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A masked gull, perched on a rock on a body of water.

Masked Gull

A masked gull, perched on a rock on a body of water.

Rooted to substratum; erect and extending upward out of water.

Emergent

Rooted to substratum; erect and extending upward out of water.

The salt-water terrapin lives in salt or brackish water along the sea-coast, buying itself in the mud during winter.

Salt-water terrapin

The salt-water terrapin lives in salt or brackish water along the sea-coast, buying itself in the mud…

Sometimes referred to as the fresh-water terrapin, the wood-terrapin ranges from Canada to Pennsylvania.

Wood-terrapin

Sometimes referred to as the fresh-water terrapin, the wood-terrapin ranges from Canada to Pennsylvania.

A crocodile entering the water.

Crocodile

A crocodile entering the water.

View of Oswego Harbor, 1848. This view is from the top of the United States Hotel, looking east-northeast. It was hastily sketched during the approach of a thunder-storm, and the "huge herald drops" came down just as I traced the distant water-line of the lake. The objects by the figure in the foreground are the balustrade and chimney of the hotel, now (1848) a summer boarding-house for strangers. The first height beyond the water on the right is the point on which stands Fort Oswego. The land in the far distance, on the same side, is Four-mile point, behind which Montcalm landed his forces. On the left is seen the light-house upon one of the stone piers, and beyond it spread out the waters of Lake Ontario.

Oswego Harbor

View of Oswego Harbor, 1848. This view is from the top of the United States Hotel, looking east-northeast.…

Plants floating just below water surfacel plant body made up of a clump of short filaments.

Wolffiella

Plants floating just below water surfacel plant body made up of a clump of short filaments.

Plants simple, extremely minute, appearing as grains on surface of water.

Wolffia

Plants simple, extremely minute, appearing as grains on surface of water.

Distant view of Compo. This view is from the top of a high hill northeast of the dwelling of Mr. Ebenezer Smith, near Norwalk. Its long sand-bar is seen stretching into the Sound on the right, and over the lowest extemity of the point the shade trees of Fairfield are visible. The water on the left is the mouth of the Saugatuck River, and that in the distance, on the right, is Long Island Sound.

Compo

Distant view of Compo. This view is from the top of a high hill northeast of the dwelling of Mr. Ebenezer…

Arnold's residence. Arnold lived in Water Street, near the ship-yard. The house is still standing (1848), on the left side of the street going toward the water. It is a handsome frame building, embowered in shrubbery. In the garret of the ho7use the sign was found recently which hung over the door of Arnold's store, in Water Street. It was black, with white letters, and painted precisely alike on both sides.

Arnold's residence

Arnold's residence. Arnold lived in Water Street, near the ship-yard. The house is still standing (1848),…

"The common snake of Europe... frequents woods, bogs, and other sheltered situations in the vicinity of water." — Goodrich, 1859

Common ring-snake

"The common snake of Europe... frequents woods, bogs, and other sheltered situations in the vicinity…

"Figure 2 gives an outline of its form; the arrows at the side of the head show the currents of water which are seen to flow to the branchiae by the breathing of the young animal." — Goodrich. 1859

Form of the embryo

"Figure 2 gives an outline of its form; the arrows at the side of the head show the currents of water…

"View of Boston from Dorchester Heights in 1774. This picture is from an English print of the time. Then the principal portion of the town was upon the eastern slope and flats. There were a few houses upon the higher ground in the vicinity of Beacon Hill, around the Common, among which was that of John Hancock. In this picture, Beacon Hill is designated by the pole, which, with its barrel, is noticed in a preceding chapter. The peninsula originally contained about seven hundred acres. The hills have been razed and the earth carried into the water, by which means the peninsula is so enlarged that it now comprises about fourteen hundred acres."—Lossing, 1851

Boston

"View of Boston from Dorchester Heights in 1774. This picture is from an English print of the time.…

"American Floating Battery. I am indebted to the kindness of Peter Force, Esq., of Washington city (editor of 'The American Archives'), for this drawing of one of the American floating batteries used in the siege of Boston. It is copied from an English mauscript in his possession, and is now published for the first time. I have never met with a description of those batteries, and can judge of their construction only from the drawing. They appear to have been made of strong planks, pierced, near the water-line, for cars; along the sides, higher up, for the light and musketry. A heavy gun was placed in each end, and upon the top were four swivels."—Lossing, 1851

