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(1850-1898) An American author who is famous for his novel set in the year 2000, <em>Looking Backward</em>, which was published in 1888.

Edward Bellamy

(1850-1898) An American author who is famous for his novel set in the year 2000, Looking Backward,…

(1782-1858) Thomas Hart Benton, also called Old Bullion, was an American Senator from Missouri and an advocate of westward expansion of the United States.

Thomas H. Benton

(1782-1858) Thomas Hart Benton, also called Old Bullion, was an American Senator from Missouri and an…

(1830-1983) An American statesman, legislator of Maine, member of the House of Representatives of the National Congress, Speaker of the House, member of the Senate, and Secretary of State.

James Gillespie Blaine

(1830-1983) An American statesman, legislator of Maine, member of the House of Representatives of the…

A short, broad, lance shaped weapon; used by the Philipinos in their operations against the American troops.

Filipino Bolo

A short, broad, lance shaped weapon; used by the Philipinos in their operations against the American…

A short, broad, lance shaped weapon; used by the Philipinos in their operations against the American troops.

Filipino Bolo

A short, broad, lance shaped weapon; used by the Philipinos in their operations against the American…

Trinity Church, a Protestant Episcopal church in Boston, Massachusetts.

Trinity

Trinity Church, a Protestant Episcopal church in Boston, Massachusetts.

(1771-1810) Charles Brockden Brown is an American novelist, historian, and magazine editor of the Early National period.

Charles B. Brown

(1771-1810) Charles Brockden Brown is an American novelist, historian, and magazine editor of the Early…

American opponent of slavery.

John Brown

American opponent of slavery.

(1791-1868) The 15th president of the United States.

James Buchanan

(1791-1868) The 15th president of the United States.

(1823-1914) U.S. Army officer and a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

Simon B. Buckner

(1823-1914) U.S. Army officer and a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil…

(1849-1924) Frances Hodgson Burnett was an English-American playwright and author.

Frances H. Burnett

(1849-1924) Frances Hodgson Burnett was an English-American playwright and author.

(1756-1836) American politician and adventurer. Burr is known for being the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton, resulting in Hamilton's death. He is also known for his trial and acquittal on charges of treason.

Aaron Burr

(1756-1836) American politician and adventurer. Burr is known for being the third Vice President, under…

(1802-1876) An American Congregational clergyman and theologian.

Horace Bushnell

(1802-1876) An American Congregational clergyman and theologian.

These are skew bevel wheels, made of a hyperboloid of revolution around an axis.

Sliding Contact

These are skew bevel wheels, made of a hyperboloid of revolution around an axis.

An illustration of a right circular cone with labels on slant height and altitude.

Right Circular Cone

An illustration of a right circular cone with labels on slant height and altitude.

An illustration of a circular cone.

Circular Cone

An illustration of a circular cone.

An illustration of a circular cone with the top cut off by a plane parallel to the base. The remaining part is called a frustum of a pyramid or a cone.

Circular Cone Frustum

An illustration of a circular cone with the top cut off by a plane parallel to the base. The remaining…

An illustration of a right circular cone with labels on slant height (12.422), radius (8), and altitude (12).

Right Circular Cone

An illustration of a right circular cone with labels on slant height (12.422), radius (8), and altitude…

An illustration of a right circular cone with labels on dimensions, and hole cut out. Illustration could be used for finding volume where subtraction is used.

Right Circular Cone With Hole Cut Out

An illustration of a right circular cone with labels on dimensions, and hole cut out. Illustration could…

An illustration of a right circular cone with altitude of 10 ft. and angle of 30 degrees.

Right Circular Cone 10 Feet High With 30 Degree Angle

An illustration of a right circular cone with altitude of 10 ft. and angle of 30 degrees.

An illustration of a right circular cone with la radius of 1 foot and a height of 2 feet. Illustration could be used to find volume.

Right Circular Cone With 2 ft. Height and 1 ft. Radius

An illustration of a right circular cone with la radius of 1 foot and a height of 2 feet. Illustration…

Illustration of the projection of point P as it moves around a vertical circle of radius 3 in. in a counterclockwise direction. It start with the radius in a horizontal position and moves with an angular velocity of one revolution in 10 seconds.

Projection of Points in Circular Motion

Illustration of the projection of point P as it moves around a vertical circle of radius 3 in. in a…

Illustration of the projection of point P as it moves around a vertical circle of radius 2 ft. in a counterclockwise direction. It start with the radius in a horizontal position and moves with an angular velocity of one revolution in .5 seconds.

