ClipArt ETC
"We see here a towering cliff belonging to a mountainous range which rises like a wall, or barrier, between the neighboring portions of the same country. The inhabitants desire very much to have a free communication with each other, but there is a mountain barrier which it is extremely difficult to get over, or around; they, therefore, determine to go through it. The human will brings to its aid the powerful elements of fire and water. Gunpowder and the steam-engine work wonders - they force a way through the solid rock. The iron railway is made, and the traveler, instead of toiling through long tedious hours over a mountain pathway, in a few moments, while in an easy chair, finds himself on the other side."—Barber, 1857

Where there is a Will, there is a Way

"We see here a towering cliff belonging to a mountainous range which rises like a wall, or barrier,…

"While treading on our course this earthly ball, / We often stumble, and we sometimes fall: / 'Get above others.' says human nature, / But if we get too high, the fall is greater. / He that would 'scape great dangers far and nigh, / Will lowly walk, and will not climb too high."—Barber, 1857

Climb Not Too High, Lest the Fall be Greater

"While treading on our course this earthly ball, / We often stumble, and we sometimes fall: / 'Get above…

A French poet, human rights activist, and exponent of the Romantic movement in France.

Victor Hugo

A French poet, human rights activist, and exponent of the Romantic movement in France.

"This colossal figure, human-headed and lion-bodied, is hewn from the natural rock. The body is about 150 feet long, the paws 50 feet, the head 30 feet. The height from the base of the top of the head is 70 feet. Except for its head and shoulders, the figure has been buried for centuries in the desert sand. The eyes, nose, and beard have been mutilated by the Arabs. The face is probably that of one of the pyramid kings."—Webster, 1913

The Great Sphinx

"This colossal figure, human-headed and lion-bodied, is hewn from the natural rock. The body is about…

"Near the southern extremity of the plain of Marathon rises a conical mound, 30 feet high. it covers the remains of the 192 Greeks who fell in the battle. Excavations undertaken in 1890-1891 disclosed ashes, human bones and fragments of pottery belonging to the era of the Persian wars."—Webster, 1913

The Mound at Marathon

"Near the southern extremity of the plain of Marathon rises a conical mound, 30 feet high. it covers…

An ancient Greek boat with 50 oars.

Fifty-Oared Greek Boat

An ancient Greek boat with 50 oars.

"The chief gods, in striking contrast with the monstrous divinities of the Oriental mythologies, had been molded by the fine Hellenic imagination into human forms of surpassing beauty and grace."—Myers, 1904

Group of Gods and Goddesses

"The chief gods, in striking contrast with the monstrous divinities of the Oriental mythologies, had…

"The representation shows the arrangement of the tiers or oars in a two-banked ship. In just what way the lines of rowers in triremes and quinqueremes were arranged is unknown."—Myers, 1904

Prow of a Roman War Ship

"The representation shows the arrangement of the tiers or oars in a two-banked ship. In just what way…

A diagram showing the muscular cycle form by the biceps or flexor muscle, and the triceps or extensor muscle of the human arm.

Muscular Cycle of the Biceps

A diagram showing the muscular cycle form by the biceps or flexor muscle, and the triceps or extensor…

"Shows how the bones of the arm (a), forearm (b), and hand (c), are twisted, and form a conical screw."—Pettigrew, 1874

Wing of Bird

"Shows how the bones of the arm (a), forearm (b), and hand (c), are twisted, and form a conical screw."—Pettigrew,…

"Shows how the bones of the arm (q), forearm (q'x), and foot (o), are twisted to form an osseous screw."—Pettigrew, 1875

Anterior Extremity of Elephant

"Shows how the bones of the arm (q), forearm (q'x), and foot (o), are twisted to form an osseous screw."—Pettigrew,…

"Cast or mold of the interior of the left ventricle of the heart of a deer. Shows that the left ventricular cavity in conical and spiral in its nature."—Pettigrew, 1874

Heart of a Deer

"Cast or mold of the interior of the left ventricle of the heart of a deer. Shows that the left ventricular…

The superficial muscles in a horse.

Horse Muscles

The superficial muscles in a horse.

An extreme form of a compressed foot, typically seen in the deer and ox. It is useful for land transit.

Compressed Foot

An extreme form of a compressed foot, typically seen in the deer and ox. It is useful for land transit.

An extreme form of the expanded foot, which is adapted for swimming.

Expanded Foot

An extreme form of the expanded foot, which is adapted for swimming.

The foot of an otter, which is serviceable in and out of the water.

Otter Foot

The foot of an otter, which is serviceable in and out of the water.

The foot of a frog, which is useful in and out of water.

Frog Foot

The foot of a frog, which is useful in and out of water.

