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"Garypus litoralis, one of the Pseudoscorpiones. Ventral view. I to VI, Prosomatic appendages. o, Sterno-coxal process of the basal segment of the second appendage. 1, Sternite of the genital or first opisthosomatic somite; the prae-genital somite, though represented by a tergum, has no seperate sternal plate. 2 and 3, Sternites of the second and third somites of the opishosoma, each showing a tracheal stigma. 10 and 11, Sternites of the tenth and eleventh somites of the opisthosoma. an, Anus. " — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Garypus Litoralis

"Garypus litoralis, one of the Pseudoscorpiones. Ventral view. I to VI, Prosomatic appendages. o, Sterno-coxal…

"Garypus litoralis, one of the Pseudoscorpiones. Dorsal view. I to VI, The prosomatic appendages. o, Eyes. Prae-gen, Prae-genital somite. 1, Tergite of the genital or first opisthosomatic somite. 10, Tergite of the tenth somite of the opisthosoma. 11, The evanescent eleventh somite of the opisthosoma. an, Anus." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Garypus Litoralis

"Garypus litoralis, one of the Pseudoscorpiones. Dorsal view. I to VI, The prosomatic appendages. o,…

"Garypus litoralis, one of the Pseudoscopions. Lateral view. I to VI, Basal segments of the six prosomatic appendages. o, Eyes. prae-gen, Tergite of the prae-genital somite. I, Genital or first opisthosomatic. 2, 3, 10, The second, third and tenth somites of the opisthosoma. 11, The minute eleventh somite. an, The anus." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Garypus Litoralis

"Garypus litoralis, one of the Pseudoscopions. Lateral view. I to VI, Basal segments of the six prosomatic…

"Cryptostemma Karschii, one of the Podogona. Dorsal view of male. III to VI, The third, fourth, fifth and sixth appendages of the prosoma. a, Movable (hinged) sclerite (so-called hood) overhanging the first pair of appendages. b, Fused terga of the prosoma followed by the opisthosoma of four visible somites. an, Orifice within which the caudal segments are withdrawn. E, Extremity of the fifth appendage of the male modified to subserve copulation." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Cryptostemma Karschii

"Cryptostemma Karschii, one of the Podogona. Dorsal view of male. III to VI, The third, fourth, fifth…

"Cryptostemma Karschii, one of the Podogona. Vental view. I to VI, The six pairs of appendages of the prosoma, the last three cut short. 1, 2, 3, 4, The four somites of the opisthosoma. a, Visible hood overhanding the first pair of appendages. b, Position of the genital orifice. c, Part of 3rd appendage. d, Fourth segment of 2nd appendage Observe that the basal segment of appendage III does not meet its fellow in the middle line." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Cryptostemma Karschii

"Cryptostemma Karschii, one of the Podogona. Vental view. I to VI, The six pairs of appendages of the…

"Stylocellus sumatranus, one of the Opiliones; after Thorell. Enlarged. A, Dorsal view; I to VI, the six prosomatic appendages. B, Ventral view of the prosoma and of the first somite of the opisthosoma, with the appendages I to VI cut off at the base; a, tracheal stigma; mx, maxillary processes of the coxae of the 3rd pair of appendages; g, genital aperture. C, Ventral surface of the prosoma and opisthosoma; a, tracheal stigma; b, last somite. D, Lateral view of the 1st and 2nd pair of apendages. E, Lateral view of the whole body and two 1st appendages, showing the fusion of the dorsal elements of the prosoma into a single plate, and of those of the opisthosoma into an imperfectly segmented plate continuous with that of the prosoma." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Stylocellus Sumatranus

"Stylocellus sumatranus, one of the Opiliones; after Thorell. Enlarged. A, Dorsal view; I to VI, the…

