. The white fibers are in wavy bundles,…

"In order that the successive wheels should revolve in the same time, and their circumfrences should be just equal to the length of rope passing between them...By this construction, although the length of rope passing over each was different, yet their revolutions are equal, both with respect to time and number." -Comstock 1850

White's Pulley

"In order that the successive wheels should revolve in the same time, and their circumfrences should…

"Although a ray of light will pass in a straight line, when not interrupted, yet when it passes obliquely from one transparent body into another, of a different density, it leaves its linear direction, and is bent, or refracted more or less, out of its former course." -Comstock 1850

Refraction of Light

"Although a ray of light will pass in a straight line, when not interrupted, yet when it passes obliquely…

"If light from a highly luminous body is admitted to a darkened room through a small hole in the shutter and ther received upon a white screen, it will form an inverted image of the object." -Avery 1895

Image by Aperature

"If light from a highly luminous body is admitted to a darkened room through a small hole in the shutter…

"The prism will deflect the red and orange, and form a reddish colored image at n. The violet, indigo, blue, green and yellow light, not caught by the prism, will unite at f to form a greenish image. When the prism is removed, the reddish light that fell at n, and the greenish light that fell at f, unite to form white light." -Avery 1895

Refraction of Complimentary Colors

"The prism will deflect the red and orange, and form a reddish colored image at n. The violet, indigo,…

"A prism is used to disperse ordinary light, and slits are cut in paper S to only allow yellow and blue light to pass. These two simple colors will be blended by the lens, forming a light that is nearly white. The effect of mingling any two colors may be determined in this way." -Avery 1895

Color Spectrum

"A prism is used to disperse ordinary light, and slits are cut in paper S to only allow yellow and blue…

"A long ribbon of white paper is attached on a spool, and connected to a receiver that is wired to a switch. When the switch is closed, a signal is sent to the receiver, and it marks either a dot or dash on the paper." -Avery 1895

One Way Telegraph

"A long ribbon of white paper is attached on a spool, and connected to a receiver that is wired to a…

Villi of the small intestine, magnified about 80 diameters. In the left-hand figure the lacteals, a,b,c, are filled with white injection; d, blood-vessels. In the right-hand figure the lacteals alone are represented, filled with a dark injection. The epithelium covering the villi, and their muscular fibers are omitted.

Small Intestine Villi

Villi of the small intestine, magnified about 80 diameters. In the left-hand figure the lacteals, a,b,c,…

Vertical section of the intestinal mucous membrane of the rabbit. Two villi are represented, in one of which the dilated lacteal alone is shown, in the other the blood vessels and lacteal are both seen injected, the lacteal white, the blood vessels dark; a, the lacteal vessels of the villi; a', horizontal lacteal, which they join; b, capillary blood vessels in one of the villi; c, small artery; d, vein; e, the epithelium covering the villi; g, tubular glands or crypts of Lieberkuhn, some divided down the middle, others cut more irregularly; i, the submucous layer. A, cross-section of three tubular glands more highly magnified.

Rabbit's Intestinal Mucous Membrane

Vertical section of the intestinal mucous membrane of the rabbit. Two villi are represented, in one…

Blood corpuscles. Labels: A, magnified about 400 diameters. The red corpuscles have arranged themselves in rouleaux; a, a, colorless corpuscles; B, red corpuscles more magnified and seen in focus; E, a red corpuscle slightly out of focus. Near the right-hand top corner is a red corpuscle seen in three-quarter face, and at C one seen edgewise. F,G,kH,I, white corpuscles highly magnified.

Blood Cells

Blood corpuscles. Labels: A, magnified about 400 diameters. The red corpuscles have arranged themselves…

White blood corpuscle (cell), sketched at successive intervals of a few seconds to illustrate the changes of form due to its amoeboid movements.

