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"The most common material on which books were written by the Greeks and Romans, was the thin coats or rind of the Egyptian papyrus. This plant was called by the Egyptians Byblos. The papyrus tree grows in swamps to the height of ten feet and more, and paper was prepared from the thin coats or pellicles which surround the plant. The form and general appearance of the papyri rolls will be understood from the following woodcut taken from the paintings found at Pompeii." — Smith, 1873

Liber

"The most common material on which books were written by the Greeks and Romans, was the thin coats or…

"A lyre, one of the most ancient musical instruments of the stringed kind. The Greeks attributed the invention of the lyre to Mercury, who is said to have formed the instrument of a tortoiseshell, over which he placed gut-strings." — Smith, 1873

Lyra

"A lyre, one of the most ancient musical instruments of the stringed kind. The Greeks attributed the…

Children playing instruments.

Children Playing

Children playing instruments.

The Egyptian gentleman carried in a palanquin through the streets of Thebes.

Palanquin

The Egyptian gentleman carried in a palanquin through the streets of Thebes.

"The sistrum was an Egyptian instrument of music, used in certain ceremonies by that people, and especially in the worship of Isis." — Anthon, 1891

Sistrum

"The sistrum was an Egyptian instrument of music, used in certain ceremonies by that people, and especially…

A scene from ancient Egypt, with the pyramids in the background.

Pyramids Scene

A scene from ancient Egypt, with the pyramids in the background.

An Egyptian doodad.

Egyptian doodad

An Egyptian doodad.

"The hunting scenes are very numerous among their paintings, and the devices for capturing birds and beasts seem to have been as vaarious as they are in modern times." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Hunting Party

"The hunting scenes are very numerous among their paintings, and the devices for capturing birds and…

"Hounds were also used to pursue game, as may be perceived from the subjoined representation of a huntsman carry home his prey." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian hunter

"Hounds were also used to pursue game, as may be perceived from the subjoined representation of a huntsman…

"Cattle doctors are exhibited performing operations upon sick oxen, bulls, deer, goats, and even geese." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Cattle Doctors

"Cattle doctors are exhibited performing operations upon sick oxen, bulls, deer, goats, and even geese."…

"The form of the bottle and the use of the blow-pipe are unequivocally indicated; and the green hue, in the painting, of the fused material, taken from the fire at the point of the pipe, cannot fail to show the intention of the artists." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Glassblowers

"The form of the bottle and the use of the blow-pipe are unequivocally indicated; and the green hue,…

"The use of the spindle and loom, sewing, braiding, etc, form the subjects of many of the paintings, as also the process of cultivating flax, beating and combing it." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Weaving

"The use of the spindle and loom, sewing, braiding, etc, form the subjects of many of the paintings,…

"The following is a figure of a hatchel or flax-comb." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Flax-comb

"The following is a figure of a hatchel or flax-comb." — Goodrich, 1844

"The Egyptian chairs of which we have a great variety of representations, were not inferior in elegance to any thing of the kind at the present day." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian chair

"The Egyptian chairs of which we have a great variety of representations, were not inferior in elegance…

"Workman drilling a hole in the seat of a chair." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Chairmaker

"Workman drilling a hole in the seat of a chair." — Goodrich, 1844

An Egyptian bow and drill.

Egyptian Bow and Drill

An Egyptian bow and drill.

"That the Egyptians paid great attention to the study of music and had arrived at a very accurate knowledge of the art, is evident from the instruments which they used." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian harp

"That the Egyptians paid great attention to the study of music and had arrived at a very accurate knowledge…

"That the Egyptians paid great attention to the study of music and had arrived at a very accurate knowledge of the art, is evident from the instruments which they used." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Band

"That the Egyptians paid great attention to the study of music and had arrived at a very accurate knowledge…

"That the Egyptians paid great attention to the study of music and had arrived at a very accurate knowledge of the art, is evident from the instruments which they used." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian musician

"That the Egyptians paid great attention to the study of music and had arrived at a very accurate knowledge…

"The game of chess, or draughts."

Egyptian Chess

"The game of chess, or draughts."

"Some of the Egyptian female sports were rather of a hoydenish character, as the game of ball, in one picture of which we are instructed that the loser was obliged to suffer another to ride on her back." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Ball Game

"Some of the Egyptian female sports were rather of a hoydenish character, as the game of ball, in one…

"Some of the Egyptian female sports were rather of a hoydenish character, as the game of ball, in one picture of which we are instructed that the loser was obliged to suffer another to ride on her back." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Female Ball Game

"Some of the Egyptian female sports were rather of a hoydenish character, as the game of ball, in one…

"Some of the Egyptian female sports were rather of a hoydenish character, as the game of ball, in one picture of which we are instructed that the loser was obliged to suffer another to ride on her back. Some of these identical balls have been found in the tombs at Thebes." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Ball

"Some of the Egyptian female sports were rather of a hoydenish character, as the game of ball, in one…

"Wooden dolls for children have also been discovered of various fasions, some of them precisely similar to those in use among us, and others of a different shape." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Doll

"Wooden dolls for children have also been discovered of various fasions, some of them precisely similar…

"The Egyptian shops exhibited many curious scenes. Poulters suspended geese and other birds from a pole in front of the shop, which, at the same time, supported an awning to shade them from the sun." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Shop

"The Egyptian shops exhibited many curious scenes. Poulters suspended geese and other birds from a pole…

"A cook roasting a goose; he holds the spit with one hand, and blows the fire with a fan held in the other. A second person is cutting up joints of meat and putting them into the pot, which is boiling close at hand." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Kitchen - Roasting a Goose