"Holothyrus nitidissimus, one of the Acari; ater Thorell. A, Lateral view with appendages III to VI removed, I, plate covering the whole dorsal area, representing the fused tergal sclerites of the prosoma and opisthosoma; 2, similarly-formed ventral plate; 3, tracheal stigma. B, dorsal view of the same animal; II to VI, 2nd to 6th pairs of appendages. The 1st pair of appendages both in this and in C are retracted. C, Ventral view of the same; II to VI as in B; a, genital orifice; b, anus; c, united basal segments of the second pair of appendages; d, basal segment of the 6th prosomatic appendage of the right side. The rest of the appendage, as also of app. III, IV and V, has been cut away." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Holothyrus Nitidissimus

"Holothyrus nitidissimus, one of the Acari; ater Thorell. A, Lateral view with appendages III to VI…

Cross section of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (historically Constantinople). The Greek name Hagia Sophia means "Holy Wisdom." It is known as Ayasofya in Turkish. <p>The building was originally constructed as a church between A.D. 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed the Conqueror, who ordered the building be converted into a mosque. It was closed in 1931 and reopened as a museum in 1935. This important milestone in the history of architecture was the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years. It also greatly influenced the design of Ottoman mosques, including the nearby Blue Mosque.

Hagia Sophia

Cross section of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (historically Constantinople). The Greek name Hagia Sophia…

"Interior view of trajan's Basilica (Basilica Ulpia), as restored by Canina." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Basilica

"Interior view of trajan's Basilica (Basilica Ulpia), as restored by Canina." — The Encyclopedia…

"Sectional view of the old Basilica of St. Peter, before its destruction in the 16th century." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Basilica

"Sectional view of the old Basilica of St. Peter, before its destruction in the 16th century." —…

"Sign of the king of Lower Egypt; from the coffin of Mykerinos, 1633 B.C." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Bee Heiroglyph

"Sign of the king of Lower Egypt; from the coffin of Mykerinos, 1633 B.C." — The Encyclopedia…

"Road-racer. A full roadster would have the handles a little higher relatively to the saddle, and would be provided with mud-guards, free-wheel and sometimes a gear-case and variable speed gear." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Road-Racer

"Road-racer. A full roadster would have the handles a little higher relatively to the saddle, and would…

"A ball-bearing hub with outward cups. The hub-shell H is turned out of mild steel, and the cups C are forced into the ends of the hub-shell and soldered thereto. A thin washer W is then spun into the end, for the purpose of retaining oil, and a thin internal tube T unites the two cups, and guides the oil fed in at the middle of the hub to the balls. The projecting flanges S are for the attachment of the tangent spokes used to build the hub into the wheel. The spindle A has the two cones screwed on it, one C, against the shoulder, the other C, adjustable. The-spindle ends are passed through the back-fork ends and are there adjusted in position by the chain-tension adjusters. After adjustments the nuts N clamp the spindle securely between the fork-ends. The chain-wheel or free-wheel clutch is screwed on the end of the hub-shell with a right-hand thread." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Ball-bearing Hub

"A ball-bearing hub with outward cups. The hub-shell H is turned out of mild steel, and the cups C are…

"The sacred name of the founder of Buddhism, an Indian sage who appears to have lived in the 5th century B.C. His personal name was Siddhartha, and his family name Gautama; and he is often called also Sakya-muni. His father was the king of Kapilavastu, a few days' journey north of Benares. Siddhartha, filled with a deep compassion for the human race, left his father's court, and lived for years in solitude and contemplation till he had penetrated the mysteries of life and become the Buddha. He then began to teach his new faith, in opposition to the prevailing Brahmanism, commencing at Benares. Among his earliest converts where the monarchs of Magadha and Kosala, in whose kingdoms he chiefly passed the latter portion of his life, respected, honored, and protected." &mdash; Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Buddha

"The sacred name of the founder of Buddhism, an Indian sage who appears to have lived in the 5th century…

