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Marble table leg from the Vatican Museum.

Table Leg

Marble table leg from the Vatican Museum.

Marble table leg from the Vatican Museum.

Table Leg

Marble table leg from the Vatican Museum.

Marble table leg from the Vatican Museum.

Table Leg

Marble table leg from the Vatican Museum.

Pompeiian molding.

Pompeiian Molding

Pompeiian molding.

Pompeiian molding.

Pompeiian Molding

Pompeiian molding.

Pompeiian molding.

Pompeiian Molding

Pompeiian molding.

Carved Pompeiian rinceau.

Pompeiian Rinceau

Carved Pompeiian rinceau.

Sarcophagus end, Ravenna, Italy.

Early Christian Sarcophagus

Sarcophagus end, Ravenna, Italy.

An order of architecture wherein the entablature is supported by female figures clothed in long garments, instead of columns. The temple of Polias-Minerva at Priene, Greece.

Caryatic Order

An order of architecture wherein the entablature is supported by female figures clothed in long garments,…

A five-leaved ornament, in circular and other divisions of the windows of ancient churches, and also on panels. It is a rosette of five equal leaves.

Cinquefoil

A five-leaved ornament, in circular and other divisions of the windows of ancient churches, and also…

"Mortar practice- rear view of 13-inch mortar, with its usual complement of seven gunners. The mortar is one of the most ancient forms of cannon, being used as early as 1495 by Charles VIII at the siege of Naples. In 1478 the first attempt was made to project hollow shot filled with powder; but owing to their clumsy make the accidents were so frequent as to cause their discontinuance. In 1634 a French mechanic overcame the difficulty, and mortars were revived in the French service. Our illustrations represent a 13-inch mortar, the largest in general practice, weight 17,000 pounds, exclusive of the carriage. The number of men required to work one of these guns is seven, for all of whom there is distinct and adequate occupation. Mortars are not used in hand-to-hand encounters, their value consisting in pitching shells into camps and towns, or shelling fortifications erected on elevations, against which cannons are of no avail." —Leslie, 1896

Mortar Practice - Rear View

"Mortar practice- rear view of 13-inch mortar, with its usual complement of seven gunners. The mortar…

"Described as being five inches long, with a tail four inches, and found in Greece, Italy, Spain, France, and Austria." — S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Glis

"Described as being five inches long, with a tail four inches, and found in Greece, Italy, Spain, France,…

A Spanish caravel. The vessels furnished by Isabella were only <em>caravels</em>, light coasting ships, without decks, and furnished with cars like the ancient gallys.

spanish caravel

A Spanish caravel. The vessels furnished by Isabella were only caravels, light coasting ships,…

View of Palos. The pile of buildings in this view, standing upon the bluff, is the ancient Church of St. George.

Palos

View of Palos. The pile of buildings in this view, standing upon the bluff, is the ancient Church of…

Also known as the Superb Menura, the lyre bird is noted for its distinctive tail feathers. The male of this species has a pair which curve upwards in an "S" shape, giving it a resemblence to the ancient musical instrument it draws its name from.

Lyre Bird

Also known as the Superb Menura, the lyre bird is noted for its distinctive tail feathers. The male…

Found throughout Africa, the sacred (or white) ibis was revered by the ancient Egyptians.

Sacred Ibis

Found throughout Africa, the sacred (or white) ibis was revered by the ancient Egyptians.

Site of Wintermoot's Fort. This view is from the ancient bed of the Susquehanna, looking west. The building, formerly the property of Colonel Jenkins, and now owned by Mr. David Goodwin, is upon the site of old Fort Wintermoot, which was destroyed at the time of the invasion in 1778. It is upon the ancient bank of the river, here from fifteen to twenty feeth high, and about sixty rods from the stream in its present channel.

