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"Battle of Mill Spring, on the Cumberland River, near Jamestown, between a confederate force, 8,000 strong, under General Zollicoffer, and the Federal troops, 4,000 strong, commanded by General Thomas, fought Sunday, January 19th, 1862- flight of the Confederate Army. One of the most dashing, desperate and decisive battles of the war took place on Sunday, January 19th, 1862, when a Confederate army of 8,000 men, led by Generals Zollicoffer and Crittenden, were totally routed by General Thomas, at the head of about 4,000 Federal troops. The cannonading began at four o'clock in the morning, and the engagement soon became general. Zollicoffer found, however, that instead of surprising General Thomas, that able and vigilant officer was ready for him. The Confederates fought gallantly throughout that dismal Sabbath day, and owing to their decided superiority in numbers the result was doubtful till near the conclusion of the conflict. The death of Colonel Peyton, who fell gallantly at the head of his regiment, had materially damped the spirits of the Confederates, but the fall of their commander, Zollicoffer, about ten minutes past three in the afternoon, completed their rout. At that hour, as the Fourth Kentucky regiment was deploying on the flank of the Confederate army, Zollicoffer, attended by several of his aids, mistook his way in the underwood, and suddenly emerged before Colonel Fry, who was also with several officers. At first they mistook each other for friends, but upon the mistake being discovered one of the Confederate officers fired at Fry and shot his horse. Almost at the same instant Colonel Fry drew his revolver and shot General Zollicoffer through the heart. His aids, seeing their commander slain, deserted the body, which was taken charge of by the Federal troops, and carried to Somerset. The news spread like wildfire through the Confederate army, which fled with precipitation, and at half-past three not a confederate stood his ground." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Mill Spring

"Battle of Mill Spring, on the Cumberland River, near Jamestown, between a confederate force, 8,000…

"Fort built around the officer's quarters of the First Minnesota Regiment, Colonel Sully, near Fair Oaks, VA. The peculiarities of the States and nationalities as were represented in the Federal Army developed themselves in a variety of ways. At Fortress Monroe the German regiments erected bowers in which they quaffed their lager and smoked, while their regimental bands played airs which led them back by the ear to Das Vaterland; and the Garibaldi Guard made their tents as much like Swiss cottages as possible. The First Minnesota Regiment, Colonel A. Sully, little dreaming how soon they would have to abandon their handiwork to the enemy, erected a fort around the commodious farm house near Fair Oaks, which, after the battle of Seven Pines, May 31st, 1862, had been given to their captains and lieutenants for their quarters. The appearance was so strange that an officer of General McClellan's staff made a sketch and sent it to us." — Frank Leslie, 1896

First Minnesota Regiment

"Fort built around the officer's quarters of the First Minnesota Regiment, Colonel Sully, near Fair…

"This lemur is noted for its brillant colorings, the greater part of the body being covered with a vivid russet: the hands, face, and tail are black; on the back of the neck there is a large patch of white." —Goodrich, 1885

Red Lemur

"This lemur is noted for its brillant colorings, the greater part of the body being covered with a vivid…

"<em>Magus sylvannus or Macacus innus</em>. It is about eighteen inches long; its head is large, its snout large and long, its nose flat, its face and ears of a lvid flash color; its body thick, and its limbs well knit." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Magot

"Magus sylvannus or Macacus innus. It is about eighteen inches long; its head is large, its…

"<em>C. porcarius</em>, is of a uniform dark color, almost black, mixed throughout with a dark-green shade, deepest on the head and along the ridge of the back, and paler o the anterior part of the sholders and on the flanks. The hair over the whole body is long and shaggy." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Chacma

"C. porcarius, is of a uniform dark color, almost black, mixed throughout with a dark-green…

"<em>N. trivirgatus</em>. Its generl color is gray: its body and head measure ten inches. It lives on the borders of the Orinoco, and is nocturnal in its habits. It is sad of aspect, and solitary in its disposition. It passes the day in sleep, and at night goes fourth in quest of food, which consists of sweet fruits and eggs." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Douroucouli Monkey

"N. trivirgatus. Its generl color is gray: its body and head measure ten inches. It lives on…

"The monkeys of this genus are marked by a short head, an angular muzzle, and a non-prehensile tail. They are gentle, intelligent, slender in form, and partially nocturnal in their habbits. The genus is divided into two branches, the <em>Brachyures</em>, which have very short tails, and the <em>Sakis proper</em> which have long, large tails." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Monk Saki

"The monkeys of this genus are marked by a short head, an angular muzzle, and a non-prehensile tail.…

"The monkeys of this genus are marked by a short head, an angular muzzle, and a non-prehensile tail. They are gentle, intelligent, slender in form, and partially nocturnal in their habbits. The genus is divided into two branches, the <em>Brachyures</em>, which have very short tails, and the <em>Sakis proper</em> which have long, large tails." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Satanic Saki

"The monkeys of this genus are marked by a short head, an angular muzzle, and a non-prehensile tail.…

"The head is large and round; the membranaceous ears remarkably large, and closed when the animal is sleeping; the eyes are large,and of a soft expression; the fur soft, the tail long; the teeth twenty six, as with the maki, loris, and sapajou." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Galagos

"The head is large and round; the membranaceous ears remarkably large, and closed when the animal is…

The head of a roussette bat, in life size.