Floating Battery

"American Floating Battery. I am indebted to the kindness of Peter Force, Esq., of Washington city (editor…

"Landing-place of Roger Williams. This view is on the left bank of the Seekonk, looking south. The point on which the figure stands is the famous rock, composed of a mass of dark slate, and rising but little above the water at high tide. The high banks are seen beyond, and on the extreme left is India Point, with the rail-road bridge near the entrance of the river into Narraganset Bay."—Lossing, 1851

Williams landing-place

"Landing-place of Roger Williams. This view is on the left bank of the Seekonk, looking south. The point…

"Gaspee Point. This view is from the bank of the cove just below the Point, looking northeast, showing its appearance at low water when the clam-fishers are upon it. The buoy is seen beyond the extreme end of the Point on the right. The bank is about fifteen feet high. In front of Pawtuxet, about a mile above, are the remains of breast-works, thrown up during the war of 1812. There are also breast-works at Field's Point, two miles below Providence, where is a flag-staff. There is the quarantine ground."—Lossing, 1851

Gaspee Point

"Gaspee Point. This view is from the bank of the cove just below the Point, looking northeast, showing…

"Head-quarters of Greene and Knox. This view is from the turnpike road, looking southeast. The water in front is a mill-pond over the dam of which passes a foot-bridge. The mill is hidden by the trees in the ravine below. This side was originally the rear of the house, the old Goshen road passing upon the other side. The old front is a story and a half high. Captain Morton, the proprietor, is a son of the late General Jacob Morton, of New York city."—Lossing, 1851

Greene and Knox Head-Quarters

"Head-quarters of Greene and Knox. This view is from the turnpike road, looking southeast. The water…

"View from Peekskill Landing. This view is from Peekskill landing, looking up the river. On the left is the Dunderberg, or Thunder Mountain, over which the troops marched to Forts Clinton and Montgomery. The dark spot on the brink of the river, upon the extreme left, shows the place of the coffer-dam made by the deluded seekers after Captain Kidd's treasure. At the water's edge, on the right, is seen the grading of the Hudson River railroad, in course of construction when the sketch was made. The dark mountain on the right is Anthony's Nose. Intermediately, and projecting far into the river, is a high, sandy bluff, on which stood Fort Independence. Further on is Beveridge's Island; and in the extreme distance, behind the flag-staff, is seen Bear Mountain. Between the point of Fort Independence and the rock cutting of the railroad is the mouth of Peek's Kill, or Peek's Creek."—Lossing, 1851

Peekskill Landing

"View from Peekskill Landing. This view is from Peekskill landing, looking up the river. On the left…

"Resembles the common toad of Europe in appearance: there are also other foreign species, among which is the accoucheur toad, which not only assists the female in excluding her eggs, but attaches them afterwards to his own hind-legs, where the young are developed until they arrive at the tadpole state, when he visists the water and the escape. This species is common in the vicinity of Paris." — Goodrich, 1859

Natter-jack toad

"Resembles the common toad of Europe in appearance: there are also other foreign species, among which…

"At the breeding season the back of the female exhbits a number of small pits; into these pits the male collects the eggs laid by the female in the edge of the water, and presses them down; they are then covered by a natural operculum, and there they are hatched, in the same manner as the free larvae of the other Batrachians." — Goodrich, 1859

Surinam toad

"At the breeding season the back of the female exhbits a number of small pits; into these pits the male…

"The Land Salamanders, unlike the Tritons, are ovo-viparous, though the young at first inhabit the water and undergo metamorphoses till they arrive at the mature state which fits them for living on land, where they haunt cool and moist places, being not unfrequently found about fallen timber or old walls. Their food primarily consists of insects, worms, and small molluscous animals." — Goodrich, 1859

Salamanders

"The Land Salamanders, unlike the Tritons, are ovo-viparous, though the young at first inhabit the water…

"Two feet long, black above and dusky beneath. It is of an eel-like form, lives in the muddy water of the rice swamps, and feeds on worms and insects." — Goodrich, 1859