"Foot of the seal, which opens and closes in the act of natation, the organ being folded upon itself during the non-effective or return stroke, and expanded during the effective or forward stroke. Due advantage is taken of this arrangement by the seal when swimming, the animal rotating on its long axis, so as to present the lower portion of the body and the feet obliquely to the water during the return stroke, and the flat, or the greatest available surface of both, during the effective or forward stroke."—Pettigrew, 1874

Foot of Seal

"Foot of the seal, which opens and closes in the act of natation, the organ being folded upon itself…

"The Red-Throated Dragon shows a large membranous expansion (b b) situated between the anterior (d d) and posterior extremities, and supported by the ribs. The dragon by this arrangement can take extensive leaps with perfect safety."—pettigrew, 1874

Red-Throated Dragon

"The Red-Throated Dragon shows a large membranous expansion (b b) situated between the anterior (d d)…

"Horse in the act of trotting. In this, as in all the other paces, the body of the horse is levered forward by a diagonal twisting of the trunk and extremities, the extremities describing a figure-of-8 track (s u, r t).—Pettigrew, 1857

Trotting Horse

"Horse in the act of trotting. In this, as in all the other paces, the body of the horse is levered…

"Shows the powerful legs, small feet, and rudimentary wings of the bird; the obliquity at which the bones of the legs and wings are placed, and the comparatively small angles which two bones make at their point of junction."—Pettigrew, 1857

Skeleton of Ostrich

"Shows the powerful legs, small feet, and rudimentary wings of the bird; the obliquity at which the…

The skeleton of a man.

Human Skeleton

The skeleton of a man.

The skeleton of a perch.

Skeleton of Perch

The skeleton of a perch.

The skeleton of a dugong, one of four living species in the order Sirenia.

Skeleton of the Dugong

The skeleton of a dugong, one of four living species in the order Sirenia.

"The overhead movement enables the swimmer to throw himself forward on the water, and to move his arms and legs in a nearly vertical instead of a horizontal plane; the extremities working, as it were, above and beneath the trunk, rather than on either side of it."—Pettigrew, 1874

Overhand Swimming

"The overhead movement enables the swimmer to throw himself forward on the water, and to move his arms…

"An improvement on the foregoing for long distances is the known as the side stroke. In this method, as the term indicates, the body is thrown more decidedly upon the side."—Pettigrew, 1874

Side-Stroke Swimming

"An improvement on the foregoing for long distances is the known as the side stroke. In this method,…

"Under surface of large beetle, with deeply concave and comparatively small wings, shows that the nervures of the wings of the beetle are arranged along the anterior margins and throughout the substance of the wings generally, very much as the bones of the arm, forearm, and hand, are in the wings of the bat, to which they bear a very marked resemblance, both in their shape and mode of action."—Pettigrew, 1874

Large Beetle

"Under surface of large beetle, with deeply concave and comparatively small wings, shows that the nervures…

"Right wing of the Kestrel, drawn from the specimen, while being held against the light."—Pettigrew, 1874

Right Wing of Kestrel

"Right wing of the Kestrel, drawn from the specimen, while being held against the light."—Pettigrew,…

Left wing of the albatross.

Left Wing of Albatross

Left wing of the albatross.

"The Lapwing with one wing fully extended, and forming a long lever; the other being in a flexed condition and forming a short lever."—Pettigrew, 1874

Northern Lapwing

"The Lapwing with one wing fully extended, and forming a long lever; the other being in a flexed condition…

A species of beetle found in tropical Africa.

Centaur Beetle

A species of beetle found in tropical Africa.

An insect characterized by large multifaceted eyes, two pairs of strong transparent wings, and an elongated body.

Dragonfly

An insect characterized by large multifaceted eyes, two pairs of strong transparent wings, and an elongated…

"The Pigeon flying downwards and turning prior to alighting. The pigeon expands its tail both in ascending and descending."—Pettigrew, 1874

The Pigeon

"The Pigeon flying downwards and turning prior to alighting. The pigeon expands its tail both in ascending…

An ancient Assyrian wall relief, depicting the symbol of a winged bull with the head of a human male.

Winged Bull

An ancient Assyrian wall relief, depicting the symbol of a winged bull with the head of a human male.

Hand flower is the common name of chiranthodendron platanoides. The bright red stamens resemble the fingers of a human hand. The other common names are mano de mico, monkey's hand, and devil's hand.

Hand Flower

Hand flower is the common name of chiranthodendron platanoides. The bright red stamens resemble the…

The flowers of cymbopetalum penduliflorum grow alone at the end of each stem. The petals and thick and fleshy and resemble the human ear. The flowers are pungently aromatic.

Cymbopetalum Penduliflorum

The flowers of cymbopetalum penduliflorum grow alone at the end of each stem. The petals and thick and…

Image of a young plant. R are the root hairs, C is a seed leaf, and L is a true leaf.