Head of Roussette Bat

The head of a roussette bat, in life size.

The head of a spectre bat, in life size.

Head of Spectre Bat

The head of a spectre bat, in life size.

The head of a javelin bat, in life size.

Javelin Bat

The head of a javelin bat, in life size.

The head of a long-eared bat, in life size.

Long-Eared Bat

The head of a long-eared bat, in life size.

The head of a rhinolophus nobilis bat, in life size.

Rhinolophus Nobilis

The head of a rhinolophus nobilis bat, in life size.

The head of a megaderm bat, in life size.

Head of Megaderm Bat

The head of a megaderm bat, in life size.

"These are small animals, having somewhat the form and agility of squirrels. The head is long, the snout attenuated, eyes large and prominent, the claws sharp and hooked, the sole naked, the tail long, the body long and cylindrical, and covered with close, soft fur." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Tupaias

"These are small animals, having somewhat the form and agility of squirrels. The head is long, the snout…

The head of a common mole, showing snout and teeth.

Head of a Mole

The head of a common mole, showing snout and teeth.

"The raccoon is about twenty-six inches long; the tail eight inches; the weight twenty to twenty-five pounds. Its head is rather round, the nose flexible, and the expression of the face cunning, sly, and foxy. The feet are plantigrade. The general color of the fur is blackish-gray, but paler on the under part of the body." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Raccoon

"The raccoon is about twenty-six inches long; the tail eight inches; the weight twenty to twenty-five…

"The raccoon is about twenty-six inches long; the tail eight inches; the weight twenty to twenty-five pounds. Its head is rather round, the nose flexible, and the expression of the face cunning, sly, and foxy. The feet are plantigrade. The general color of the fur is blackish-gray, but paler on the under part of the body." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Crab-Eating Raccoon

"The raccoon is about twenty-six inches long; the tail eight inches; the weight twenty to twenty-five…

"They are distinguished by a long body, a long head terminating in a long flexible snout, with which they root in the ground. They are nearly the size of a vat; the color is fawn, mixed with gray and black, becomming paler on the under parts." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Coati Mondi

"They are distinguished by a long body, a long head terminating in a long flexible snout, with which…

"<em>P. typus</em>, is of a yellowish brown, marked with three ranges of obscure spots on the back.; the sides and the legs are also marked with spots, irregularl disposed; the muzzle is gray, the tail and feet black. The body is eighteen inches long." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Pougonie

"P. typus, is of a yellowish brown, marked with three ranges of obscure spots on the back.;…

"The only species, <em>C. ferox</em>, is but fifteen inches long, but its strength is great. Its disposition is ferocious and sanguinary in the highest degree. The body is slender and the back arched; the color is russet, the head round, and the claws retractile." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Cryptoprocta Ferox

"The only species, C. ferox, is but fifteen inches long, but its strength is great. Its disposition…

"A cross between an old english hound and the greyhound. It is from twenty-two inches to two feet in height, and of middle size. The head and fur are of great beauty, the scent exquisite, and the speed great - equal to the swiftest horse." —Goodrich, 1885

Fox Hound

"A cross between an old english hound and the greyhound. It is from twenty-two inches to two feet in…

"This remarkable bred has the head elongated, the forehead flat, and the ears short and erect, or with a slight direction forward. The body is thickly covered with hair of two kinds, - the one woolly and gray, the other sillk and of a deep yellow or fawn color. he limbs are muscular, and, in their form and proportions, resemble those of a common sheperd's dog." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Dingo

"This remarkable bred has the head elongated, the forehead flat, and the ears short and erect, or with…

"The bull dog has a round, thick head, a turned-up nose, and thick and pendulous lips. He is of moderate size, but of great strength and courage. In general he makes a silent though ferocious attack, and the persisting powers of his teeth and jaws enable him to keep his hold against any but greatest efforts." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Bull Dog

"The bull dog has a round, thick head, a turned-up nose, and thick and pendulous lips. He is of moderate…

Left-side view of a lion's head.

Lion

Left-side view of a lion's head.

Frontal viewed of a lion's head.

Lion

Frontal viewed of a lion's head.