Siren lacretina

"Two feet long, black above and dusky beneath. It is of an eel-like form, lives in the muddy water of…

"Rear view at Stony Point. This sketch presents a rear view of the old embankments of the fort, and of the light-house, which is seen by all travelers upon the river, just before entering the Highlands. The beacon stands exactly in the center of the fort, upon the site of the magazine. There was a covered way toward the water on the north side of the hill, and about twenty yards in the rear are some prominent remains of the ravelins which extended across the point."—Lossing, 1851

Stony Point

"Rear view at Stony Point. This sketch presents a rear view of the old embankments of the fort, and…

"A fish may be defined as a Vertibrate animal breathing through the medium of water, by means of branchiae, or gills, having one auricle and one ventricle to the heart, cold red blood, and extremities formed for swimming" — Goodrich, 1859

Pisces

"A fish may be defined as a Vertibrate animal breathing through the medium of water, by means of branchiae,…

"Two to three feet long, haunts deep water, and feeds on small fish and crustacea. Found on the British coasts." — Goodrich, 1859

Large Spotted Dogfish

"Two to three feet long, haunts deep water, and feeds on small fish and crustacea. Found on the British…

"Is found in Europe; it occasionally happens that this, as well as other species, when they have puffed themselves up, lose their balance in the water, and float about, belly upwards, in a most helpless condition. The sharp spines on their stomach, however, protect them from their enemies" — Goodrich, 1859

Pennat's Globefish

"Is found in Europe; it occasionally happens that this, as well as other species, when they have puffed…

"Twelve to sixteen inches long; it feeds on curstaceous animals; spawns in May or June; it is esteemed for food, taken in deep water with a trawl-net, affords excellent amusement in fishing with hand-lines; common in European and American waters" — Goodrich, 1859

Red Gurnard

"Twelve to sixteen inches long; it feeds on curstaceous animals; spawns in May or June; it is esteemed…

"Four to five inches long; hides in the water among loose stones, feeds on the larvae of water-insects, and the ova and fry of fishes; it is very voracious, and easily caught with a hook baited with red worm." — Goodrich, 1859

River Bullhead

"Four to five inches long; hides in the water among loose stones, feeds on the larvae of water-insects,…

"Three inches long, is found in both salt and fresh water. It so abounds in the sluggish steams and pools of the Lincolnshire fens of England, that it is sometimes used for manure." — Goodrich, 1859

Stickleback

"Three inches long, is found in both salt and fresh water. It so abounds in the sluggish steams and…

"Five to eight inches long. It is very voracious, and one six inches long being put into a pail of water with an eel three inches long, immediately swallowed all but the tail; it was obliged, however, after a short time to disgorge it in a half-digested state." — Goodrich, 1859

Fifteen-Spined Stickleback

"Five to eight inches long. It is very voracious, and one six inches long being put into a pail of water…

"It is about twelve inches long, lives in deep water, and is noted for inflicting serious wounds with its spines when carelessly handled." — Goodrich, 1859

Great Weaver

"It is about twelve inches long, lives in deep water, and is noted for inflicting serious wounds with…

"Twelve inches long, abundant in the Mediterranean, and found on the coasts of Africa and Europe, from France to the Cape of Good Hope. It frequents deep water on bold rocky coasts, and is occasionally taken both by nets and lines." — Goodrich, 1859

Gilt-Head

"Twelve inches long, abundant in the Mediterranean, and found on the coasts of Africa and Europe, from…

"It feeds upon insects, and is remarkable for its method of procuring them. When it observes a fly, or any other insect on a weed, or hovering over the water, it ejects a little drop through its tubular snout with such presicion as frequently disable the little animal, so that it falls into the water and is devoured." — Goodrich, 1859

Copperband Butterflyfish

"It feeds upon insects, and is remarkable for its method of procuring them. When it observes a fly,…

"A very curious species, five sinches long, remarkable for creeping out of the water with their pectoral fins and hiding themselves in holes among the rocks, where they remain till the return of the tide; it is said they can live out of water for thirty hours, they immediately die, however, upon being put in fresh water." — Goodrich, 1859