"Murillo, Bartolomeo Esteban, the greatest of Spanish painters, was born at Seville in 1618. He received his first instruction in art from his relation, Juan del Castillo. In 1642 he visited Madrid, and was aided by Velasquez, then painter to the king, who procured him permission to copy in the Royal Galleries. Murillo returned to Seville in 1645, where he commenced that great series of works which have now made his name so glorious. He married a lady of fortune in 1648, which much aided his personal influence, and he succeeded in establishing an academy of the arts at Seville in 1660, and acted as president the first year." &mdash; Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Murillo

"Murillo, Bartolomeo Esteban, the greatest of Spanish painters, was born at Seville in 1618. He received…

"Botanically Jasminum, a genus of shrubs or climbers constituting the principal part of the natural order Jasminaceae, and comprising about sixty species, of which forty or more occur in the gardens of Britain. The plants of the genus are mostly natives of the warmer regions of the Old World, but there are one or two South American species. The leaves are pinnate or ternate, articulted to the petiole. The flowers, usually white or yellow, are arranged in terminal or axillary panicles, and have a tubular 5 or 8-cleft calyx, and a cylindrical corolla-tube, with a spreading limb, two included stamens, and a two-celled ovary." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Jasmine

"Botanically Jasminum, a genus of shrubs or climbers constituting the principal part of the natural…

"General View of Bara-Budur." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Bara-Budur

"General View of Bara-Budur." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Why does a person carrying a weight upon his back stoop forward? In order to bring the center of gravity of his body and the load over his feet. If held in this position, he would fall backwards, as the direction of the center of gravity would fall beyond his heels." &mdash; Wells, 1857

Center of Gravity

"Why does a person carrying a weight upon his back stoop forward? In order to bring the center of gravity…

"Why does a person carrying a weight upon his back stoop forward? In order to bring the center of gravity of his body and the load over his feet, he assumes this position." &mdash; Wells, 1857

Center of Gravity

"Why does a person carrying a weight upon his back stoop forward? In order to bring the center of gravity…

A horse trained to run around a circus ring with a man standing on his back.

Circus Horse

A horse trained to run around a circus ring with a man standing on his back.

"A griffin having the uppet part of the body of an eagle and the lower parts of a lion, with wings decorated with spirals, are among the more remarkable examples of perforated ornaments for attachment to the clothing." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Griffin Pendent

"A griffin having the uppet part of the body of an eagle and the lower parts of a lion, with wings decorated…

"It is of gold plate, so thick as to require no "piping" at the back to sustain it; but in general the repoused examples have a piping of copper wire." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Gold Plate

"It is of gold plate, so thick as to require no "piping" at the back to sustain it; but in general the…

"Diadems or head fillets of pure hammered gold cut into thin plates, attached to rings by double gold wires, and fastened together at the back with thin twisted wire." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Diadem

"Diadems or head fillets of pure hammered gold cut into thin plates, attached to rings by double gold…

"Bronze Lamp in British Museum." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Bronze Lamp

"Bronze Lamp in British Museum." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

"The hides now come to be trimmed and prepared for tanning in the shape in which they are intended ultimately to be sent into the market. An entire untrimmed hide is termed a crop; a side is half a crop, the dividing line of the two sides being shown at EF; a butt is the back portion ABCD, and a bend is half a butt ABFE. G, G are belly pieces, and H, H the cheeks, both together being the offal. When the shoulder (the upper part of the butt) is removed, what remains is the short butt." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Hide Divisions

"The hides now come to be trimmed and prepared for tanning in the shape in which they are intended ultimately…

"Catadioptric Holophote.—Part of the anterior hemisphere of rays is intercepted and at once parallelized by the lens L, whose principal focus (i.e., for parallel rays) is in the center of the flame, while the remainder is intercepted and made parallel by the paraboloid a, and thus the double agents in Fresnel's design are dispensed with. The rays of the posterior hemisphere are reflected by the spherical mirror b back again through the foxus, whence passing onwards one portion of them falls on the lens and the rest on the paraboloid, so as finally to emerge in union with and parallel to the front rays." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Catadioptric Holophote