"Battle of Charles City Road- charge of the Jersey Brigade- the first New Jersey brigade, General Tayler, detaching itself from General Slocum's division and rushing to the support of the General Kearny's division, which had been driven back, thus turning the fortunes of the day, June 30th, 1862, six o'clock p.m." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of Charles City

"Battle of Charles City Road- charge of the Jersey Brigade- the first New Jersey brigade, General Tayler,…

"Battle of Gaines's Mill, Friday, June 27th, 1862. At eleven o'clock each division, brigade, regiment and gun was in place. Some were in the broad, open field and others under the cover of the woods. The day was intensely warm, and many of the men, worn out with their previous day's fighting, lack of sleep and toilsome march, had already thrown themselves upon the ground and were indulging in a short slumber, when a sharp volley and then the roar of artillery announced that the Confederates had opened the fight. Their shells burst in front of the farmhouse which General Morell had made his headquarters. The Federal batteries, after some little delay, replied and for an hour this artillery duel and shelling the woods continued. It was not till near three o'clock in the afternoon that the engagement became general, and then the battle raged for four hours with unexampled fury. As though by common consent, there was a pause now; but it did not last long, for the enemy had evidently received large re-enforcements, as the whole Federal line was attacked, with a vigor which showed that those who made it were fresh men. To prevent defeat, General Porter sent for re-enforcements, for under the additional pressure the Federal troops were giving way. Fortunately, General Slocum's division came to the rescue, and with it Generals Palmer, French and Meagher with their brigades and two bodies of cavalry. This changed the character of the struggle. Meagher's gallant gellows, coats off and sleeves rolled up, charged the enemy and drove them back. General Palmer's men and Duryee's Zouaves also went in with valor, and finally the Confederates rolled back like a retreating wave. This was the close of the day's fight. Toward the end the Federals had fifty-four regiments on the field, numbering about 36,000 men." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Battle of Gaines's Mill

"Battle of Gaines's Mill, Friday, June 27th, 1862. At eleven o'clock each division, brigade, regiment…

"General Butler was born in Deerfield, N. H., November 6th, 1818. At the time of President Lincoln's call for troops in April, 1861, he held the commission of brigadier general of militia. On the 17th of that month he marched to Annapolis with the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment, and was placed in command of the District of Annapolis, in which the city of Baltimore was included. On May 13th, 1861, he entered Baltimore at the head of 900 men, occupied the city without opposition, and on May 16th was made a major general and assigned to the command of Fortress Monroe and the Department of Eastern Virginia. In August he captured Forts Hatteras and Clark. He then returned to Massachusetts to recruit an expedition for the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi. On March 23rd, 1862, the expedition reached Ship Island, and on April 17th went up the Mississippi. The fleet under Farragut having passed the forts, April 24th, and virtually capture New Orleans, General Butler took possession of the city on May 1st. Near the close of 1863 he was placed in command of the Army of the James. In December, 1864, he conducted an ineffectual expedition against Fort Fisher, and soon afterward was removed from command by General Grant. He died in Washington, D. C., January 11th, 1893." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

General Benjamin F. Butler

"General Butler was born in Deerfield, N. H., November 6th, 1818. At the time of President Lincoln's…

"In the Shenandoah Valley- General Fremont's division marching through the woods to attack the Confederates. This exciting pursuit commenced on Saturday, May 31st, 1862, when the first collision occurred between the hostile armies in the lower valley, near Strasburg, to which place Jackson had fallen back from the Potomac upon hearing that Fremont was on the march to intercept him. In this retreat the indomitable and daring Ashby, the "Murat of the Confederates," occupied the post of danger, dashing against the Federal troops whenever they pressed the retreating enemy too closely. At ten o'clock on the 31st the First Jersey Cavalry, led by the gallant Wyndham, and Ashby's men had a desperate skirmish, in which the Confederates were driven back with some loss. Jackson rested his Confederate troops in Strasburg this night, and next morning resumed his retreat, when the Ashby cavalry and the First Jersey had another and heavier conflict, in which artillery was used. That night the enemy occupied Woodstock, having made fourteen miles in their retreat this day. So close was the Federal advance on the Confederates that General Bayard's cavalry, when they entered Strasburg, captured the Confederate provost marshal and two hundred men. At the village of Edinburgh, five miles from Woodstock, the Confederate General Ashby, by Jackson's orders, after seeing the rear guard safely across the bridge over Stony Creek, fired the wooden structure, and it was soon enveloped in flames." —Leslie, 1896

Strasburg Woods

"In the Shenandoah Valley- General Fremont's division marching through the woods to attack the Confederates.…

"The victory at Blue Ridge Pass, Sunday, September 14th, 1862- infantry charge, and rout of the Confederates. On Sunday, September 14th, 1862, having previously evacuated Frederick City, the rear of the Confederate army had reached the Blue Ridge Pass, on the line of the Federal road leading from Frederick City to Hagerstown and the fords of the Upper Potomac. Here it was overtaken by the Federal advance under Generals Hooker and Reno. The position was a strong one, and strongly guarded, but was carried after a severe action by the Federal forces, the Confederates falling back in disorder. In this engagement General Reno was killed on the Federal side, and General Garland on that of the Confederates." —Leslie, 1896