Wintermoot's Fort

Site of Wintermoot's Fort. This view is from the ancient bed of the Susquehanna, looking west. The building,…

Queen Esther's Rock. This view is near the ancient river bank, looking westward. The rock is a sort of conglomerate, a large proportion of which is quartz. Some of it is of a reddish color, which the credulous believe to be stains of blood still remaining. The rock projects only about eighteen inches off the ground, and its size is denoted by the figure standing beside it. In the distance, on the left, is seen the monument which has been erected to the memory of those who fell on the occasion. This scene includes a portion of the battle-ground. The little village of Troy also occupies a part of the field of conflict.

Queen Esther's Rock

Queen Esther's Rock. This view is near the ancient river bank, looking westward. The rock is a sort…

Ancient chair.

Ancient Chair

Ancient chair.

"The Old South. This venerable and venerated edifice, that stood through all the storms of the Revolution, and yet remains, stands on the corner of Washington and Milk Streets. It is of brick, and was erected in 1729-30, upon the site of an edifice built by the Pedo-baptists in 1669. The ancient church was of cedar, two stories high, with a steeple, gallery, and pews. The 'Old South' was the famous gathering-place of the people during the excitements of 1773. The British troops occupied it as a circus for the drill of cavalry in 1775, after removing all the wood-work within, except the eastern gallery and the pulpit and sounding-board. The British officers felt no compunctions in thus desecrating a Presbyterian chapel. It was repaired in 1782, and remains a fine model of our early church architecture. This view is from Washington Street."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Old South

"The Old South. This venerable and venerated edifice, that stood through all the storms of the Revolution,…

"Clark's House, Lexington. This building was standing when I visited Lexington in 1848. It was built by Thomas Hancock, Esq., of Boston, as a parsonage for his father, the Reverend John Hancock, of Lexington, about 130 years ago. Mr. Hancock was a minister at Lexington fifty-two years, and was succeeded by the Reverend Jonas Clark, the occupant of the house at the time of the skirmish at Lexington. Mr. Clark lived in the house fifty-two years. The room in which the two patriots, Samuel Adams and John Hancock, were sleeping on the night before the skirmish at Lexington, is retained in its original condition. The wainscoting is of Carolina pine, and the sides of the room are covered with a heavy paper, with dark figures, pasted upon the boards in rectangular pieces about fourteen inches square. In an adjoining room is one of those ancient fire-places, ornamented with pictorial tiles, so rarely found in New England."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Clark's House

"Clark's House, Lexington. This building was standing when I visited Lexington in 1848. It was built…

"The New England flag. This is copied from an old Dutch work, preserved in the library of the New York Historical Society, containing pictures of the flags of all nations. In the original, a divided sphere, representing the earth, is in the quarter where I have placed the pine-tree. I have made the alteration in the device, because in the flag raised upon the bastion of the redoubt on Breed's Hill, the pine-tree occupied the place of the sphere, the more ancient device. The question has been unsettled respecting the flag used on that occasion, as contemporary writers are silent on the subject. An intelligent old lady (Mrs. Manning) whom I saw between the Brandywine and Kennet Square, in Pennsylvania, informed me that her father, who was in the battle, assisted in hoisting the standard, and she had heard him speak of it as a 'noble flag.' The ground was blue, and one corner was quartered by the red cross of St. George, in one section of which was the pine-tree. This was the New England flag, as given in the sketch. Doubtless there were many other flags belonging to the several regiments."—Lossing, 1851

New England Flag

"The New England flag. This is copied from an old Dutch work, preserved in the library of the New York…

"Ancient Dutch Church in Sleepy Hollow. This view is from the church-yard, looking southwest. The porch seen on the right fronts upon the highway, and is a modern addition, the ancient entrance being on the south side. This is believed to be the oldest church in existence in this state, having been erected, according to inscription upon a stone tablet upon its front, by Vredryck Flypsen (Frederic Philips) and Catharine his wife, in 1699. It is built of brick and stone, the former having been imported from Holland for the express purpose. The old flag-shaped vane, with the initials of the founder cut out of it, yet turns upon its steeple, and in the little tower hangs the ancient bell, bearing this inscription: 'Si. Deus. Pro. Nobis. Quis. Contra. Nos. 1685.' The pulpit and communion-table were imported from Holland; the latter alone has escaped the ruthless hand of modern improvement."—Lossing, 1851