Projection of Points in Circular Motion

Illustration of the projection of point P as it moves around a vertical circle of radius 2 ft. in a…

Illustration of a cylinder of revolution.

Cylinder of Revolution

Illustration of a cylinder of revolution.

Illustration of a cone of revolution.

Cone of Revolution

Illustration of a cone of revolution.

Illustration of a cone of revolution used to show that the lateral area is equal to half the product of the slant height by the circumference of the base.

Lateral Area of Cone of Revolution

Illustration of a cone of revolution used to show that the lateral area is equal to half the product…

Illustration of a cone with a polygon inscribed used to show that the volume of a circular cone is equal to one third the product of its base by its altitude.

Volume of Cone

Illustration of a cone with a polygon inscribed used to show that the volume of a circular cone is equal…

Illustration of a cone of revolution.

Cone of Revolution

Illustration of a cone of revolution.

"The lateral area of a frustum of a cone of revolution is equal to half the sum of the circumferences of its bases multiplied by the slant height."

Frustum of Cone to Find Lateral Area

"The lateral area of a frustum of a cone of revolution is equal to half the sum of the circumferences…

Frustum of a cone.

Frustum of Cone

Frustum of a cone.

"The volume of a frustum of a circular cone is equivalent to the sum of the volumes of three cones whose common altitude is the altitude of the frustum and whose bases are the lower base, the upper base, and the mean proportional between the bases of the frustum."

Frustum of Cone to Find Volume

"The volume of a frustum of a circular cone is equivalent to the sum of the volumes of three cones whose…

Frustum of a cone.

Frustum of Cone

Frustum of a cone.

Illustration of a sphere generated by the revolution of a semicircle ACB about its diameter AB as an axis.

Sphere Made by Revolution of Semicircle

Illustration of a sphere generated by the revolution of a semicircle ACB about its diameter AB as an…

Illustration of an isosceles spherical triangle.

Solids of Revolution

Illustration of an isosceles spherical triangle.

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and unequally toothed (sometimes with quite deep and sharp cuts, almost forming small lobes. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape Apex - slightly pointed Base - tapering in a hollow curve and along the sides of the leaf-stem to a point Leaf/Stem - bordered by the leaf, to its base Leaf - about three to five inches long, one and a half to three inches wide; upper surface smoothish, and furrowed above the ribs; under surface downy at least when young; rather thick; permanently downy on the ribs. Thorns - one to two inches long Bark - of trunk, smooth and gray. New twigs, light greenish-brown Flowers - often one inch across; white eight to twelve in a cluster; at the ends of the branches; fragrant. May, June. Fruit - about one half inch in diameter, round or pear-shaped; orange-red or crimson; edible. October. Found - through the Atlantic forests to Western Florida, and from Eastern Texas far westward. Common. General Information - A thickly branching tree (or often a shrub) eight to twenty feet high; the most widely distributed of the American Thorns. It varies greatly in size, and in the style of its fruit and leaves. From a Greek word meaning strength.

Genus Crataegus, L. (Thorn)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and unequally toothed (sometimes with quite deep and sharp…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and often doubly toothed. Outline - oval or egg-shaped, or inversely egg-shaped; always one-sided. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded, or slightly heart-shaped, rarely pointed. Leaf/Stem - about one quarter inch long. Buds - smooth. Leaf - usually two to five inches long, and one and a half to two and a half wide; somewhat downy when young, afterward roughish below; above, either rough in one direction, or (especially if taken from the ends of the long branches) smooth and shining. Ribs - prominent and straight. Bark - of the branches not marked with "corky ridges"; branchlets, smooth. Seeds - flat egg-shaped or oval, winged and fringed all around. Last of May. Found - northward to Southern Newfoundland; southward to Florida; westward to the Black Hills of Dakota. Toward the western and southwestern limits it is found only in the river-bottom lands. General Information - One of the very noblest of American trees, eighty feet or more in height, and of strong and graceful proportions. The trunk divides at a slight angle into two or three arching limbs, and these again into many smaller curving and drooping branches. The trunk and the larger branches are often heavily fringed with short and leafy boughs. The tree is widely cultivated. Streets planted with it become columned and arched like the aisles of a Gothic cathedral. The wood is hard, and very tough from the interlacing of its fibers. It is used in making saddle-trees and for wheel-hubs, and is now largely exported to England to be used in boat- and ship-building. One day I found four men in a stone quarry, working with iron bars and rollers over a heavy flat slab. They were moving the stone slowly up a narrow plant into their cart. "John, " I said, "I would not think that board could hold a stone of such weight two minutes. Is it hickory?" "No sir, " said John, " that's an elm plank; it can't break." It did not break. It was one of the woods which the Deacon used in building his famous "one-hoss shay": So the deacon inquired of the village folk Where he could find the strongest oak, That count n't be split nor bent nor broke, - That was for spokes and floor and sills; He sent for lancewood to make the thills; The cross-bars were ash, from the straightest trees; The panels of whitewood, that cuts like cheese, But lasts like iron for thing like these; The hubs of logs from the Settler's Ellum; - Last of its timber, - they could n't sell 'em, Never an axe had seen their chips, And the wedges flew from between their lips, Their blunt ends frizzled like celery-tips;" --Oliver Wendell Holmes