Shanny

"A very curious species, five sinches long, remarkable for creeping out of the water with their pectoral…

"The fishing frog is three to five feet long. It has an enormous mouth, armed with numerous pointed teeth. It is exceedingly voracious, and has been known to seize a cod just as it was being drawn out of the water by a hook, and only let go its hold on receiving a severe blow upon the head." — Goodrich, 1859

Angler

"The fishing frog is three to five feet long. It has an enormous mouth, armed with numerous pointed…

"From one to two feet long, swims in vast shoals, and when chased by the porpoise leaps to the height of six or seven feet out of water." — Goodrich, 1859

Saury Pike

"From one to two feet long, swims in vast shoals, and when chased by the porpoise leaps to the height…

"It is two to four feet long, and weighs from two to seventy spounds; the general color is greenish brown above, and silvery white beneath. It inhabits deep water, and is often taken a a depth of thirty fathoms." — Goodrich, 1859

Common Cod

"It is two to four feet long, and weighs from two to seventy spounds; the general color is greenish…

"A frolicsome fish, constantly splashing in the water, ad biting keenly at the hood; it is twelve to twenty-four inches long, and the young resemble the whiting." — Goodrich, 1859

Pollack

"A frolicsome fish, constantly splashing in the water, ad biting keenly at the hood; it is twelve to…

"Ten to twenty inches long, and weighing from on to ten pounds; it inhabits sandy shores in deep water, being taken by the trawl-net, and not by the hook." — Goodrich, 1859

Common Sole

"Ten to twenty inches long, and weighing from on to ten pounds; it inhabits sandy shores in deep water,…

"Torn Rock. This view is from the verge of the dam above the Ramapo works, near the rail-way, looking northeast. The eminence is called Torn Rock, from its ragged appearance on its southeastern side. There is a deep fissure in a portion of the bare rock, from which comes up a sound like the ticking of a watch, caused by the water which percolates through the seams in the granite. A tradition was long current that Washington lost his watch in the fissure, and that, by some miraculous power, it continued to tick!'"—Lossing, 1851

Torn Rock

"Torn Rock. This view is from the verge of the dam above the Ramapo works, near the rail-way, looking…

"Trenton Bridge and vicinity. This view is from the north side of the Assanpink, a few rods above the bridge, looking south. The bridge, seen upon the right, is built of stone, and very strong, and is upon the site of the old one. The creek is curbed by a dam near the bridge, and forms the sheet of water seen in the picture. The old 'Stacey Mill' of the Revolution, the largest building in the sketch, was quite dilapidated from the effects of fire and flood, when I was there. The two old houses on the left of it are of stone, covered with stucco, and were there at the time in question. On the bank, between them and the house of Mr. Timothy Abbott, seen on the extreme left, was a building used as a tavern, in the Revolution. It was demolished a few years ago. Along the high bank, from the mill eastward to the rail-way, now covered with houses and gardens, and also westward, some distance toward the Delaware, the Americans were encamped. The bank was being terraced when I visited Trenton, and will, in time, be a beautiful spot."—Lossing, 1851

Trenton

"Trenton Bridge and vicinity. This view is from the north side of the Assanpink, a few rods above the…

"Found in most Europes lakes in rivers. It is exceedingly tenacious of life; loves foul and weedy water; thrives even where the mud is of an intolerably fetid odor, and so black as to color the fish with its own inky hue." — Goodrich, 1859

Tench

"Found in most Europes lakes in rivers. It is exceedingly tenacious of life; loves foul and weedy water;…

"These have an elongated form, and a soft, thick, slimy skin; the scales are very minute, and imbedded in the thick, fat, cuticle so as only to be seen when this is dried. The gill orifices are small, and cartried far back, so that the branchiae are protected, on which account these animals can live a considerable time out of water. They are averse to cold and are not found in high northern countries." — Goodrich, 1859

Common European Eel

"These have an elongated form, and a soft, thick, slimy skin; the scales are very minute, and imbedded…

"The color is yellowish marked with brown. Like the sharks and rays is it without an air bladder; to prevent itself from being carried about by currents of water it prefquently attackes itself to stones by the mouth, whence it is called the <em>Stone-sucker</em>." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