Sleepy Hollow Church

"Ancient Dutch Church in Sleepy Hollow. This view is from the church-yard, looking southwest. The porch…

"Battle-ground at Monmouth. This view is from the orchard, upon the site of Wayne's position when Monckton fell. The old house on the left is the ancient parsonage, occupied, at the time of the battle, by a man named Freeman. Beyond the house, extending right and left, is the place of the morass, now fine meadow land, with a clear stream running through it; and in the extreme distance are seen the slopes and elevations whereon the second division of the American army, under Washington, was drawn up. Upon the rising ground on the extreme right, the British grenadiers were stationed; and two figures in the open field, about fifty yards distant from our point of view, denote the spot where Monckton was killed."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Monmouth Battle-Ground

"Battle-ground at Monmouth. This view is from the orchard, upon the site of Wayne's position when Monckton…

"The Pen-Fish or Common Calamary, <em>L. vulgaris</em>, is the best-known species of the genus; the body is somewhat pellucid, of a greenish hue, changeable to dirty brown; the eyes are large and lustrous, of an emerald green, phosphoric, and fiery in a high degree. It is common in the european seas, and was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans. [Shown with a quill pen]" &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Common calamari

"The Pen-Fish or Common Calamary, L. vulgaris, is the best-known species of the genus; the…

"Key of the Bastile. This key of the old Paris prison known as the Bastile, was sent by La Fayette to Washington after the destruction of that edifice by the infuriated populace on the 14th of July, 1789. This was the beginning of the French Revolution. The Bastille was originally a royal place, built by Charles the Fifth of France in 1369. It was afterward used as a state prison, like the Tower of London, and became the scene of dreadful sufferings and frightful crimes. When the mob gained possession of it in 1789, they took the governor and other officers to the Place de Greve, where they first cut off their hands and then their heads. With the key, La Fayette sent a plaster model of the old building. The model, somewhat defaced from long exposure in the Alexandria museum, is among the collections of the National Institute, while the key retains its ancient position at Mount Vernon. It is of wrought iron, seven inches long. La Fayette, in his letter to Washington which accompanied the key and picture, dated 'Paris, March 17th, 1789,' said, 'Give me leave, my dear general, to present you with a picture of the Bastile, just as it appeared a few days after I had ordered its demolition, with the main key of this fortress of despotism. It is a tribute which I owe as a son to my adopted father; as an aid-de-camp to my general; as a missionary liberty to its patriarch.'"—Lossing, 1851

Bastile Key

"Key of the Bastile. This key of the old Paris prison known as the Bastile, was sent by La Fayette to…

"Distant view of Jamestown Island. This view is from the north side of what was once a marsh, but now a deep bay, four hundred yards wide. On the left is seen the remains of a bridge, destroyed by a gale and high tide a few years ago; and beyond is the James River. Near the point of the island, toward the end of the bridge, are the remains of an ancient church. Mr. Coke resided upon the island when the tempest occurred which destroyed the bridge. The island was submerged, and for three days himself and family were prisoners. It was in winter, and he was obliged to cut the branches of ornamental trees that were close to his house, for fuel. I was gravely informed by a man on the beach, while making the sketch, that Pocahontas crossed at that very spot '<em>in her skiff</em>,' when she went to warn the Jamestown settlers of threatened danger. The dear child had no need of a skiff, had such a thing existed in America, for I was told by Mr. Coke that his father-in-law well remembered when a marsh, so narrow and firm that a person might cross it upon a fence rail, was where the deep water at the ruined bridge now is. Every year the current of James River is changing its margins in this region, and within a few years Jamestown Island, made so only by a marsh on the land side, will have a navigable channel around it. Already a large portion of it, whereon the ancient town was erected, has been washed away; and I was informed that a cypress-tree, now many yards from the shore stood at the end of a carriage-way to the wharf, sixty yards from the water's edge, only sixteen years ago. The destructive flood is gradually approaching the old church tower, and if the hand of man shall not arrest its sure progress, that too will be swept away, and not a vestige of Jamestown will remain. Virginians, look to it, and let a wall of masonry along the river margin attest your reverence for the most interesting historical relic within your borders! Some remains of the old fort may be seen at low water, several yards from the shore."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Jamestown Island