Young Plant

Image of a young plant. R are the root hairs, C is a seed leaf, and L is a true leaf.

The labeled anatomy of a cherry blossom.

Cherry Blossom

The labeled anatomy of a cherry blossom.

The digestive system of a fowl. 1 is the tongue, 3 is the crop, 6 is the gizzard, 10 is the small intestine, 1 is the pancreas, 16 is the liver, 17 is the gall bladder, and 18 is the spleen. All other organs are analogous to organs of humans

Fowl Digestion

The digestive system of a fowl. 1 is the tongue, 3 is the crop, 6 is the gizzard, 10 is the small intestine,…

Human lungs. 1 and 2 make up the larynx, or voice box. 1 is thyroid cartilage, 2 is cricoid cartilage. A thin layer is held stretched from the top of the thyroid cartilage and extends to the hyoid bone, which is the only bone in the body that is not connected to another bone.

Human Lungs

Human lungs. 1 and 2 make up the larynx, or voice box. 1 is thyroid cartilage, 2 is cricoid cartilage.…

A hydraulic press which uses a hydraulic cylinder to generate force. The inventor of the device, Joseph Bramah, had also developed the flush toilet and studied the motion of the fluids in the toilet and developed the press to test it. O is a lever, which forces down piston a upon the water in cylinder A. The water goes through tube d into the cylinder where piston C works, causing it to rise which lifts platform K and compresses bales.

Hydraulic Press

A hydraulic press which uses a hydraulic cylinder to generate force. The inventor of the device, Joseph…

An air compressor. They come in many forms, most commonly in cylinder form - as shown. This image shows the inner workings of an air compressor

Air Compressor

An air compressor. They come in many forms, most commonly in cylinder form - as shown. This image shows…

This image is a centrifugal pump with one half of the casing removed. S is a hollow hub, a is a curved arm, also called a vane or wing, and are revolved with a high velocity of the arrow. The air between them is driven out by the discharge and pipe D. A centrifugal pump is a valuable instrument for raising water to enormous heights.

Centrifugal Pump

This image is a centrifugal pump with one half of the casing removed. S is a hollow hub, a is a curved…

A sectional view of a human molar. The roots, or fangs, are shown covered by a layer of bone called "cement", which is represented by letter c. The center of the tooth is the vascular pulp-cavity v, d is ivory or dentine, and e is the hardest tissue of the body - enamel.

Human Tooth

A sectional view of a human molar. The roots, or fangs, are shown covered by a layer of bone called…

An Image of an esophagus showing how a mass of food, or bolus, passes through the esophagus into the stomach. The tissue in front is relaxed, while the tissue behind the bolus is in contraction. When food is not going through it, the esophagus looks like the wave of contraction in the picture.

Human Esophagus

An Image of an esophagus showing how a mass of food, or bolus, passes through the esophagus into the…

A complex anatomical view of the heart. RA is the right atrium, or auricle, which receives the deoxygenated blood by way of two superior vena cava (SVC) and one inferior vena cava (IVC). The blood passes through the right ventricle (RV) and is pumped up to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries (PA). At the lungs, the blood is reoxygenated and returns via the pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrium/auricle (LA). From there, the blood is passed to the left ventricle (LV) where the blood is pumped up through the systematic arch (SA) to the body. The systematic arch gives off a right innominate artery (INN), where the blood is then passed to the right and left carotid (C) and subclavian (SCL), where the blood goes to the head and arms respectively. It continues dorsally to the dorsal aorta (DA), which is the main artery that distributes blood to the whole body. TR is the windpipe, or trachea, BR is the bronchial tube that carries air to the lungs, and BV is a blood vessel on the wall of the heart.

Anatomy of Heart

A complex anatomical view of the heart. RA is the right atrium, or auricle, which receives the deoxygenated…

Striped, or striated, muscle which quickly contracts causing the alternating black and white lines. It has very delicate fibers (M FL). It is stimulated by nerve fibers (N F), which divide into an endplate (N E) on the contracting surface. N are nuclei, which are a part of elongated cells that fused together to make the muscle. M stands for muscle and N, except for nuclei, stands for nerve.

Striated Muscle

Striped, or striated, muscle which quickly contracts causing the alternating black and white lines.…

The upper bicep of the right arm. Included are the tendons, blood vessels, and its nerve.

Bicep Muscle

The upper bicep of the right arm. Included are the tendons, blood vessels, and its nerve.

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which are fine protoplasmic branches that create synapses that connect to another nerve cell. The neuron is connected to muscle (MU) by a nerve fiber (NF). The fiber is covered by a sheath (SH) of fat to protect it. NE is the ending of the fiber that the muscle is connected to. LB is a lateral branch of the nerve fiber.