"A cook roasting a goose; he holds the spit with one hand, and blows the fire with a fan held in the…

"The following is a representation of a wine-press, in which the grapes are squeezed in a bag." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Wine-Press

"The following is a representation of a wine-press, in which the grapes are squeezed in a bag." —…

"Usually kept as a family seat, and occupied by the master and mistress of the house, though occaisionally offered, as a special honor, to the guests." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Double Chair

"Usually kept as a family seat, and occupied by the master and mistress of the house, though occaisionally…

"From the tomb of Ramses the Third." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Ottoman

"From the tomb of Ramses the Third." — Goodrich, 1844

"The Egyptian couches were executed in great taste. They were of wood, with one end raised, and receding in a graceful curve; the feet, like those of many of the chairs were fashioned to resemble those of animals." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Couch

"The Egyptian couches were executed in great taste. They were of wood, with one end raised, and receding…

"Two boats moored to the bank of the river by ropes and stakes. In the cabin of one, a man inflicts the bastinado on a boatman. He appears to be one of the stewards of an estate, and is accompanied by his dog. In the other boat is a cow, and a net containing hay or chopped straw." — Goodrich, 1844

Two Egyptian Boats

"Two boats moored to the bank of the river by ropes and stakes. In the cabin of one, a man inflicts…

"The Egyptian needles were of the following fashion. They wrote with a reed, or rush, many of which have been found, with the tablets and inkstands belonging to the writeres." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Needle

"The Egyptian needles were of the following fashion. They wrote with a reed, or rush, many of which…

"Workmen are represented polishing and painting statues of men, sphinxes, and small figures; and two instances occur of large granite colossi, surrounded with scaffolding, on which men are engaged in polishing and chiselling the stone, the painter following the sculptor to color the hieroglypics which he has engraved on the back of the statue." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Sculptors at Work

"Workmen are represented polishing and painting statues of men, sphinxes, and small figures; and two…

"Among the remarkable inventions of a remote era, may be mentioned bellows and siphons. The former were used as early as the reign of Thothmes the Third, and contemporary of Moses, being represented in a tomb bearing the name of that Pharaoh. They consisted of a leather bag, sewed and fitted into a frame, from which a long pipe extended for carrying the wind to the fire. They were worked by the feet, the operator standing in front of them, with one under each foot, and pressing them alternately, while he pulled up each exhausted skin by a string." — Goodrich, 1844

Egyptian Bellows

"Among the remarkable inventions of a remote era, may be mentioned bellows and siphons. The former were…

Instruments or weapons of offence or defense.

Arms

Instruments or weapons of offence or defense.

A stringed instrument formerly much in use.

Lute

A stringed instrument formerly much in use.

A cylindrical wind instrument, with holes along its length, stopped by the figners or by keys opened by the fingers.

Flute

A cylindrical wind instrument, with holes along its length, stopped by the figners or by keys opened…

Instruments for cutting and of different varieties.

Knives

Instruments for cutting and of different varieties.

A musical instrument used in Scotland.

Bagpipe

A musical instrument used in Scotland.

A musical wind instrument used in hunting or for military music.

Bugle

A musical wind instrument used in hunting or for military music.

A wind instrument blown with the mouth.

Cornet

A wind instrument blown with the mouth.

Instruments having a sharp edge.

Edge-tools

Instruments having a sharp edge.

"Egyptian Papyrus" — Quackenbos, 1882

Egyptian Papyrus

"Egyptian Papyrus" — Quackenbos, 1882

A stringed instrument resembling the violin, but larger, and having six strings, played upon with the fingers.

Guitar

A stringed instrument resembling the violin, but larger, and having six strings, played upon with the…

A genus of wading birds, one species of which was regarded in ancient Egypt with a degree of respect bordering on adoration.

Ibis

A genus of wading birds, one species of which was regarded in ancient Egypt with a degree of respect…

A contrivance for showing the velocity of the wind.

Wind-gauge

A contrivance for showing the velocity of the wind.

A stringed instrument used for playing the bass; the violencello.

Bass-violin

A stringed instrument used for playing the bass; the violencello.

Contrivances by which musical sounds are produced.

Instruments

Contrivances by which musical sounds are produced.

A steel instrument consisting of two prongs and a handle, which, being struck, gives a certain fixed tone; used for tuning instruments, or for ascertaining the pitch of tones.

Tuning-fork

A steel instrument consisting of two prongs and a handle, which, being struck, gives a certain fixed…

"An important part of the study of crystallography consists in the measuring and classifying of the interfacial angles on the crystals of all minerals. These measurements are accomplished by means of instruments known as goniometers." — Ford, 1912

Contact Goniometer

"An important part of the study of crystallography consists in the measuring and classifying of the…

An Egyptian hawkhead.

Hawkhead

An Egyptian hawkhead.

An Egyptian King's Head.

King's Head

An Egyptian King's Head.

An Egyptian ibis.

Ibis

An Egyptian ibis.

An Egyptian jackal.

Jackal

An Egyptian jackal.

An Egyptian ark.

Ark

An Egyptian ark.

An Egyptian sun.

Sun Motif

An Egyptian sun.

An Egyptian sacred ark.

Sacred ark

An Egyptian sacred ark.

An Egyptian triumph.

Egyptian Triumph

An Egyptian triumph.

Egyptian head of Isis.

Head of Isis

Egyptian head of Isis.

"Egyptian hunting Hippopotamus." — Lardner, 1885

Egyptian Hunting

"Egyptian hunting Hippopotamus." — Lardner, 1885