"Distant view of Jamestown Island. This view is from the north side of what was once a marsh, but now…

"A tray strewn with dust or sand, used in ancient times for calculating. A contrivance for calculating, consisting of beads or balls strung on wires or rods set in a frame."—Wright, 1902

Abacus

"A tray strewn with dust or sand, used in ancient times for calculating. A contrivance for calculating,…

"This is a view from the lawn, looking south. It is a frame building with a brick foundation. At the time of the siege it belonged in fee to Governor Nelson, but its occupant, a widow Moore, had a life interest in it, and it was known as Moore's house. The narrow piazza in front is a modern addition. This house is upon the Temple Farm, so called from the fact that vestiges of a small temple or church, and the remains of an ancient settlement, are there seen, about a mile and a half south of Yorktown. Around the temple was a wall, and within are several tomb-stones. One of these bear the name of Major William Gooch, and the date of his death, 1655."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Moore's House

"This is a view from the lawn, looking south. It is a frame building with a brick foundation. At the…

Development of the alphabet.

Alphabet

Development of the alphabet.

Ancient Roman plow

Plow

Ancient Roman plow

"Saracen Arms. Charlemagne now had to deal with certain non-Germanic peoples who were threatening his borders. These were the Saracens, Slavs, and Avars. The Mohammedan Saracens, or Moors, had gained possession of the whole of Spain, but there were still small fragments of the ancient Visigothic kingdom in the north. It was to save these little Christian states from their Mohammedan oppressors, as well as to round out the limits of his own kingdom, that Charlemagne undertook a campaign against the Saracens."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Saracen Arms

"Saracen Arms. Charlemagne now had to deal with certain non-Germanic peoples who were threatening his…

"(A fish that) had a compressed claviform body, posterior dorsal fins nearly opposite to the anus, prolonged upper tail-lobe, and well-developed spines in front of the fins."-Whitney, 1902

Acanthoclinus

"(A fish that) had a compressed claviform body, posterior dorsal fins nearly opposite to the anus, prolonged…

"The act of lying or reclining; specifically, the ancient practice, derived from the Orient, of eating meals in a recumbent position." -Whitney, 1902

Accubation

"The act of lying or reclining; specifically, the ancient practice, derived from the Orient, of eating…

"The taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789. The Parisian mob, not satisfied with the formation of the National Assembly, demanded to be armed in their own defense; and when this was refused, rushed off to seize the store of arms kept in the Hotel des Invalides. Angered by the report that the guns of the old prison of the Bastile were to be trained on the people, they suddenly gathered around its walls and began an attack. This ancient prison had been the scene of many oppressions in the past. Its foul dungeons and the sufferings of those who were confined there had made it an object of popular hatred. During Louis XVI's reign, however, it had fallen into disuse, and it can not be said that at that time it was worse than any other prison. Nevertheless, to the mob it still stood as the symbol of despotism. The governor of the prison surrendered, but the mob murdered him, together with some others, and carried the heads of their victims on pikes through the streets. The few prisoners that were within were set free. Although were was nothing especially heroic about the taking of the Bastile, the event was of great significance, for it seemed to say that a new age had begun. Throughout Europe it was looked upon as a triumph of the people over despotism, and by the liberals of all countries it was hailed with joy."—Colby, 1899

Bastile

"The taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789. The Parisian mob, not satisfied with the formation of the…

"Herakles, from the eastern pediment of the temple of Athena."-Whitney, 1902

Æginetan Sculpture

"Herakles, from the eastern pediment of the temple of Athena."-Whitney, 1902

"&AElig;gis- Varvakeion Statuette of Athena."-Whitney, 1902

Ægis

"Ægis- Varvakeion Statuette of Athena."-Whitney, 1902

"A net-like woolen garment worn by bachanals and soothsayers in ancient Greece. Image: Toso of Apollo wearing the Agrenon, found at Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli."-Whitney, 1902