Blood Cells

White blood corpuscle (cell), sketched at successive intervals of a few seconds to illustrate the changes…

Circulation in frog's foot under a microscope. Labels: A, walls of capillaries; B, tissue of web lying between the capillaries; C, cells of epidermis covering web (these are only shown in the right-hand and lower part of the field; in the other parts of the field the focus of the microscope lies below the epidermis); D, nuclei of these epidermic cells; E, pigment cells contracted, not partially expanded; F, red blood corpuscle (oval in the frog) passing along capillary -- nucleus not visible; G, another corpuscle squeezing its way through a capillary, the canal of which is smaller than its own transverse diameter; H, another bending as it slides round a corner; K, corpuscle in capillary seen through the epidermis; I, white blood corpuscle.

Circulation in a Frog's Foot

Circulation in frog's foot under a microscope. Labels: A, walls of capillaries; B, tissue of web lying…

"Features six movable pulleys aligned on the same axis. This pulley was invented to reduce the friction of each block to a single wheel." —Quackenbos 1859

White's Pulley

"Features six movable pulleys aligned on the same axis. This pulley was invented to reduce the friction…

"Since air is a rarer medium and water is denser, as ray A passes into the water, it is refracted to C. Also note that as ray B leaves the water, it is refracted to D as it enters the air." —Quackenbos 1859

Refraction Between Mediums

"Since air is a rarer medium and water is denser, as ray A passes into the water, it is refracted to…

The right retina as it would be seen if the front part of the eyeball with the lens and vitreous humor were removed. The white disk to the right marks the entry of the optic nerve (blind spot); the lines radiating from this are the retinal arteries and veins. The small central dark patch is the yellow spot, the region of most acute vision.

Retina Blind Spot

The right retina as it would be seen if the front part of the eyeball with the lens and vitreous humor…

Geometric pattern for translation and rotation exercises.

Geometric Block Pattern 101

Geometric pattern for translation and rotation exercises.

White fibrous tissue, a type of connective tissue composed of smaller fine wavy interlacing fibers which branch and join each other along with yellow fibrous tissue.

Connective Tissue

White fibrous tissue, a type of connective tissue composed of smaller fine wavy interlacing fibers which…

Yellow fibrous tissue, a type of connective tissue composed of larger fibers which branch and join each other along with white fibrous tissue.

Connective Tissue

Yellow fibrous tissue, a type of connective tissue composed of larger fibers which branch and join each…

A diagram of nerve tubules A nerve tube consists of a white portion which is fatty, and which protects the central portion, or axis cylinder. Surrounding these is a tubular membrane composed of epithelial cells. The nerve of the body are made up of bundles of these tubes, bound together by connective tissue and enclosed in a sheath of the same. Labels: a, axis cylinder; b, inner border of white substance; c, c, outer border of same; d, ,d, tubular membrane; B, tubular fibers; e, in natural state; f, under pressure; g, g', varicose fibers.

Nerve Tubules

A diagram of nerve tubules A nerve tube consists of a white portion which is fatty, and which protects…

Bag with four white, four striped, and two black marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with Ten Marbles

Bag with four white, four striped, and two black marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with four white, three black, and three striped marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with Ten Marbles

Bag with four white, three black, and three striped marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with four striped, three black, and three white marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with Ten Marbles

Bag with four striped, three black, and three white marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with four black, four white, and two striped marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with Ten Marbles

Bag with four black, four white, and two striped marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with four black, three white, and three striped marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with Ten Marbles

Bag with four black, three white, and three striped marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with four black, four striped, and two white marbles used for a probability activity.

Bag with Ten Marbles

Bag with four black, four striped, and two white marbles used for a probability activity.

"The general appearance of the aurora is that of an arch of white light rising from the horizon, like the morning down, from which reddish streamers radiate upward, appearing and disappearing in rapid succession, in a series extending along the rim of the arch from one extremity to the other, often with an undulatory motion, the arch continually rising till the streamers sometimes reach the zenith." -Atkinson 1903

Aurora Borealis

"The general appearance of the aurora is that of an arch of white light rising from the horizon, like…

Cross-section of the brain. Here the upper half of the brain is cut off, and you see the upper cut surface of the lower half. The outer shaded part is the gray matter, and the inner lighter area is the white matter. In the center is the corpus callosum, a type of white matter that connects the two hemispheres together.