Nerve Cell

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which…

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through the sensory nerve-fiber SF to a nerve-cell SC in the ganglion of a dorsal or afferent (convey towards the center) root (DR) of a spinal nerve. The fiber divides in the spinal cord (SP C) where the message is relayed to an internuncial nerve-cell (A). MO is motor nerve-cell, VR is ventral or efferent nerve, ME is nerve plate, and MU is muscle fiber.

Reflex Action

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through…

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to the vitreous humor in the eye cavity; 2: a branch of a divided optic nerve; 3: ganglion cell layer; 4: inner nerve-fiber layer; 5: layer of bipolar ("inner granular") cells; 6: outer layer of nerve-cells; 7: layer of visual (outer granular) cells; 8: outer limiting membrane; 9: long and thing rods and short and broad cones; 10: pigment layer; 11: tangential cells; 12: bipolar cells; 13: amacrine cell; 14: centripetal optic nerve fibers; 15: centrifugal optic nerve fibers; 16: Muller's supporting cells. I, II, III: three areas of nerve cells in the retina.

Eye Retina

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to…

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle image), and a hypermetropic or far-sighted eye. In a human, the retina "sees" an image upside down and the brain rights the image.

Human Eye

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle…

A diagram of the human ear. It is divided into the outer ear - A, middle ear - B, and inner ear - C. 1: ear trumpet or pinna, 2: outer ear passage with the drum that vibrates when sound waves hit it or the tympanum (3) across the inner ear, 4-5-6: the ear ossicles: hammer (malleus) anvil (incus) and stirrup (stapes) which transmit vibrations from the drum to the inner ear (they are also the smallest bones in the body), 7: the Eustachian tube, which connects to the mouth and through which air can indirectly enter, 8: largest chamber in the inner ear, called the utriculus, that has three semicircular canals, 9: the smallest chamber, called the sacculus, which is connected to the cochlea (10) which is the important hearing organ, 11: a "window" in the periotic bone, called the fenestra rotunda, 12: the endolymphatic duct.

Human Ear

A diagram of the human ear. It is divided into the outer ear - A, middle ear - B, and inner ear - C.…

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust pipe that leads steam to screen (C) and up the flue (D) along with other exhaust from grate (B). (E) is the boiler, (H) is the out-take pipe, (K) is the engine cylinder, (J) is the water-feed pump, (G) is a rotary fan that creates forced drought, and (F) is the flue leading to the grate.

Hancock Coaches

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust…

Two views of a cross-sectioned car, one from the side, one from above.

Car Cross-Section

Two views of a cross-sectioned car, one from the side, one from above.

The female locust anal characters, showing the horny valves.

Female Locust Anatomy

The female locust anal characters, showing the horny valves.

Enlarged end of the female, showing oviposition: the oviduct, the egg guide, and the egg issuing from horny valves.

Locust Anatomy

Enlarged end of the female, showing oviposition: the oviduct, the egg guide, and the egg issuing from…

Flabellifera are a tribe of isopods. Their bodies end in a tail fan, made by the last pair of appendages and the telson (end piece). While some species of this tribe are parasitic, this particular species, Limnoria Lignorum, is non-parasitic, and has a destructive action on submerged wood. It is commonly referred to as the 'gribble'.

Limnoria Lignorum (Flabellifera)

Flabellifera are a tribe of isopods. Their bodies end in a tail fan, made by the last pair of appendages…

Nerve Ganglia, or Knots (sing. Ganglion; Knot) occur as collections of nerve cells on the course of a nerve, forming and obvious swelling. In surgery, it is the swelling caused by the collection of fluid in the fibrous sheath which surrounds a tendon. It arises from inflammation of the tendon-sheath, and occurs most often at the back of the wrist. Sometimes the cyst may be broken by firm pressure or by a smart blow, and the fluid be thus dispersed; or a puncture may be made, with proper antiseptic precautions, and the fluid be pressed out. Sometimes counter-irritation with iodine causes absorption. In any case, firm pressure with pad and bandage must be used afterwards, to prevent refilling until the cyst walls have united. This illustration shows a cross-section of a spinal cord and spinal nerve cells (g being ganglia).

Nerve Ganglia (Spinal)

Nerve Ganglia, or Knots (sing. Ganglion; Knot) occur as collections of nerve cells on the course of…

This illustration shows a Clermont Gargoyle in France. Gargoyles, in Gothic architecture, are spouts projecting from the gutters of a building which carry the rain-water clear of the walls. Gargoyles are usually carved into different forms (animal, human, demonic, grotesque) and serve as a distinguishing feature of ecclesiastical architecture.

Clermont Gargoyle

This illustration shows a Clermont Gargoyle in France. Gargoyles, in Gothic architecture, are spouts…