Agrenon

"A net-like woolen garment worn by bachanals and soothsayers in ancient Greece. Image: Toso of Apollo…

"Round, triangular, or square in plan, often elaborately adorned with sculpture, and bearing inscriptions."-Whitney, 1902

Greek Altar

"Round, triangular, or square in plan, often elaborately adorned with sculpture, and bearing inscriptions."-Whitney,…

"They are said to have originated in Greece, but have since spread all over the world; they live in colonies composed of from ten to thirty thousand neuter or <em>Working Bees</em>, of from six to eight hundred males called <em>Drones</em>, and of a single female, which seems to reign as <em>Queen</em>." &mdash Goodrich, 1859

Honey Bee

"They are said to have originated in Greece, but have since spread all over the world; they live in…

The coin of the ancient city Acanthus in Egypt.

Coin of Acanthus

The coin of the ancient city Acanthus in Egypt.

"From a Greek vase."-Whitney, 1902

Anthemia

"From a Greek vase."-Whitney, 1902

"From a Greek vase."-Whitney, 1902

Anthemia

"From a Greek vase."-Whitney, 1902

Amphor&aelig; are jars with narrow necks and two handles, used by ancient Greeks for transporting oil or wine.

Amphora

Amphoræ are jars with narrow necks and two handles, used by ancient Greeks for transporting oil…

Amphor&aelig; are jars with narrow necks and two handles, used by ancient Greeks for transporting oil or wine.

Amphora

Amphoræ are jars with narrow necks and two handles, used by ancient Greeks for transporting oil…

Amphor&aelig; are jars with narrow necks and two handles, used by ancient Greeks for transporting oil or wine.

Amphora

Amphoræ are jars with narrow necks and two handles, used by ancient Greeks for transporting oil…

"The sacred bull of the ancient Egyptians, to which divine honors were paid."-Whitney, 1902

Apis

"The sacred bull of the ancient Egyptians, to which divine honors were paid."-Whitney, 1902

"The ornament rising above the stern of ancient ships."-Whitney, 1902

Aplustre

"The ornament rising above the stern of ancient ships."-Whitney, 1902

"The Contellation Ara; One of the 15 ancient southern constellations; the Altar."-Whitney, 1902

Ara

"The Contellation Ara; One of the 15 ancient southern constellations; the Altar."-Whitney, 1902

"The Battering Ram is an ancient military contrivance used for battering down walls. It consisted of a pole or beam of wood, sometimes as much as 80, 100, or even 120 feet in length."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Battering Ram

"The Battering Ram is an ancient military contrivance used for battering down walls. It consisted of…

"A Bolo is a short, broad, lance-shaped weapon; used by the Filiinos in their operations against the American troops. The blade is about 18 inches in length by nearly 3 inches in breadth at its broadest dimension. It tapers from the middle toward the haft as well as toward the point, making it strongly resemble the ancient short sword. It is not double edged, however, but tapers from a thick back to an extremely keen edge. In April 1904, the United States troops operating in the Philippines, were supplied with bolos."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Filipino Bolo

"A Bolo is a short, broad, lance-shaped weapon; used by the Filiinos in their operations against the…

"A Bolo is a short, broad, lance-shaped weapon; used by the Filiinos in their operations against the American troops. The blade is about 18 inches in length by nearly 3 inches in breadth at its broadest dimension. It tapers from the middle toward the haft as well as toward the point, making it strongly resemble the ancient short sword. It is not double edged, however, but tapers from a thick back to an extremely keen edge. In April 1904, the United States troops operating in the Philippines, were supplied with bolos."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Filipino Bolo Sheath

"A Bolo is a short, broad, lance-shaped weapon; used by the Filiinos in their operations against the…

"The Spiny Lobster, <em>Palinurus vulgaris</em>, which may be taken as the type of the family, often weighs as muich as twelve or fifteen pounds. It was in great esteem among the ancient Romans, who denominated it <em>Locusta</em>. &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Spiny lobster

"The Spiny Lobster, Palinurus vulgaris, which may be taken as the type of the family, often…