Blue Ridge Pass

"The victory at Blue Ridge Pass, Sunday, September 14th, 1862- infantry charge, and rout of the Confederates.…

"Expedition to Port Royal- Government buildings erected on Hilton Head, S. C., by the Federal forces under General Sherman, 1861-2. Our illustration of the Government buildings erected on Hilton Head, S. C., embrace the following points of interest: Signal Station for telegraphing to beaufort, Bay Point, etc; post office, formerly old confederate barn; Captan Hascell's office and storehouses; old Confederate building; storehouse for ammunition; unfinished dwelling; boxes filled with shot and shell; heavy shot; temporary wharf; siege gun-carriages; building permanent wharf; heavy columbiads; armories department, and part of the stone fleet. This sketch cannot fail to be generally interesting, more especially to those who had friends or relatives in this expedition, or participated in it themselves. The buildings were unpleasantly significant to the secessionists that the Federal troops had come to stay." —Leslie, 1896

Hilton Head

"Expedition to Port Royal- Government buildings erected on Hilton Head, S. C., by the Federal forces…

"Expedition to Port Royal- Government buildings erected on Hilton Head, S. C., by the Federal forces under General Sherman, 1861-2. Our illustration of the Government buildings erected on Hilton Head, S. C., embrace the following points of interest: Commissary's Quarters, built by the Confederates; Post Sutler's, built by the Confederates; Camp of the Eighth Main Regiment; butcher's yard; Camp of the Third New Hampshire regiment; Camp of the Forty-eighth New York regiment; Camp of the Forty-seventh New York regiment; Provost Marshal Major Beard's quarters and Provost Marshal's guard; General Viele's headquarter's; General Sherman's headquarters; Captain Pothouse's (Assistant Adjutant-general) headquarters; lodging house, built by the Confederates; bakery; unfinished building; Captain Saxton's office, and other Government offices, formerly Generals Drayton and Wright's headquarters." —Leslie, 1896

Hilton Head

"Expedition to Port Royal- Government buildings erected on Hilton Head, S. C., by the Federal forces…

"Battle of Secessionville, James Island, S. C.- bayonet charge of Federal troops, commanded by General Stevens, upon the Confederate batteries on James Island, June 16th, 1862. Our sketch represents the desperate bayonet charge of the Federal troops which drove back the Confederates; but the Federals were so exhausted with their victory that the reconnoissance for the next day was postponed and some heavy guns having arrived, it was proposed to put them in battery in advance of General Steven's camp and try their effect upon the Confederate fort before renewing the project of an assault. The battery produced no effect upon the Confederate fort; and as its shells and shot commanded the Federal position and rendered its camp insecure, it became necessary to recur again to the old plan of the reconnoissance, and to attempt to reduce it by assault. The Federals were met by a murderous fire of grape and canister. Two regiments only reached the front, much cut up- the Eighth Michigan and the Seventy-ninth New York "Highlanders." The Twenty-eighth Massachusetts broke and scattered, while the Forty-sixth New York did little better. The first two drove the gunners from their guns; some mounted the parapet, and some even penetrated the work; but the other regiments, there being two besides those named, not rushing up to their support, they were obliged to retire after having really held it for nearly twenty minutes." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of Secessionville

"Battle of Secessionville, James Island, S. C.- bayonet charge of Federal troops, commanded by General…

"Interior of the outbuilding attached to Marshal Kane's Police Headquarters, Holliday Street, Baltimore- discovery of cannon, muskets and ammunition intended for the service of the Secessionists. General Banks promptly arrested Marshal Kane as the most active Secessionist in Maryland, and incarcerated him in Fort McHenry. He supplied his place by Colonel Kenley, a tried and trustworthy officer. Provost Marshal Kenley actively pursued his search after concealed arms. He took possession of the late marshal's office, the entrance of which was guarded by a cannon planted in the hall and officers with drawn swords, a precautionary measure rendered necessary by the disturbed state of the city. The search after arms was eminently successful. In an old back building of the City Hall, used by Marshal Kane, were found two 6-pounder and two 4-pounder guns, half ton of assorted shot, four hundredweight of ball, eight hundred rifle-ball cartridges, gun carriages, etc. In the office and under the marshal's office, in the floors and in the ceiling, arms and ammunition were found, among them a case of splendid pistols, two hundred and fifty muskets and rifles, twenty-five of which were Minie, besides several muskets which were supposed to belong to the Massachusetts soldiers disarmed by the mob on April 19th." —Leslie, 1896

Police Headquarters

"Interior of the outbuilding attached to Marshal Kane's Police Headquarters, Holliday Street, Baltimore-…