Genus Ulmus, L. (Elm)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and often doubly toothed. Outline - oval or egg-shaped, or…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed, with rounded hollows between. Outline - rounded. Apex - short, sharp-pointed. Base - slightly heart-shaped. Leaf/Stem - slender and very much flattened sidewise. Leaf - two to two and a half inches wide, and usually about one half inch shorter than wide; dark green; smooth on both sides when mature, with a slight down on the edge. Ribs distinct above and below and whitish. Bark - of trunk, greenish-white and smooth, often with blotches of very dark brown, especially under the ends of the branches. The bark is exceedingly bitter. Found - from Northern Kentucky and the mountains of Pennsylvania northward to Hudson Bay and Newfoundland, northwest to the Arctic Ocean, and along the Rocky Mountain slopes. It is the most widely distributed of North American Trees. General Information - A tree twenty to fifty feet high, with white, soft wood that is largely used in place of rags in making coarse paper. The tremulousness of its foliage, which the slightest breeze stirs, is due to the thinness of the sidewise-flattened leaf-stems. Tradition accounts differently for the motion of the leaves. It says that the wood of the aspen tree was taken for the Saviour's cross, and that, ever since, the tree has shivered. Another tradition claims that, when Christ went by on his way to Calvary, all the trees sympathized and mourned, excepting the aspen; but when he died, there fell upon the aspen a sudden horror of remorse, and such a fearful trembling as has never passed away. In describing the occupations of the fifty maidens in the hall of the "gorgeous palace" of King Alcinous, Homer says: "...some wove the web, Or twirled the spindle, sitting, with a quick, Light motion like the aspen's glancing leaves."

Genus Populus, L. (Aspen, Poplar)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed, with rounded hollows between. Outline - rounded. Apex…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge lobed (lobes entire). Outline - rounded. Apex - cut almost squarely across, with a shallow hollow, giving a square look to the upper half of the leaf. Base - usually heart-shape. Leaf - three to five inches long and wide; very smooth; with four to six lobes (two lobes at the summit; at the sides two, or two large and two small). Bark - of trunk, dark ash-color and slightly rough. Flowers - four to six inches across, greenish-yellow, marked within with orange, somewhat tulip-like, fragrant solitary. May, June. Found - from Southwestern Vermont to Michigan, southward and westward. Its finest growth is in the valley of the lower Wabash River and along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains. General Information - Among the largest and most valuable of the North American Trees. It is usually seventy to one hundred feet high, often much higher, with a straight, clear trunk, that divides rather abruptly at the summit into coarse and straggling branches. The wood is light and soft, straight grained, and easily worked, with the heart wood light yellow or brown, and the thin sap wood nearly white. It is very widely and variously used - for construction, for interior finish, for shingles, in boat-building, for the panels of carriages, especially in the making of wooden pumps and wooden ware of different kings. I asked a carpenter: "Hope, is n't it the tulip wood (which you call poplar*) that the carriage-makers use for their panels?" "Yes, and the reason is, because it shapes so easily. If you take a panel and wet one side, and hold the other side to a hot stove-pipe, the piece will just hub the pipe. It's the best wood there is for panelling." "Of all the trees of North America with deciduous leaves, the tulip tree, next to the buttonwood, attains the amplest dimensions, while the perfect straightness and uniform diameter of its trunk for upwards of forty feet, the more regular disposition of its branches, and the greater richness of its foliage, give it a decided superiority over the buttonwood and entitle it to be considered as one of the most magnificent vegetables of the temperate zone." - Michaux. *The name should be dropped. The tree is not a poplar. The tulip tree was very highly esteemed by the ancients; so much so that in some of their festivals they are said to have honored it by pouring over its roots libations of wine.