Cross-Section of the Brain

Cross-section of the brain. Here the upper half of the brain is cut off, and you see the upper cut surface…

Half Cent (1/2 cent) United States coin from 1793. Obverse has a left-facing profile of Liberty with a cap on a pole and the inscription - LIBERTY 1793. Reverse shows the value in a laurel wreath, formed with leaves and sprays of berries, two branches crossed, stems tied with ribbon and inscribed - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1/200

Copper Half Cent Coin, 1793

Half Cent (1/2 cent) United States coin from 1793. Obverse has a left-facing profile of Liberty with…

Cent (1 cent) United States coin from 1793. Obverse has a right-facing Liberty with LIBERTY above and olive sprig and the date inscribed below. Reverse shows the value in a wreath of two olive branches with stems crossed, tied with a single bow; contains leaves, sprays of berries and trefoils. The inscription surrounds the branches and reads - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1/100

Copper Cent Coin, 1793

Cent (1 cent) United States coin from 1793. Obverse has a right-facing Liberty with LIBERTY above and…

Blood corpuscles (cells). Labels: A, magnified about 400 diameters. The red corpuscles have arranged themselves in rouleaux; a, a, colorless corpuscle; B, red corpuscles more magnified and seen in focus; E, a red corpuscle slightly out of focus. Near the right -hand top corner is a red corpuscle seen in three-quarter face, and at C one is seen edgewise. F, G, H, I, white corpuscles highly magnified.

Blood Corpuscles

Blood corpuscles (cells). Labels: A, magnified about 400 diameters. The red corpuscles have arranged…

A white blood corpuscle sketched at successive intervals of a few seconds to illustrate the change of form due to tis amoeboid movements.

White Blood Corpuscle

A white blood corpuscle sketched at successive intervals of a few seconds to illustrate the change of…

Villi of the small intestine; magnified about 80 diameters. In the right hand figure the lacteals, a, b, c, are filled with white injection; d, blood vessels. In the left-hand figure the lacteals alone are represented, filled with a dark injection. The epithelium covering the villi, and their muscular fibers, are omitted.

Villi of the Small Intestine

Villi of the small intestine; magnified about 80 diameters. In the right hand figure the lacteals, a,…

Leaves - simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf - five to ten inches long, thin, dark green above; green beneath and slightly downy; growing along the branch and not simply in a cluster at its end. Bark - dark and rough. Flowers - three to six inches across, bluish or yellowish-white, abundant and fragrant. May, June. Fruit - in a cylinder-shaped bunch, two to three inches long, and somewhat resembling a small cucumber. Found - in rich woods from Western New York to southern Illinois and southward, and in cultivation. Its finest growth is in the southern Alleghany Mountains. General Information - A tree sixty to ninety feet high, with a straight trunk and rich foliage. The wood is durable, soft, and light. Used for cabinet-work, for flooring, for pump-logs, and water-troughs. As in other magnolias the juice is bitter and aromatic. From "magnol," the name of a botanist of the seventeenth century.

Genus Magnolia, L. (Magnolia)

Leaves - simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf -…

Leaves - Simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval or slightly reverse egg-shape. Apex, slightly blunt-pointed. Base, pointed. Leaf -about three to six inches long, thick and smooth; dark green and polished above; white below; the middle rib green and distinct; the side ribs slight and indistinct. Bark - of trunk, smoothish, light gray, aromatic and bitter. Flowers - large (two to three inches wide), white, at the ends of the branches, very fragrant. June, July. Fruit - bright red berries, at first in small cone-like clusters, then hanging by slender threads. September. Found - in swampy ground, from Massachusetts southward, usually near the coast. <p>General Information - A small tree (often a bush) four to twenty-five feet high, or higher southward, where its leaves are evergreen. All parts of the tree (and it is the same with the other magnolias) have an intensely bitter, aromatic juice, which is stimulating and tonic. From "magnol," the name of a botanist of the seventeenth century.