"Camel is a genus of ruminant quadrupeds, characterized by the absence of horns; a fissure in the upper lip; a long and arched neck; one or two humps or protuberances on the back; and a broad elastic foot ending in two small hoofs. The native country of the camel is said to extend from Morocco to China, within a zone of 900 or 1,000 miles in breadth. The common camel, having two humps, is found in the N. part of this region, and exclusively from the ancient Bactria, now Turkestan, to China. The dromedary, or single-humped camel is found throuhout the entire length of this zone. The camel will travel three days under a load and five days under a rider without drinking. It can live on little food, and of the coarsest kind. Camels which carry heavy burdens will do about 25 miles a day; those which are used for speed alone, from 60 to 90 miles a day. It lives from 40 to 50 years. The South American members of the family Camelid&aelig; contain the llama and alpaca; they have no humps."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Camel

"Camel is a genus of ruminant quadrupeds, characterized by the absence of horns; a fissure in the upper…

"Theses animals were all supported upon a long stalk, at the extremity of which they floated in the waters of the ancient seas, spreading their arms in every direction in search of the small animals whch consitituted its food." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Encrindae

"Theses animals were all supported upon a long stalk, at the extremity of which they floated in the…

"A Torque, in arch&aelig;ology, is a twisted collar of gold, or other metal, worn around the neck, in ancient times by the people of Asia and the N. of Europe, and apparently forming a great part of the wealth of the wearer. Among the ancient Gauls gold torques appear to have been so abundant that about 223 B. C. Flaminius Nepos erected to Jupiter a golden trophy made from the torques of the conquered Gauls."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Torque

"A Torque, in archæology, is a twisted collar of gold, or other metal, worn around the neck, in…

"A Vase is a vessel of various forms and materials, applied to the purposes of domestic life, sacrificial uses, etc. They were often used merely for ornament, or were at least primarily ornamental in character and design. The antique vases found in great numbers in ancient tombs and catacombs in Etruria, Southern Italy, Greece, Sicily, etc., and used to contain the ashes of the dead, were for the most part made of baked clay, painted and glazed. Rare Chinese and Japanese vases are highly prized, and $20,000 has been paid for one vase at auction in New York."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Chinese, Japanese and Indian Vases

"A Vase is a vessel of various forms and materials, applied to the purposes of domestic life, sacrificial…

"A Vase is a vessel of various forms and materials, applied to the purposes of domestic life, sacrificial uses, etc. They were often used merely for ornament, or were at least primarily ornamental in character and design. The antique vases found in great numbers in ancient tombs and catacombs in Etruria, Southern Italy, Greece, Sicily, etc., and used to contain the ashes of the dead, were for the most part made of baked clay, painted and glazed. Rare Chinese and Japanese vases are highly prized, and $20,000 has been paid for one vase at auction in New York."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Grecian Vases

"A Vase is a vessel of various forms and materials, applied to the purposes of domestic life, sacrificial…

"Karnak is a village in Egypt built on the site of Thebes, on the bank of the Nile, and renowned for its magnificent architectural antiquities. The principal one of these is the Great Temple, 1,200 feet long and 330 feet wide. In this are found great colonades, obelisks, and a vast quantity of sculptures. Various colored marbles, sandstones and granite are used. Other smaller temples abound, beautifully ornamented with mural decorations which portray the kings, divinities and recreations of those ancient peoples. These temples were erected at various times from 1500 B.C. to 28 B.C."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Temple of Karnak

"Karnak is a village in Egypt built on the site of Thebes, on the bank of the Nile, and renowned for…

"Lotus is a name given to various flowers, including several beautiful species of water lily, especially the blue water lily, and the Egyptian water lily which grow in stagnant and slowly running water in the S. of Asia and N. of Africa. The latter grows in the Nile and adjacent rivulets and has a large white flower. The root is eaten by the people who live near the lake Manzaleh. It was the rose of ancient Egypt, the favorite flower of the country, and was often made into wreaths or garlands."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Egyptian Water Lily

"Lotus is a name given to various flowers, including several beautiful species of water lily, especially…