Genus Liriodendron, L. (Tulip Tree)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge lobed (lobes entire). Outline - rounded. Apex - cut almost squarely…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in two-leaved sheathed bunches. Leaf - needle-shape, about two and one half inches long, stiff; outer side smooth and rounded; inner side hollowed. Cones - about three and one half inches long, of a light yellow color, stemless, often united in clusters of fours. Scales - with a stout spine, widening at its base, one sixth of an inch in length. Found - within narrower limits than any other American Pine; along the Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to Tennessee, especially upon Table Mountain in North Carolina, one of the highest peaks of the range. General Information - A tree ten to fifty feet high, with light and soft wood, largely used for charcoal.

Genus Pinus, L. (Pine)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in two-leaved sheathed bunches (On vigorous young shoots the leaves are sometimes clustered in threes, not on the old branches.) Leaf - needle-shape, two and a half to five inches long, usually four to five inches; dark green; slender; rounded on the outer side; on the inner side, hollowed. Cone - about two to three inches long, in old trees scarcely more than one and a half inches long; the smallest of the American Pine cones; surface roughened by the slightly projecting ends of the scales; not growing in large clusters. Scales - tipped with a weak prickle pointing outward. Found - in Staten Island and New Jersey, and southward to Western Florida; through the Gulf States, Arkansas, and parts of Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois. General Information - An evergreen tree forty to eighty feet high, with straight trunk, regular branches, and pyramid-shaped head. The timber is hard and very valuable, second in value (among the Yellow Pines) only to the "Georgia Pine" (P. palustris -" Long-leaved Pine," "Southern Pine").

Genus Pinus, L. (Pine)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, thirteen to twenty-one); alternate; edge of leaflets sharp-toothed. Outline of leaflet - long egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded or slightly heart-shaped, and one-sided. Leaf/Stem - slightly downy. Leaflet/Stem - very short. Leaf - twelve inches long, or more. Leaflets - about two to four inches long; the lower pairs shortest; slightly downy beneath. Bark - blackish and thick. Fruit - about two inches in diameter; rounded; the husk greenish-yellow when ripe, roughly dotted, spongy, decaying without splitting into sections; the nut dark, and deeply and roughly furrowed. October. Found - from Western Massachusetts westward and southward. Its finest growth is west of the Alleghany Mountains. Eastward it is now everywhere scarce.. General Information - A tree thirty to sixty feet high, or often much higher. Its rich, dark-brown heart-wood is of great value, and has been more widely used in cabinet-work, for interior finish, and for gun-stocks than the wood of any other North American tree. Juglans, from two Latin words meaning nut of Jupiter.

Genus Juglans, L. (Walnut)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, thirteen to twenty-one); alternate; edge of leaflets sharp-toothed.…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, three, sometimes five, rarely seven); opposite; edge of leaflet remotely and unequally coarse-toothed. Outline - of leaflets, egg-shape or oval. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - variable and often uneven. Leaflets - slightly rough; the ribs very marked. Bark - of young trunks, smoothish and yellowish-green; twigs, light green. Flowers - small and greenish, in delicate, drooping clusters from the sides of the branches. Fruit - large, yellowish-green, smooth, in long, loose, late-hanging clusters. Found - North, South, and West. One of the most widely distributed of the North American trees, with its finest growth in the region of the Wabash and Cumberland rivers. General Information - A tree twenty to thirty feet high, with spreading branches. Its wood is light and of slight value.