Genus Magnolia, L. (Magnolia)

Leaves - Simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval or slightly reverse egg-shape. Apex, slightly…

Leaves - Simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval or slightly reverse egg-shape. Apex, short, sharp-pointed. Base, pointed. Leaf - twelve to thirty-six inches long, six to eight inches wide; rather dark green above; lighter beneath; silky when young, but soon smooth; growing in clusters at the ends of the branches. Bark - smoothish and light. Flowers - seven to eight inches across, at the ends of the branches, white, and fragrant. May, June. Fruit - in a cylinder-shaped bunch, four to five inches long, and rose-colored as it ripens. Found - in Southeastern Pennsylvania and southward along the Alleghany Mountains, and in cultivation. <p>General Information - A tree twenty to thirty feet high, with irregular branches, and light, soft wood. As in other magnolias the juice is bitter and fragrant. From "magnol," the name of a botanist of the seventeenth century.

Genus Magnolia, L. (Magnolia)

Leaves - Simple, alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval or slightly reverse egg-shape. Apex, short,…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - long, reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed, in small leaves, sometimes rounded. Base - taper-pointed or slightly rounded. Leaf - five to ten inches long, thin, rusty downy with young, soon becoming smooth and polished. Bark - slivery-gray, smooth and polished; young shoots downy. Flowers - one and a half inches wide; dark to light, in drooping clusters, appearing with the leaves. March, April. Fruit - about three inches long by one and a half inches thick, egg-shape, yellow, about ten-seeded, fragrant, sweet, and edible. October. Found - from Western New York to Southern Iowa and southward. General Information - A small tree of unpleasant odor when bruised, ten to twenty feet high (or often only a bush) and densely clothed with its long leaves. <p>General Information - A small tree of unpleasant odor when bruised, ten to twenty feet high (or often only a bush) and densely clothed with its long leaves.

Genus Asimina, Adans (Papaw)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - long, reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed, in small…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - round heart-shape. Apex - tapering and rather blunt, sometimes with a short bristle. Base - heart shape. Leaf/Stem - smooth and swollen at each end into a sort of knob. Leaf - usually about four to five inches long and wide; rather thin, smooth above and below; with seven prominent ribs radiating from the end of the leaf-stem. Flowers - reddish, acid, usually abundant in small clusters along the branches; appearing before the leaves. March to May. Fruit - a small, many-seeded, flat pod, winged along the seed-bearing stem. Seeds - reverse egg-shape. Found - in rich soil, Western Pennsylvania, westward and southward. Common in cultivation. General Information - A small and fine ornamental tree, with long, flat-leaved branches. The name "Judas tree" is traditional. "This is the tree whereon Judas did hang himself, and not the elder tree, as it is said." From a Greek word meaning "shuttle," because of the shuttle-shaped pod.

Genus Cercis, L. (Red Bud)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - round heart-shape. Apex - tapering and rather blunt,…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf/Stem - slightly hairy when young. Leaf - two to five inches long; usually about half as broad; dark green and very shining above, especially when old; light green and shining below; thick, tough, and firm. Middle rib slightly hairy when young; side ribs rather indistinct and curved. Bark - grayish and often broken into short sections. Fertile Flowers - small, in clusters of three to eight on slender stems. April, May. Fruit - nearly one half inch long; bluish-black when ripe; egg-shape or oval; acid and rather bitter until "frosted." Stone - oval, somewhat pointed at each end, slightly flattened, and with three or four blunt ridges on each side. September. Found - from Southern Maine to Michigan, and southward to Florida and Texas. General Information - A tree twenty to forty feet high (larger southward), with flat, horizontal branches. The wood, even in short lengths, is very difficult of cleavage, and so is well fitted for beetles, hubs of wheels, pulleys, etc. Its leaves are the first to ripen in the fall, changing (sometimes as early as August) to a bright crimson. In the South, opossums climb the tree in search of its fruit and are immortalized in stories.