"Battle of Savages Station. Brigadier General Smith's division hotly engaged with the enemy, at noon, June 28th, 1862. Our correspondent described this battle as follows: "Having left our wounded, about thirteen hundred men, in the hospital, to the tender mercies of the Confederates, our troops fell back at daybreak on Sunday from their line of entrenchments. This extended from a space of white oak swamp, near Richmond, to the Chickahominy Creek, at New Bridge. The divisions of Hooker, Kearney and Sedgwick were thrown into the woods, where a number of batteries were masked to oppose the enemy, who, advancing cautiously, clambered over the ditches and parapets, and, seeing them abandoned, signaled the main body, who came up at double quick. Taking possession of our defenses with a cheer, they raised their flag amid loud yells of demoniacal satisfaction. Then, in close order and in line of battle, they marched down the Williamsburg Road, past the scene of the Seven Pines fight, and so approached where our troops were concealed at a point denominated Peach Orchard, being an insignificant stopping place on the railroad, midway between Hancocks and Savages. When they had come so close that our troops could toss a biscuit from our line into theirs, our batteries were unmasked, and an awful blaze of flame and projectile rose from the depths of the woods. Before the Confederates could rally, our men had poured a dozen volleys of musketry into them, covering the ground with the slain."" &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Battle of Savages Station

"Battle of Savages Station. Brigadier General Smith's division hotly engaged with the enemy, at noon,…

"Battle of Cedar Mountain, fought Saturday, August 9th, 1862, between the Federal troops commanded by General Banks and the Confederate Army led by Generals Jackson, Ewell, Winder, etc.- final repulse of the Confederates. General Pope's report of the battle is as follows: "On Saturday, August 9th, 1862, the enemy advanced rapidly to Cedar Mountain, the sides of which they occupied in heavy force. General Banks was instructed to take up his position on the ground occupied by Crawford's brigade, of his command, which had been thrown out the day previous to observe the enemy's movements. He was directed not to advance beyond that point, and if attacked by the enemy to defend his position and send back timely notice. The artillery of the enemy was opened early in the afternoon, but he made no advance until nearly five o'clock, at which time a few skirmishers were thrown forward on each side under cover of the heavy wood in which his force was concealed. The enemy pushed forward a strong force in the rear of his skirmishers, and General Banks advanced to the attack. The engagement did not fairly open until after six o'clock, and for an hour and a half was furious and unceasing. I arrived personally on the field at 7 P.M., and found the action raging furiously. The infantry fire was incessant and severe. I found General Banks holding the position he took up early in the morning. His losses were heavy. Ricketts's division was immediately pushed forward and occupied the right of General Banks, the brigades of Crawford and Gordon being directed to change their position from the right and mass themselves in the centre. Before this change could be effected it was quite dark, though the artillery fire continued at short range without intermission. The artillery fire, at night, by the Second and Fifth Maine batteries in Ricketts's division of General McDowell's corps was most destructive, as was readily observable the next morning in the dead men and horses and broken gun carriages of the enemy's batteries which had been advanced against it. Our troops rested on their arms during the night in line of battle, the heavy shelling being kept up on both sides until midnight. At daylight the next morning the enemy fell back two miles from our front, and still higher up the mountain."" —Leslie, 1896

Battle of Cedar Mountain

"Battle of Cedar Mountain, fought Saturday, August 9th, 1862, between the Federal troops commanded by…

"The Confederate forces under General Jackson advancing upon the Rapphannock Station at the river. Federal batteries replying to the Confederate artillery, August 23rd, 1862, being the commencement of the battles ending at Bull Run, August 30th. Our correspondent reported as follows: "The fight was opened by our batteries in front of the hill and woods on the centre and left. It was immediately replid to by the enemy's batteries in the orchard and along the crest of the hill, about three-quarters of a mile distant. After the artillery fighting had lasted some time, our infantry attacked the enemy's left flank. The fighting, however, was very severe. Huge columns of yellow smoke rolled up from the roads. The faint rattle and roll of distant musketry came across the open fields, interrupted occasionally by the boom of a heavy gun. Meanwhile, the enemy was making a very serious attempt to turn our left. Part of General McDowell's corps was sent to drive them back. They moved in solid column across the field from the right, while the enemy in overpowering force was pushing our small number back. The fighting was terriblly fierce at this point, the enemy throwing all their force on this flank. Our men retired across the field in the foreground and into the woods. On the right the enemy was driven from its position." —Leslie, 1896

Commencement of Bull Run

"The Confederate forces under General Jackson advancing upon the Rapphannock Station at the river. Federal…

"General Mitchel, born at Morganfield, Union County, Ky., August 28th, 1809, died at Hilton Head, S. C., October 30th, 1862, was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1829. Immediately after his graduation he was made assistant professor of mathematics at the Military Academy, which position he held for two years, when he was assigned to duty at Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Fla. He soon resigned and moved to Cincinnati, where he commenced the study of law and was admitted to the bar. In 1861 he entered the Civil War in the cause of the Union, and was placed in command of a division of General Buell's army. He served with the Army of the Ohio during the campaigns of Tennessee and Northern Alabama, and reached the brevet title of major general of volunteers, April 11th, 1862. Afterward he was placed in command of the Department of the South at Hilton Hed, S. C., where he was fatally stricken with yellow fever in the prime of his career." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

General Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel

"General Mitchel, born at Morganfield, Union County, Ky., August 28th, 1809, died at Hilton Head, S.…

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking the advance of the Confederates. After the battle of Savage's Station the Federals continued on their retreat, and by eight o'clock on the morning of June 30th, 1862, they had crossed White Oak Swamp and Creek, after destroying the bridge over the latter and warding off the repeated attacks to which they were subjected throughout the night. After crossing White Oak Creek the Federals had quickly formed a new line of battle at Willis Church, General Hancock's forces being on the extreme right, while Porter's occupied the left, and Heintzelman's and Sumner's the intervening space. Jackson's advance was checked by the destruction of the bridge, and when he reached the creek, at about noon, he found the approaches well defended by artillery. Jackson opened upon Hancock's troops, and made repeated efforts to rebuild the bridge under cover of his heavy artillery, but he was every time repulsed. While this was going on Longstreet and Hill had come upon a Federal force at a place two miles away, called Frazier's Farm. Here stood Sumner and Hooker, on the extreme right, McCall somewhat in advance toward the centre and Kearny on the extreme left. When Longstreet found this force arrayed against him he waited for re-enforcements to come up, and it was four o'clock when he commenced the attack. McCall's left was first assailed by Kenper's brigade, which was met by the Pennsylvania Reserves under Colonel Simmons, who, after a bitter conflict, drove the Confederates into the woods with a loss of 250 killed and wounded and about 200 prisoners. Fresh troops then enabled the Confederates to drive back the Federals, who in turn lost heavily. Longstreet and Hill now pressed on, and the conflict became a severe one along the entire front. One point, then another, was vainly tried in the determined effort to break the Federal line. At length Wilcox's Alabama Brigade rushed across an open field upon McCall's left, directly against Randall's battery, which centered upon the Confederates a most galling fire. Nothing daunted, they moved on, and finally engaging in a desperate hand-to-hand fight, first captured Cooper's battery, and afterward Randall's battery, which had been doing such terrible execution. A charge was then ordered for the recapture of the guns. The Confederates bravely met the severe attacks that followed. A still more desperate hand-to-hand struggle took place for the possession of the lost batteries, which were finally recaptured. By dark the Confederates had retired into the woods, and the Federals remained on that portion of the field which they had lost earlier in the action. The Federal loss was about 1,800 killed and wounded, whilst that of the Confederates was over 2,000. Colonel Simmons and General Meade were both severely wounded, while General McCall was a made prisoner." —Leslie, 1896

Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge

"Battle of White Oak Swamp Bridge, Monday June 30th, 1862- Ayres's, Mott's and Randall's batteries checking…

"Loss of the <em>Monitor</em>- gallant attempt of the officers and crew of the United States steamer <em>Rhode Island</em>, to rescue the crew of the <em>Monitor</em>, off Cape Hatteras, at midnight, December 30th 1862. The closing day of 1862 will always be a dark one in our history, for just on the threshold of its birth the pet monster of our ironclads went down off Hatteras, with our flag flying on its tower, and in the midst of a furious storm. Its sudden and unlooked-for fate recalled to every mind that memorable Sunday in March when it signalized its advent to war by driving back to its Norfolk retreat the terrible <em>Merrimac</em>." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Monitor

"Loss of the Monitor- gallant attempt of the officers and crew of the United States steamer…

"Battle of Munfordville, Ky., Sunday, September 14th, 1862- the Confederates charging through the abatis in front of the fortifications near Green River. Our correspondent reports of this battle: 'At five o'clock the Confederates were seen forming in front of our rifle pits, and soon, from the cover of the woods and abatis, began the engagement by a rapid fire of musketry. It was plainly seen that a disposition of our men was being made by Colonel Wilder to repel the attack anticipated on the left, and, thinking it a favorable hour, the Confederate force made a desperate assault on our right. This was made by a Mississippi and a Georgia regiment. The assault was led by the colonel of the Mississippi regiment, and he died for his daring. The major of the same regiment was wounded and taken prisoner. The newly formed Confederate right marched from the woods in splendid order, with ranks apparently full. When they appeared over the brow of the hill it was at a double-quick; all pushed on with desperate courage, to meet resistance not the less desperate. With grape from the artillery and a shower of balls from the musketry they were met and moved down; but they never faltered; and it was only when they sprang on the breastworks and were met with the bayonet that they fell back, leaving the field strewn with their dead and dying. After a momentary struggle on the breastworks the whole Confederate force broke into disorder and fled from the field.'" —Leslie, 1896

Battle of Munfordville

"Battle of Munfordville, Ky., Sunday, September 14th, 1862- the Confederates charging through the abatis…

"Also known as Florida lobster. This Southern species, a "spiny" lobster, found off the southern Florida coasts and among the keys is distinguished from the northern variety by the absence of claws and the presence of two long antenna protruding from the head."