Genus Negundo, Moench

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, three, sometimes five, rarely seven); opposite; edge of…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to eleven, usually nine); opposite; edge of leaflet toothed. Outline - of leaflet, narrow, long oval or long egg-shaped Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded. Leaf/Stem - lacking. Leaf/Bud - deep blue or blackish. Leaflet - three to five inches long, smooth and green on both sides, excepting where it is slightly hairy along the lower part of the middle rib. When crushed it has an Elder-like odor. Bark - of trunk, dark granite-gray, somewhat furrowed and broken up and down with roughness, which continue in the old tree. The young branches are smooth and grayish and marked with black and white dots and warts. Winged seeds - nearly one and one half inches long, with the wing three eighths of an inch wide and extending around the seed. Ripe in July. Found - along low river-banks and in swamps, which it sometimes fills; in Delaware, the mountains of Virginia, Northwestern Arkansas, through the Northern States to Canada. It is the most Northern of the American Ashes. General Information - Usually a small or medium-sized tree. The wood is largely used for barrel-hoops, baskets, in cabinet-work, and interior finish. Fraxinus from a Greek word meaning "separation," because of the ease with which the wood of the Ash can be split. I find in the notes of an old copy of White's "Natural History of Selborne" this comment: "The Ash, I think, has been termed by Gilpin the Venus of British trees." Gerardes' "Herbal" comments: "The leaves of the Ash are of so great a vertue against serpents, as that the serpents dare not be so bolde as to touch the morning and evening shadowes of the tree, but shunneth them afarre off, as Pliny reporteth in his 16 book, 13 chap. He also affirmeth that the serpent being penned in with boughes laide rounde about, will sooner run into the fire, if any be there, than come neere to the boughes of the Ash." In Scandinavian mythology the great and sacred tree, Yggdrasil, the greatest and most sacred of all trees, which binds together heaven and earth and hell, is an Ash. Its roots spread over the whole earth. Its branches reach above the heavens. Underneath lies a serpent; above is an eagle; a squirrel runs up and down the trunk, trying to breed strife between them.

Genus Fraxinus, L. (Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to eleven, usually nine); opposite; edge of leaflet…

Leaves - compound (hand-shaped; leaflets, usually five, sometimes seven); opposite; edge toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long oval, long egg-shape, or long reverse egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - pointed. Leaflet - four to nine inches long, one to three inches wide, usually minutely downy beneath. Flowers, pale yellow. April, May. Fruit - two to two and one half inches in diameter, rounded. Husk - not prickly, but uneven. Nut - one or two in a husk, large and brown. Found - from Alleghany County, Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to Northern Georgia and Alabama, and westward. General Information - A tree thirty to seventy feet high. Its wood is light and hard to split. With the other species of the same genus it is preferred, above any other American wood, for the making of artificial limbs.

Genus Aesculus, L. (Buckeye, Horse Chestnut)

Leaves - compound (hand-shaped; leaflets, usually five, sometimes seven); opposite; edge toothed. Outline…

Leaves - compound (hand-shaped; leaflets, five); opposite; edge toothed. Outline - of leaflet, oval or long oval. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - pointed. Leaflets - three to seven inches long; one and a half to three inches wide. Bark - with a disagreeable odor. Flowers - small, yellowish-white. June. Fruit - about three fourths of an inch in diameter. Husk - prickly when young. Nut - smooth. Found - along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains - Pennsylvania to Northern Alabama and westward. General Information - A small, ill-scented tree (eighteen to thirty-five feet high). Its wood is light and hard to split. With the other species of the same genus it is preferred, above any other American wood, for the making of artificial limbs.

Genus Aesculus, L. (Buckeye, Horse Chestnut)

Leaves - compound (hand-shaped; leaflets, five); opposite; edge toothed. Outline - of leaflet, oval…

Reverse side of American five cent piece with buffalo (minted from 1913-1938).

Buffalo Nickel

Reverse side of American five cent piece with buffalo (minted from 1913-1938).

Reverse side of American one cent piece with wheat stalks (produced from 1909-1958).

Wheat Cent

Reverse side of American one cent piece with wheat stalks (produced from 1909-1958).

Reverse side of American ten cent piece with fasces and olive branch (1916-1945).

Mercury Dime

Reverse side of American ten cent piece with fasces and olive branch (1916-1945).

Reverse side of American twenty-five cent piece with flying eagle.

Quarter

Reverse side of American twenty-five cent piece with flying eagle.

Reverse side of American one dollar coin depicts an eagle with its wings spread holding arrows over an olive branch.

Dollar Coin

Reverse side of American one dollar coin depicts an eagle with its wings spread holding arrows over…

Reverse side of American half dollar coin depicts a perched eagle with olive branch.

Half Dollar

Reverse side of American half dollar coin depicts a perched eagle with olive branch.

American four-masted schooner.

Schooner

American four-masted schooner.

A Baltimore clipper.

Clipper

A Baltimore clipper.

Mississippi River Steamer

Steamer

Mississippi River Steamer

Paraguay tea leaves of South America.

Tea Plant

Paraguay tea leaves of South America.

Coffee beans of South America.

Coffee Plant

Coffee beans of South America.

Cacao tree of South America where chocolate is made from.

Cacao

Cacao tree of South America where chocolate is made from.

The Ipecac plant of South America.

Ipecac

The Ipecac plant of South America.

The Cinchona plant of South America.

Cinchona

The Cinchona plant of South America.

The Cassava plant of South America.

Cassava

The Cassava plant of South America.