Genus Nyssa, L. (Sour Gum)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base -…

Leaves - simple; alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval or long egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed or rounded. Leaf - three to five inches long, thickish; dark and smooth, usually shining, above; below dull, with ribs curved and irregular and minutely downy. On the upper surface the ribs are quite indistinct, except as the lea is held toward the light when they appear almost transparent. In the same position the left is seen also to be edged with a slight delicate fringe (appearing in the dried leaf like a line of yellow light). Bark - of trunk dark and rough. Flowers - greenish-yellow and small, at the base of the leaf-stems. June. Fruit - about one inch in diameter, rounded, nearly stemless, orange-red when ripe, with about eight large flat seeds. After frost it is of very pleasant flavor, before, exceedingly "puckery." Found - from Connecticut southward to Florida and westward to Southeastern Iowa. General Information - A tree twenty to sixty feet high; sometimes, at the South, more than one hundred feet high. The wood is hard and close-grained; the bark tonic and astringent. From two Greek words meaning fruit of Jove.

Genus Diospyros, L. (Persimmon)

Leaves - simple; alternate, edge entire. Outline - long oval or long egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire or lobed. Outline - when the edge is entire usually oval or egg-shape; when lobed usually broader and reverse egg-shape. Apex - of the leaf or of the lobes rounded or slightly blunt-pointed. Base - pointed or wedge-shape. Leaf - variable in size, dark, thin, smooth; rather shining above; the lobes, when resent, two or three in number and usually more or less bulging, with the hollows always rounded. Bark - obliquely and curiously furrowed and broken, gray without, reddish within; young twigs yellowish. Flowers - greenish-yellow, in clusters. May, June. Fruit - oval, one-seeded, blue, with a reddish, club shaped stem; pungent. Found - from Southwestern Vermont, southward and westward. General Information - a tree fifteen to fifty feet high with light and soft wood. All parts of the tree have a pleasant, spicy taste and fragrance. From the bark of the roots a powerful aromatic stimulant is obtained.

Genus Sassafras, Nees. (Sassafras)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire or lobed. Outline - when the edge is entire usually oval or…

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very one-sided. Apex - pointed. Base - strongly heart-shaped. Leaf - usually about three to four inches wide, four to five inches long; sometimes much larger; rather thick, very smooth and shining above; with small tufts of reddish hairs in the angles of the ribs below; and often with the ribs themselves hairy. Bark - of the trunk very thick; on the young branches dark brown. Fruit - gray-downy, ovate, the size of small peas, clustered on a long stem of which the lower half is joined to half the length of a narrow, leaf-like bract, usually with a tapering base. Found - in rich woods, from British America southward to Virginia and along the Alleghany Mountains and westward. General Information - A straight-trunked tree, sixty to eighty feet high (often unbranching to half its height) and two to four feet in diameter. Its very tough inner bark is used for mats and coarse rope. The wood is white and soft and clear of knots. It is much used for wooden ware, in cabinet-work, and for the paneling of carriages, though now less esteemed than the tulip tree for these uses, owing to its liability to crack in bending.

Genus Tilia, L. (Basswood)

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very…

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very one-sided. Apex - pointed. Base - strongly heart-shaped. Leaf - five to eight inches long; deep green and shining above, beneath velvety and silvery white with purplish ribs. Bark - of the trunk very thick; on the young branches dark brown. Fruit - gray-downy, ovate, the size of small peas, clustered on a long stem of which the lower half is joined to half the length of a narrow, leaf-like bract, usually with a tapering base. Found - in rich woods, from the mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia and westward. General Information - A straight-trunked tree, twenty to thirty feet high (often unbranching to half its height) and two to four feet in diameter. Its very tough inner bark is used for mats and coarse rope. The wood is white and soft and clear of knots. It is much used for wooden ware, in cabinet-work, and for the paneling of carriages, though now less esteemed than the tulip tree for these uses, owing to its liability to crack in bending.