Crawfish

"Also known as Florida lobster. This Southern species, a "spiny" lobster, found off the southern Florida…

"Advance of the Army of the Potomac. Occupation of Winchester, VA., and the abandoned Confederate Fortifications, by a detachment of General Banks's Deivision of the Federal Army, consisting of the brigades of Generals Hamilton and Williams, March 12th, 1862. Our sketch represents the advance of the Federal troops upon the City of Winchester, and is thus described by our correspondent: 'A portion of General Banks's Division, under General Gorman, occupied the town of Berryville, VA., on the 11th. There were five hundred of the Confederate cavalry in the place, but upon the Third New York Cavalry, properly supported by artillery and infantry, charging them, they fled in confusion toward Winchester. During the night the pickets of General Gorman came in contact with a portion of Colonel Ashby's Confederate cavalry, and were compelled to fall back, but the general made a reconnoissance in force to within two miles of Winchester, and, charging upon the Confederates dispersed them, taking several prisoners, and killing or wounding four of the Confederates. This reconnoissance sealed the fate of Winchester. The enemy were blinded and misled by the movement of our troops, and they commenced the evacuation of the place on the afternoon of the 12th. General Hamilton advanced from Bunker hill, the Michigan Cavalry heading the column. The Confederate Cavalry, one thousand two hundred strong, and supported by a section of artillery, gave battle at five o'clock in the afternoon. Our cavalry was supported by the First maryland Infantry, and a battery of artillery. The fight was a short one. The Confederates fled, leaving their guns behind them, and at daylight on the 12th our troops entered the city as the rear guard of the enemy was flying out of it.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Army of the Potomac

"Advance of the Army of the Potomac. Occupation of Winchester, VA., and the abandoned Confederate Fortifications,…

"Bombardment and capture of Fort Thompson, thirteen guns, near New Berne, on the Neuse River, by the Federal gunboats of General Burnside's expedition, commanded by Commander S. C. Rowan, U. S. N., March 14th, 1862. Extract from the official report of General Burnside. 'Early on the morning of the 12th, the entire force started for New Berne, and that night anchored off the mouth of Slocum's Creek, some eighteen miles from New Berne, where I had decided to make a landing. The landing commenced by seven o'clock the next morning under cover of the naval fleet, and was effected with the greatest enthusiasm by the troops. After a toilsome march through the mud, the head of the column marched within a mile and a half of the enemy's stronghold at eight o'clock, a distance of twelve miles from the point of landing, where we bivouached for the night. At daylight on the morning of the 14th I ordered an advance of the whole division, and, after an engagement of four hours, we succeeded in carrying a continuous line of field-works of over a mile in length. The position was finally carried by a most gallant charge of our men, which enabled us to gain the rear of all the batteries between this point and New Berne, which was done by a rapid advance of the entire force up the main road and railroad, the naval fleet meantime pushing its way up the river, throwing their shots into the forts in front of us. The enemy, after retreating in great confusion across the railroad bridge set fire to it, thus preventing further pursuit and causing detention in occupying the town by our troops. But the naval force had arrived at the wharves and commanded the town with their guns."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Fort Thompson

"Bombardment and capture of Fort Thompson, thirteen guns, near New Berne, on the Neuse River, by the…

"Federal artillery taking up position at the Battle of South Mountain. The Federal movement was admirably executed in face of the well-directed fire from the Confederates, who had the advantage of position and could contest almost every inch of the steep, wooded and rocky approach. By four o'clock (September 14th, 1862) the engagement became general, and the entire ground was vigorously contested until the crest was reached and darkness put an end to the fight. In this engagement the total loss on both sides in killed, wounded and missing was nearly 3,000. General Jesse L. Reno was killed while at the head of his command, and was replaced by General Cox, General Hatch and Colonel Wainwright being severely wounded."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of South Mountain

"Federal artillery taking up position at the Battle of South Mountain. The Federal movement was admirably…

Lion head viewed from the left.

Lion

Lion head viewed from the left.