"Catadioptric Holophote.—Part of the anterior hemisphere of rays is intercepted and at once parallelized…

"Catadioptric Holophote.&mdash;Part of the anterior hemisphere of rays is intercepted and at once parallelized by the lens L, whose principal focus (i.e., for parallel rays) is in the center of the flame, while the remainder is intercepted and made parallel by the paraboloid a, and thus the double agents in Fresnel's design are dispensed with. The rays of the posterior hemisphere are reflected by the spherical mirror b back again through the foxus, whence passing onwards one portion of them falls on the lens and the rest on the paraboloid, so as finally to emerge in union with and parallel to the front rays." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Catadioptric Holophote

"Catadioptric Holophote.—Part of the anterior hemisphere of rays is intercepted and at once parallelized…

"Perfect Form of Dioptric Holophote for an Oil Flame.—By combining the back prisms ga, hc just described with a semi-holophote abc subtending 180 degrees and a portion of the dioptric spherical mirror ijk, no light is lost on the burner, and all the rays are parallelized, so that this apparatus, being all of glass, is both geometrically and physically perfect." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Dioptric Holophote

"Perfect Form of Dioptric Holophote for an Oil Flame.—By combining the back prisms ga, hc just described…

"Professor Swan's Designs.—Among several ingenious arrangements and new forms of agents proposed by Professor Swan is the mode of sending rays from prisms through interstices left between other prisms placed in front, and also a form of agent which he termed the triesoptric prism, in which the rays would undergo two refractions and three reflexions. a are the front and b the triesoptric prisms. The two upper and lower prisms a are constructed of flint glass of high refractive power. It will be observed from the drawing that this ingenious arrangement is nevertheless open to objection, for cones of light of 30 degrees in front and of 65 degrees at the back are lost through the interstices." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Swans Designs

"Professor Swan's Designs.—Among several ingenious arrangements and new forms of agents proposed by…

The back of a coin worth 100 copecks in Russia.

Ruble

The back of a coin worth 100 copecks in Russia.

A fish with a red eye. Sometimes refered to as a pest in parts of the world because of its impact on native species.

Rudd

A fish with a red eye. Sometimes refered to as a pest in parts of the world because of its impact on…

"The internal structure of the lion, except in slight details, resembles that of the other Felidae, the whole organization being that of an animal modified to fulfil, in the most perfect degree yet attained, an active, predaceous mode of existence." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Lion Skull

"The internal structure of the lion, except in slight details, resembles that of the other Felidae,…

The back of a common currency of India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

Rupee

The back of a common currency of India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

The front of a Rose Royal coin. It is a very rare English gold coin in the righ of King James 1. Worth thirty shillings.

Rose Ryal

The front of a Rose Royal coin. It is a very rare English gold coin in the righ of King James 1. Worth…

The rear of a Rose Royal coin. It is a very rare English gold coin in the righ of King James 1. Worth thirty shillings.

Rose Ryal

The rear of a Rose Royal coin. It is a very rare English gold coin in the righ of King James 1. Worth…

A caterpillar with a saddle type pattern on its back.

Saddleback Caterpillar

A caterpillar with a saddle type pattern on its back.

"The pressure of the atmosphere may be easily shown by the tube and piston. suppose there is an orifice to be opened or closed by the valve b, as the piston a is moved up or down in its barrel. The valve being fastened by a hinge on the upper side, on pushing the piston down, it will open by the pressure of the air against it, and the air will make its escape. But when the piston is at the bottom of the barrel, on attempting to raise it again, towards the top, the valve is closed by the force of the external air acting upon it. If, therefore, the piston be drawn up in this state, it must be against the pressure of the atmosphere, the whole weight of which, to an extent equal to the diameter of the piston, must be lifted, while there will remain a vacuum or void space below it in the tube. if the piston be only three inches in diameter, it will require the full strength of a man to draw it to the top of the barrel, and when raised, if suddenly let go, it will be forced back again by the weight of the air, and will stright the bottom with great violence." &mdash;Comstock, 1850

Atmospheric Pressure

"The pressure of the atmosphere may be easily shown by the tube and piston. suppose there is an orifice…

A symmetrical plant with many dark green leaves on a hair trunk.