Genus Tilia, L. (Basswood)

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very…

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very one-sided. Apex - pointed. Base - strongly heart-shaped. Leaf - two to three inches long; thinner than the T. Americana, deep green and shining above, beneath somewhat downy. Bark - of the trunk very thick; on the young branches dark brown. Fruit - rounded, about one fourth of an inch in diameter, and with the base of the leaf-like bract to which it is attached usually rounded at the base. Found - in rich woods, from New York to Florida and westward.. General Information - A straight-trunked tree, twenty to thirty feet high (often unbranching to half its height) and two to four feet in diameter. Its very tough inner bark is used for mats and coarse rope. The wood is white and soft and clear of knots. It is much used for wooden ware, in cabinet-work, and for the paneling of carriages, though now less esteemed than the tulip tree for these uses, owing to its liability to crack in bending.

Genus Tilia, L. (Basswood)

Leaves - simple/alternate; edge somewhat irregularly very sharp-toothed. Outline - rounded, often very…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge with remote, very sharp spine-like teeth, with rounded spaces between. Outline - oval. Apex and Base - pointed. Leaf - about two inches long; dark polished green above; below rather yellowish-green; thick and stiff; smooth throughout; ribs very indistinct below. Bark - light gray and smooth. Fruit - a nearly round, bright-red berry, the size of a pea. It ripens in September and continues upon the branches into the winter. Found - from Massachusetts southward near the coast to Florida, and from Southern Indiana southwest, and southward to the Gulf. General Information - The use of holly and other evergreens in religious ceremonies dates from pagan times. "Trummying of the temples with floures, boughes, and garlondes, was taken of the heathen people, whiche decked their idols and houses with suche array.: Early church councils made rules and restrictions concerning the practice - e.g., in France Christians were forbidden "to decke up their houses with lawrell, yvie, and green gouches in the Christmas season," for "Hedera est gratissima Baccho." (The ivy is most acceptable to Bacchus.)

Genus Ilex, L. (Holly)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge with remote, very sharp spine-like teeth, with rounded spaces between.…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge with remote, not evergreen; egg-shape or long oval, rather thin with edge finely toothed, Outline - oval. Apex - taper-pointed. Leaf - about two inches long; dark polished green above; below rather yellowish-green; thick and stiff; smooth throughout; ribs very indistinct below. Bark - light gray and smooth. Fruit - a nearly round, bright-red berry, the size of a pea. It ripens in September and continues upon the branches into the winter. Found - in damp woods in the Catskill and Tahonic Mountains, and in Cattaraugus County, New York; through Pennsylvania as far east as Northampton County, and southward along the Alleghanies. General Information - This is usually regarded as a shrub, "but it not seldom attains the size and exhibits the port of a small tree" -(T. C. Porter).

Genus Ilex, L. (Holly)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge with remote, not evergreen; egg-shape or long oval, rather thin with…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge toothed (with the points of the teeth so incurved as to appear blunt), and often finely "crinkled." Outline - usually long oval or long egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base - rounded or slightly pointed. Leaf/Stem - usually with two to five tooth-like glands near the base of the leaf. Leaf - two to five inches long; thickish; polished, and of a deep shining green above; beneath, lighter and smooth, with the middle rib sometimes downy toward the base. In the autumn the leaves turn to orange and later to pale yellow. Bark - of old trunks, blackish and rough; of young trunks and on the larger branches, reddish or purplish brown; marked with scattered lines; on young shoots, at first green or olive brown, gradually becoming darker, and sprinkled (sic) with small orange dots. Flowers - white, with short stems, closely set in a long, cylinder-shaped cluster. May, June. Fruit - about one and a quarter inches in diameter; with short stems (one and a quarter to one and a third inches ) hanging in long, close clusters from the ends of the twigs. It is nearly black when ripe, and of a pleasant flavor though somewhat bitter; it is eagerly eaten by birds. August. Found - very widely distributed north, south, and west. It reaches its finest growth on the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains. General Information - A tree fifty to eighty feet high. The wood is light and hard, of a brown or reddish tinge, becoming darker with exposure, and of very great value in cabinet work and interior finish. It is now becoming scarce, so that stained birch is often used as a substitute. The bitter aromatic bark is used as a valuable tonic; "cherry brandy" is made from the fruit.