"The Canada Lynx of the Indians, has a round, broad head, large eyes, strong teeth, ears acute and tipped with long hairs. The body is robust, the legs thick and clumsy, the toes strong and imbedded in fur. The fur has a wooly appearance, the under part bing very close and soft. The general color of the back is gray, with a rufous tinge; the sides are gray, the under surface dull white." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Canada Lynx

"The Canada Lynx of the Indians, has a round, broad head, large eyes, strong teeth, ears acute and tipped…

"The hair is stiff and wiry; body above, from the top of the head to the root of the tail, dull ash-gray, whitest towad the head; muzzle, space round the eyes and ears, limbs, all the under parts, the rest of the tail, black; claws on the fore-feet long, the middle three longest, the internal claw placed much more backward than the rest; bulk about that of the badger; total length three feet, the tail about a sixth of this length." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Cape Ratel

"The hair is stiff and wiry; body above, from the top of the head to the root of the tail, dull ash-gray,…

"Its head is somewhat triangular , the muzzle pointed, the eyes prominent and lively; the body much elongated and very flexible; the tail long, thick, and bushy; the toes naked, but at times, probably in winter, covered beneath with think soft hair. The fur is of two corts - the inner extremely soft, short, copious, and of a light, yellowish-gray color; the outer very long, shining, ash-colored at the roots, brown at hte extremity, but of different degrees of intensity at different parts of the body." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Marten

"Its head is somewhat triangular , the muzzle pointed, the eyes prominent and lively; the body much…

"The difference between the hare and this animal is numerous and striking. In a state of nature, the rabbit is considerably less than the hare; ears are shorter than the head; the tail is not so long as the thigh; and th whole action and motion of the animal are less vigorous and fleet than those of the hare." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Rabbit

"The difference between the hare and this animal is numerous and striking. In a state of nature, the…

"It has a head loner than usual with hares, and thickly covered with cur, even the tip of the nose; numerous hairs in the wiskers; ears not long but rounded; legs very short; soles furred beneath: its whole coat very soft, long, and smooth, with a thich, long, fine down beneath of a brownish lead-color. " &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Calling Hare

"It has a head loner than usual with hares, and thickly covered with cur, even the tip of the nose;…

"The leopard spermophile is one of the most beautiful of all striped species of spermophile. It resembles the chipping-squirrel in size and appearance, but exceeds the pretty creaure in the splendor of its skin. The general color is bright reddish-brown, but along the back are deep brown stripes, each row having a row of square white spots running through it." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Leopard Spermophile

"The leopard spermophile is one of the most beautiful of all striped species of spermophile. It resembles…

"It measures three feet from muzzle to the hinder part, but has no tail. The general shape of the body is thick, and, as one would say', pig-like; but the head is that of rodent animals generally, and like the rest of these, the upper lipis furnished with mustaches." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Capybara

"It measures three feet from muzzle to the hinder part, but has no tail. The general shape of the body…

"In this animal, the fur is soft, its general hue gray, tinted with rufous on the hinder art of the back; throat white, chest whitish; abdomen white, suffused with pale ocherous yellow. It inhabits the interior of Brazil, and is confined to rock districts, where it seeks its retreat in holes among the fragments of the rocks." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Rock Cavy

"In this animal, the fur is soft, its general hue gray, tinted with rufous on the hinder art of the…

"Is considerably smaller than the common agouti, being about the size of a rabbit, while the species approaches the dimensions of the hare. Its general proportions and form, however, are the same; but the hairs of the back and sides, instead of being annulated with various-colored rings as in that species, are nearly uniform black, while the long hairs of the croup are perfectly so; the belly and legs are equally covered with short dark hair. " &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Black Agouti

"Is considerably smaller than the common agouti, being about the size of a rabbit, while the species…

"In its size and hte form of its tail it bears no inconsiderable resemblance to the common rat, the body being eight inches long and the tail a trifle longer. Its color is marooon, with a purple ground, very deep on the back, the side, and sides of the head, but lighter on the under part." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Crested Nelomys

"In its size and hte form of its tail it bears no inconsiderable resemblance to the common rat, the…

"Confederate cavalry driving stragglers and skulkers back to their duty at the Battle of Antietam. One of the greatest evils in a volunteer army is the practice of straggling. This decreases under the elevating process of discipline; but all our artists agree in declaring that they have seen nearly one-fourth of a regiment, including officers, dropping off one by one at convenient opportunities. In some cases this may have proceeded from sheer exhaustion, but generally it was for the purpose of cooking their rations, taking a nap, or for shirking a battle. Federal discipline was very lax in this respect, and more stringent regulations were imperatively demanded. The Confederate generals, whom no consideration of humanity ever restrained from making the most cruel examples, treated stragglers without mercy, and hundreds of these miserable men were cut down or shot by their own officers in their attempts to evade the stern necessity of battle. The result was that the Confederate troops very often fought with a desperation unknown in the modern warfare. Our artist, who from a hill at Antietam had a capital view of the field of battle, saw many instances in which some mounted Confederate officers rode amid a body of stragglers and drove them back into the conflict. Our sketch illustrates this peculiar mode of Southern drilling."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Confederate Cavalry

"Confederate cavalry driving stragglers and skulkers back to their duty at the Battle of Antietam. One…

Gilpin speaks to his horse. "I am in haste to dine; 'Twas for your pleasure you came here, You shall go back for mine."

John Gilpin

Gilpin speaks to his horse. "I am in haste to dine; 'Twas for your pleasure you came here, You shall…