Sago Palm

A symmetrical plant with many dark green leaves on a hair trunk.

A woodland salamander with a rusty red back from head to tail.

Red Back Salamander

A woodland salamander with a rusty red back from head to tail.

A black salamander with yellow spots on its back.

Spotted Salamander

A black salamander with yellow spots on its back.

"The refraction of water is beautifully proved by the following simple experiment. Place an empty cup, with a shilling on the bottom, in such a position that the side of the cup will just hide the piece of money from the eye. Then let another person fill the cup with water, keeping the eye in the same position as before. As the water is poured in, the shilling will be come visible, appearing to rise with the water. The effect of the water is to bend the ray of light coming from the shilling, so as to make it meet the eye below the point where it otherwise would. Thus the eye could not see the shilling in the direction of c, since the line, of vision is towards a, and c is hidden by the side of the cup. But the refraction of the water bends the way downwards, producing the same effect as though the object had been raised upwards, and hence it becomes visible." &mdash;Comstock, 1850

Cup and Shilling

"The refraction of water is beautifully proved by the following simple experiment. Place an empty cup,…

"The following description of a section of Lord Rosse's telescope, though not so perfect as could be desired, is the best we could obtain. it exhibits a view of the inside of the eastern wall, with the tube, and machinery by which it is moved. A is the mason-work on the ground; B the universal joint, which allows the tube to turn in all directions; C the speculum in the tube; E the eye-piece through which the observer looks; F a pulley by which the tube is moved; H a chain attached to the pulley, and to the side of the tube; I, a chain running to K, the counterpoise; L, a lever connecting the chain M with the tube; Z another chain which passes from the upper part of the tube over a pulley at W, (not seen) and crosses to the opposite wall; X a railroad on which the speculum is drawn either to or from the tube. The dotted line H, shows the course of the weight R, as the tube rises or falls. The tube is moved from wall to wall by a ratchet wheel at R, which is turned by the lever O, on the circle N, the ends of which are fixed in the two walls." &mdash;Comstock, 1850

Telescope

"The following description of a section of Lord Rosse's telescope, though not so perfect as could be…

The bone of the middle line of the back.

Backbone

The bone of the middle line of the back.

A reinforceing cloth used to support a fabric which is being printed.

Back Cloth

A reinforceing cloth used to support a fabric which is being printed.

A valve used to keep the backwards pressure in a steam piston engine.

Back Pressure Valve

A valve used to keep the backwards pressure in a steam piston engine.

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the days and nights to differ at the same place at different seasons of the year, for on reviewing the positions of the globe at A, it will be observed that the line formed by the enlightened and dark hemispheres, does not coincide with the line of the axis and the pole, but that the line formed by the darkness and the light, extends obliquely across the line of the Earth's axis, so that the north pole is in the light while the south is in the dark. In the position A, therefore, an observer at the north pole would see the sun constantly, while another at the south pole would not see it at all. Hence those living in the north temperate zone, at the season of the year when the earth is at A, or in the Summer, would have long days and short nights, in proportion as they approached the polar circle; while those who live in the south temperate zone, at the same time, and when it would be Winter there, would have long nights and short days in the same proportion." &mdash;Comstock, 1850

Earth Axis

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the…

A valve used to keep the backwards pressure in a steam piston engine.

Back Pressure Valve

A valve used to keep the backwards pressure in a steam piston engine.