European lamprey

"The color is yellowish marked with brown. Like the sharks and rays is it without an air bladder; to…

"The body is long and eel-like, and the skeleton is reduced to a mere cartilaginous tube. It ours out such an abundance of glutinous matter from the pores of the lateral line, that the water in the vases is which is kept seems to be converted into jelly. "&mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Myxine

"The body is long and eel-like, and the skeleton is reduced to a mere cartilaginous tube. It ours out…

"The cuttlefishes have a strange method of walking, head-downward, on their outspread arms; they can also swim with their fins, or with their webbed arms, or by expelling the water forcibly from their branchial chamber." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Cuttlefish

"The cuttlefishes have a strange method of walking, head-downward, on their outspread arms; they can…

"Distant view of Jamestown Island. This view is from the north side of what was once a marsh, but now a deep bay, four hundred yards wide. On the left is seen the remains of a bridge, destroyed by a gale and high tide a few years ago; and beyond is the James River. Near the point of the island, toward the end of the bridge, are the remains of an ancient church. Mr. Coke resided upon the island when the tempest occurred which destroyed the bridge. The island was submerged, and for three days himself and family were prisoners. It was in winter, and he was obliged to cut the branches of ornamental trees that were close to his house, for fuel. I was gravely informed by a man on the beach, while making the sketch, that Pocahontas crossed at that very spot '<em>in her skiff</em>,' when she went to warn the Jamestown settlers of threatened danger. The dear child had no need of a skiff, had such a thing existed in America, for I was told by Mr. Coke that his father-in-law well remembered when a marsh, so narrow and firm that a person might cross it upon a fence rail, was where the deep water at the ruined bridge now is. Every year the current of James River is changing its margins in this region, and within a few years Jamestown Island, made so only by a marsh on the land side, will have a navigable channel around it. Already a large portion of it, whereon the ancient town was erected, has been washed away; and I was informed that a cypress-tree, now many yards from the shore stood at the end of a carriage-way to the wharf, sixty yards from the water's edge, only sixteen years ago. The destructive flood is gradually approaching the old church tower, and if the hand of man shall not arrest its sure progress, that too will be swept away, and not a vestige of Jamestown will remain. Virginians, look to it, and let a wall of masonry along the river margin attest your reverence for the most interesting historical relic within your borders! Some remains of the old fort may be seen at low water, several yards from the shore."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Jamestown Island

"Distant view of Jamestown Island. This view is from the north side of what was once a marsh, but now…

"Ruins at Jamestown. This view is from the old church-yard, looking toward James River, a glimpse of which may be seen through the arches. The stream is here about three miles wide. It is uncertain at what precise time the church, of which now only a portion of the tower remains, was erected. It ws probably built sometime between 1617 and 1620. According to Smith, a fire consumed a large portion of the town, with the palisades, at about the close of 1607, the first year of the settlement. Captain Smith and Mr. Scrivener were appointed commissioners to superintend the rebuilding of the town and church. Afterward, in speaking of the arrival of Governor Argall in 1617, he says, 'In James towne he found but five or six houses, the church downe, the pallizados broken, the bridge in pieces, the well of fresh water spoiled, the store-house used for the church.' The tower here represented was doubtless of the third church built, and is now (1852) about 234 years old. The tower is now about thirty feet high, the walls three feet thick, all of imported brick."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Jamestown Ruins

"Ruins at Jamestown. This view is from the old church-yard, looking toward James River, a glimpse of…

"Trading Ford. This view of the Trading Ford, where greene, with Morgan and his light troops, crossed the Yadkin, is from the east side of the river. It is just at the foot of an island, about a mile and a half below the great bridge on the road to Salisbury. The river is usually fordable between the island and the stakes seen in the picture; below that point the water is deep."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Trading Ford

"Trading Ford. This view of the Trading Ford, where greene, with Morgan and his light troops, crossed…

"The Carinaria has an elongated transparent body, dotted with elevated points, and furnished toward the upper part of the posterior extremity with a sort of fin, which performs the office of rudder; nearly opposite to this, on the belly, is a semicircular fin; with the aid of this it floats in the water." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Carinaria