Genus Prunus L. (Cherry, Plum)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge toothed (with the points of the teeth so incurved as to appear blunt),…

Leaves - simple; alternate, or alternate in pairs; edge finely and sharply toothed. Outline - narrow egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded or slightly pointed. Leaf/Stem - grooved above. Leaf - two to six inches long, shining and smooth and of about the same shade of green on both sides. Bark - reddish-brown and smooth, with swollen, rusty-colored dots, and usually stripping, like that of the garden cherry, around the trunk. Flowers - white, on stems about one inch or more in length, in nearly stemless clusters. May. Fruit - the size of a large pea, light red, on long stems (about three fourths to one inch long), sour, in clusters of two to five at the sides of the branches, and usually from the base of the leaf-stems; seldom abundant. July. Found - Common in all northern forests. In Northern New England it quickly occupies burned-out pine regions. General Information - A slender tree, usually twenty to twenty-five feet high, of no value as timber.

Genus Prunus L. (Cherry, Plum)

Leaves - simple; alternate, or alternate in pairs; edge finely and sharply toothed. Outline - narrow…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed. Outline - long oval to reverse egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - pointed or rounded. Leaf/Stem - one fourth to one half inch long, smooth, reddish, usually with two small wart-like glands on the raised border near the base of the leaf. Leaf - two to three inches long; smooth when mature; "net-veined," with distinct furrows over the ribs; somewhat downy on the ribs and in their angles. Bark - of trunk very dark reddish-green or bronze-green, resembling that of a cherry-tree. Fruit - one half to two thirds inch in diameter; broad oval; yellow, orange, or red; with a thick and acid skin and a pleasant flavor. August. Stone - slightly flattened, and with both edges winged and sharp. Found - from Canada southward to Florida and westward, and often in cultivation. General Information - A small tree (sometimes a bush), eight to twenty feet high, with hard, reddish wood. In cultivation it forms an excellent stock on which to graft the domestic plums.

Genus Prunus L. (Cherry, Plum)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed. Outline - long oval to reverse egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed.…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge distinctly toothed when mature; sometimes near three-lobed Outline - egg-shape or oval Apex - pointed. Base - rounded or somewhat heart-shaped Leaf/Stem - one half to one inch long, very slender, downy Leaf - about two to three inches long, two thirds as wide, smooth. Flowers - large; rose-colored and white, in loose clusters of five to ten blossoms, and very fragrant. May. Fruit - round, one to one and a half inches in diameter; yellowish, fragrant, hard, and sour; fit only for preserving. Found - from Ontario to Western New York, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia; long the Alleghany Mountains, and westward. General Information - A small tree, ten to twenty feet high, rarely thirty feet, gaining its finest growth in the valleys of the lower Ohio. Often its presence is recognized before it is seen by means of the delightful fragrance of its blossoms.