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the days and nights to differ at the same place at different seasons of the year, for on reviewing the positions of the globe at A, it will be observed that the line formed by the enlightened and dark hemispheres, does not coincide with the line of the axis and the pole, but that the line formed by the darkness and the light, extends obliquely across the line of the Earth's axis, so that the north pole is in the light while the south is in the dark. In the position A, therefore, an observer at the north pole would see the sun constantly, while another at the south pole would not see it at all. Hence those living in the north temperate zone, at the season of the year when the earth is at A, or in the Summer, would have long days and short nights, in proportion as they approached the polar circle; while those who live in the south temperate zone, at the same time, and when it would be Winter there, would have long nights and short days in the same proportion." &mdash;Comstock, 1850

Earth Axis

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the…

A male lion, mammal of the family Felidae.

Lion

A male lion, mammal of the family Felidae.

"Chelys, from a vase in the British Museum, where also are fragments of such an instrument, the back of which is of shell." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Chelys

"Chelys, from a vase in the British Museum, where also are fragments of such an instrument, the back…

"The slotting machine also cuts grooves and slots, but in an entirely different manner. Those who are acquainted with the wood mortising machine, from which the idea of this tool was derived by Roberts of Manchester, will at once understand its principle, and will appreciate the good service which can be rendered by this principle, and will appreciate the good service which can be rendered by this powerful pairing tool." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Slotting Machine

"The slotting machine also cuts grooves and slots, but in an entirely different manner. Those who are…

Side view of the vertebra. 1: Body; 2: Processes; 3: Opening for spinal cord.

Vertebra

Side view of the vertebra. 1: Body; 2: Processes; 3: Opening for spinal cord.

Top view of the vertebra. 1: Body; 2: Processes; 3: Opening for spinal cord.

Vertebra

Top view of the vertebra. 1: Body; 2: Processes; 3: Opening for spinal cord.

Section of the femur. 1: External view; 2: Cellular portion at end; 3: Hollow in middle; 4: Thick shell of middle.

Femur

Section of the femur. 1: External view; 2: Cellular portion at end; 3: Hollow in middle; 4: Thick shell…

Longitudinal section of bone, a microscopic view. 1: Cells; 2: Canals; 3: Intercellular substance.

Bone Section

Longitudinal section of bone, a microscopic view. 1: Cells; 2: Canals; 3: Intercellular substance.

Cross-section of bone, a microscopic view. 1: Cells; 2: Canals; 3: Intercellular substance.

Bone Section

Cross-section of bone, a microscopic view. 1: Cells; 2: Canals; 3: Intercellular substance.

Vertical section of the skin, a microsopic view. 1: Cutis; 2: Cuticle in layers; 3: Papilla; 4: Nerves of the Papilla; 5: Opening of Perspiratory Gland; 6: Perspiratory Gland entire; 7: Vessels for secreting coloring matter; 8: Blood-vessels.

Skin

Vertical section of the skin, a microsopic view. 1: Cutis; 2: Cuticle in layers; 3: Papilla; 4: Nerves…

External view of the Heart. 1: Right Auricle; 2: Left Auricle; 3: Right Ventricle; 4: Left Ventricle; 5: Systemic Veins; 6: Pulmonary Veins; 7: Aorta; 8: Pulmonary Artery; 9: Coronary Vein and Artery.

Heart

External view of the Heart. 1: Right Auricle; 2: Left Auricle; 3: Right Ventricle; 4: Left Ventricle;…

External view of the left side of Larynx. 1: Front portion of hyoid bone; 2: Upper edge of larynx; 3: Lower portion of larynx; 4: Second ring of trachea.

Larynx

External view of the left side of Larynx. 1: Front portion of hyoid bone; 2: Upper edge of larynx; 3:…

"Side view of skull of Cape Jumping Hare. Pmx, premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; Ma, malar; Fr, frontal; L, lachrymal; Pa, parietal; Na, nasal; Sq, squamosal; Ty, tympanic; ExO, exoccipital; AS, alisphenoid; OS, orbito-sphenoid; Per, mastoid bulla." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Cape Jumping Hare

"Side view of skull of Cape Jumping Hare. Pmx, premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; Ma, malar; Fr, frontal; L, lachrymal;…