"The Carinaria has an elongated transparent body, dotted with elevated points, and furnished toward…

"View at the Cherokee Ford. This view is from the east bank of the river. Toward the extreme right is seen the dam, made to supply water-power for the iron-works delineated toward the left of the picture. The fording-place, which crosses a small island in the middle of the steam, is indicated by the slight fall toward the left."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Cherokee Ford

"View at the Cherokee Ford. This view is from the east bank of the river. Toward the extreme right is…

"View at Sander's Creek. This view is from the north side of the Creek. like the other stream, it is filled with canes, shrubs, and many blasted pines."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Sander's Creek

"View at Sander's Creek. This view is from the north side of the Creek. like the other stream, it is…

"Site of Fort Watson."—Lossing, 1851 <p>The Siege of Fort Watson was an American Revolutionary War confrontation in South Carolina that began on April 15, 1781 and lasted until April 23, 1781. Continental Army forces under Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee and South Carolina militia under Francis Marion besieged Fort Watson, a fortified British outpost that formed part of the communication and supply chain between Charleston and other British outposts further inland. <p>The attackers, lacking artillery, were unable to make a dent in the fortified works, and failed in attempts to deny the garrison of a water supply. They then devised a plan to build a tower from which sharpshooters could fire into the fort's walls. Fort Watson was once again attacked by the Americans on April 23, with the British forces unable to control the walls due to musket fire from the tower. They surrendered shortly afterwards.

Fort Watson

"Site of Fort Watson."—Lossing, 1851 The Siege of Fort Watson was an American Revolutionary War confrontation…

"View from the site of Fort Cornwallis. Fort Cornwallis occupied the ground in the rear of the Episcopal church, now a grave-yard. This view is from within the inclosure, looking northeast, and includes a portion of Schultz's bridge, the Savannah River, and Hamburg upon the opposite bank. In the foreground is seen portions of the church-yard wall, and upon the brink of the river below are [African Americans] employed in placing bales of cotton upon the wharves for transportation to the sea-coast. The wharves are two stories in height, one to be used at low water, the other when the river is 'up.' There were remains of the ditch and embankments of the fort within the grave-yard when I was there; and the trench leading to the water-gate, where the 'Pride-of-India tree is seen, was very visible."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Fort Cornwallis

"View from the site of Fort Cornwallis. Fort Cornwallis occupied the ground in the rear of the Episcopal…

"View at Jasper's Spring."—Lossing, 1851

Jasper's Spring

"View at Jasper's Spring."—Lossing, 1851

"Fort George, from the water front of the present Castle Garden."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Fort George

"Fort George, from the water front of the present Castle Garden."—Lossing, 1851

"View at Bauffet's Point."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Bauffet's Point

"View at Bauffet's Point."—Lossing, 1851

Plants smaller; not wite-powdery above; leaves shed water easily; flowers along fleshy spike enclosed in a leafy sheath.

Orontium

Plants smaller; not wite-powdery above; leaves shed water easily; flowers along fleshy spike enclosed…

"The animal in this case is inclosed in a cacareous tube, the anterior extremity of which is closed by a curious perforated disk; the other end is ornamented with several ruffle-like bands." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Tube of the water-pot shell magnified

"The animal in this case is inclosed in a cacareous tube, the anterior extremity of which is closed…

"The first passenger locomotive built in the United States. A year after the Enterprise sailed for India, the first railroad in the United States was opened in Massachusetts, from the Quincy quarries to tide water. It was only two miles long, and was used for hauling granite; the cars were drawn by horses. It was the first use of rails in America. In 1830 the first passenger railway in America was opened. It extended westward from Baltimore about fifteen miles, and now forms a part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The cars were at first drawn by horses, but a locomotive was used the next year. Its first locomotive was built by Peter Cooper, who made later the generous and useful gift of the Cooper Union to the city of New York. Now began the construction of railroads in various directions; in the next twenty years nearly ten thousand miles of road were built. This mileage has constantly been increased, until in 1895 there were in operation in the United States nearly one hundred and eighty thousand miles of railway."—Scudder, 1897

Passenger Train

"The first passenger locomotive built in the United States. A year after the Enterprise sailed for India,…