Genus Pyrus L. (Apple, Mt. Ash)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge distinctly toothed when mature; sometimes near three-lobed Outline…

Leaves - simple; alternate (and in alternate bunches); edge unevenly sharp-toothed (with five to nine deep cuts almost forming small lobes). Outline - rounded egg-shape Apex - pointed Base - usually slightly pointed, but often blunt or slightly heart-shape. Leaf/Stem - slender and often with small wart-like glands. Leaf - usually one and a half to two and a half inches long, but of variable size on the same tree; thin; smooth; shining. Branchlets - greenish, or whitish and shining, as though washed with silver. Thorns - one to two inches long, stout, often whitish, usually slightly curved. Flowers - about two thirds of an inch across; white (often with a rosy tinge); twelve or so in a bunch; with a strong and rather disagreeable odor. May. Fruit - nearly one half inch in diameter; rounded or egg-shape; bright red; with thin pulp and one to five stones; somewhat edible. September Found - through the Atlantic forests southward to Northern Florida and Eastern Texas. General Information - A low tree (or often a bush), ten to twenty feet high, with crooked, spreading branches; very common at the North; rare in the South. From a Greek word meaning strength.

Genus Crataegus, L. (Thorn)

Leaves - simple; alternate (and in alternate bunches); edge unevenly sharp-toothed (with five to nine…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and unequally toothed (sometimes with quite deep and sharp cuts, almost forming small lobes. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape Apex - slightly pointed Base - tapering in a hollow curve and along the sides of the leaf-stem to a point Leaf/Stem - bordered by the leaf, to its base Leaf - about three to five inches long, one and a half to three inches wide; upper surface smoothish, and furrowed above the ribs; under surface downy at least when young; rather thick; permanently downy on the ribs. Thorns - one to two inches long Bark - of trunk, smooth and gray. New twigs, light greenish-brown Flowers - often one inch across; white eight to twelve in a cluster; at the ends of the branches; fragrant. May, June. Fruit - about one half inch in diameter, round or pear-shaped; orange-red or crimson; edible. October. Found - through the Atlantic forests to Western Florida, and from Eastern Texas far westward. Common. General Information - A thickly branching tree (or often a shrub) eight to twenty feet high; the most widely distributed of the American Thorns. It varies greatly in size, and in the style of its fruit and leaves. From a Greek word meaning strength.

Genus Crataegus, L. (Thorn)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and unequally toothed (sometimes with quite deep and sharp…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge unevenly sharp-toothed above the middle; sometimes, toward the apex deeply cut. Outline - reverse egg-shape. Apex - usually slightly pointed. Base - strongly wedge-shape, tapering from above the middle of the leaf and along the leaf-stem to a point. Leaf/Stem - one half to one inch long, slender, and winged by a tapering leaf. Leaf - one and a half to two and a half inches long; about as wide; light green; rather thick; downy when young; when mature, smooth and dull, or sometimes hairy below, especially of the ribs. Ribs, very straight below; above, marked by deep furrows. Thorns - one to two inches long, stout and curved, or often wanting. Bark - rough. Flowers - white; eight to fifteen in somewhat leafy bunches. May. Fruit - about one half inch in diameter, or more; usually dull red or yellow, with whitish dots; round; somewhat edible. September. Found - from New Brunswick and Vermont southward and westward. General Information - A thick, wide spreading tree, twelve to twenty-five feet high. From a Greek word meaning strength.

Genus Crataegus, L. (Thorn)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge unevenly sharp-toothed above the middle; sometimes, toward the apex…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge, sharply toothed above; entire below. Outline - reverse egg-shape. Apex - usually rounded, sometimes pointed. Base - tapering to a point, quite variable. Leaf/Stem - short. Leaf - one to two and a half inches long, half to three quarters as wide; dark green; thick, smooth, very shining above. Thorns - two to three inches long, rather slender and straight. Flowers - white; fragrant; in bunches of about fifteen blossoms, on very short side branchlets. June. Fruit - about one third inch in diameter; pear-shaped or round; red remaining on the three during the winter. Found - along the St. Lawrence and westward, and from Vermont, southward and westward; not common. General Information - A small, thick-branching tree, ten to twenty feet high. It is the best species of thorn for hedges. Var. pyracanthifolia has a somewhat narrower leaf and longer leaf stem. From a Greek word meaning strength.

Genus Crataegus, L. (Thorn)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge, sharply toothed above; entire below. Outline - reverse egg-shape.…