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Twenty Shillings Bill (20 shillings) Pennsylvania currency from 1756. Image is the Coat of Arms of William Penn. Bill was printed by Benjamin Franklin.

Paper Money, Twenty Shillings Bill, 1756

Twenty Shillings Bill (20 shillings) Pennsylvania currency from 1756. Image is the Coat of Arms of William…

Eight Shillings Bill (8 shillings) Pennsylvania currency from 1777. Frame, arms and value printed in red.

Paper Money, Eight Shillings Bill, 1777

Eight Shillings Bill (8 shillings) Pennsylvania currency from 1777. Frame, arms and value printed in…

Nine Pence (9 pence) Rhode Island currency from 1786. Image shows an anchor surrounded by the inscription - DOMINE SPERAMUS IN TE

Paper Money, Nine Pence Bill, 1786

Nine Pence (9 pence) Rhode Island currency from 1786. Image shows an anchor surrounded by the inscription…

Five Dollars ($5) South Carolina currency from 1776. Image of a horse surrounded by the inscription - DOMINUM GENEROSA RECUSAT. Wood engraving, rough brown paper.

Paper Money, Five Dollars Bill, 1776

Five Dollars ($5) South Carolina currency from 1776. Image of a horse surrounded by the inscription…

One Shilling (1 shilling) Vermont currency from 1781. Image of thirteen rings surrounded by the inscription - VERMONT CALLS FOR JUSTICE.

Paper Money, One Shilling Bill, 1781

One Shilling (1 shilling) Vermont currency from 1781. Image of thirteen rings surrounded by the inscription…

Three Pounds (3 pounds) Virginia currency from 1775. Copper-plate notes as illustrated, each value different.

Paper Money, Three Pounds Bill, 1775

Three Pounds (3 pounds) Virginia currency from 1775. Copper-plate notes as illustrated, each value different.

Four Dollars ($4) Virginia currency from 1776. Image is the new Coat of Arms for the State of Virginia.

Paper Money, Four Dollars Bill, 1776

Four Dollars ($4) Virginia currency from 1776. Image is the new Coat of Arms for the State of Virginia.

Isometric of a box with a cover - end view.

Isometric of a Box With a Cover

Isometric of a box with a cover - end view.

Side view of a non-regular decagonal prism in the shape of a star. Then ends/bases are made of star-shaped decagons and the faces are squares.

Star-Shaped Decagonal Prism

Side view of a non-regular decagonal prism in the shape of a star. Then ends/bases are made of star-shaped…

Side view of the spinal column. Labels: C 1-7, cervical; D 1-12, dorsal; L 1-15 lumbar; S 1, sacrum; Co 1-4, coccygeal.

Side View of the Spinal Column

Side view of the spinal column. Labels: C 1-7, cervical; D 1-12, dorsal; L 1-15 lumbar; S 1, sacrum;…

A side view of the skull. Labels: O, occipital bone; T, temporal; Pr, parietal; F, frontal; S, sphenoid; Z, malar; Mx, maxilla; N, nasal; E, ethmoid; L, lachrymal; Md, inferior maxilla.

Side View of the Skull

A side view of the skull. Labels: O, occipital bone; T, temporal; Pr, parietal; F, frontal; S, sphenoid;…

Ventral view of the sternum. Labels: M, manubrium; C, body; P, ensiform cartilage; Icl, notch for the collarbone; Ic 1-7, notches for the rib-cartilages.

Ventral View of the Sternum

Ventral view of the sternum. Labels: M, manubrium; C, body; P, ensiform cartilage; Icl, notch for the…

A thin slice through the skin. Labels: a, dead part; d, live part of the epidermis; ar, artery; e, sweat glands; n, nerves.

Section of the Skin

A thin slice through the skin. Labels: a, dead part; d, live part of the epidermis; ar, artery; e, sweat…

The left eyeball in horizontal section from before back. Labels: 1, sclerotic; 2, junction of sclerotic and cornea; 3, cornea; 4, 5, conjunctiva; 7, ciliary muscle; 10, choroid; 11, 13, ciliary processes; 14, iris; 15, retina; 16, optic nerve; 17, artery entering retina in optic nerve; 18, fovea centralis; 19, 20, region where sensory part of retina ends; 22, suspensory ligament; 24, the anterior part of the hyaloid membrane; 26, the lends; 29, vitreous humor; 30, aqueous humor.

The Eyeball in Horizontal Section

The left eyeball in horizontal section from before back. Labels: 1, sclerotic; 2, junction of sclerotic…

A small portion of the capillary network as seen in the frog's web when magnified about 25 diameters. Labels: a, a small artery feeding the capillaries; v, v, small veins carrying blood back from the latter.

Capillary Network

A small portion of the capillary network as seen in the frog's web when magnified about 25 diameters.…

A lobule of a pig liver, magnified, showing the hepatic cells radially arranged around the central intralobular vein, and the connective tissue surrounding the lobule.

Liver Lobule of a Pig

A lobule of a pig liver, magnified, showing the hepatic cells radially arranged around the central intralobular…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed, with rounded hollows between. Outline - rounded. Apex - short, sharp-pointed. Base - slightly heart-shaped. Leaf/Stem - slender and very much flattened sidewise. Leaf - two to two and a half inches wide, and usually about one half inch shorter than wide; dark green; smooth on both sides when mature, with a slight down on the edge. Ribs distinct above and below and whitish. Bark - of trunk, greenish-white and smooth, often with blotches of very dark brown, especially under the ends of the branches. The bark is exceedingly bitter. Found - from Northern Kentucky and the mountains of Pennsylvania northward to Hudson Bay and Newfoundland, northwest to the Arctic Ocean, and along the Rocky Mountain slopes. It is the most widely distributed of North American Trees. General Information - A tree twenty to fifty feet high, with white, soft wood that is largely used in place of rags in making coarse paper. The tremulousness of its foliage, which the slightest breeze stirs, is due to the thinness of the sidewise-flattened leaf-stems. Tradition accounts differently for the motion of the leaves. It says that the wood of the aspen tree was taken for the Saviour's cross, and that, ever since, the tree has shivered. Another tradition claims that, when Christ went by on his way to Calvary, all the trees sympathized and mourned, excepting the aspen; but when he died, there fell upon the aspen a sudden horror of remorse, and such a fearful trembling as has never passed away. In describing the occupations of the fifty maidens in the hall of the "gorgeous palace" of King Alcinous, Homer says: "...some wove the web, Or twirled the spindle, sitting, with a quick, Light motion like the aspen's glancing leaves."

Genus Populus, L. (Aspen, Poplar)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed, with rounded hollows between. Outline - rounded. Apex…

Leaves - simple; alternate; lobed (the edge of the lobes entire, or of the larger ones sometimes wavy). Outline - reverse egg-shape. Apex - of the lobes, rounded. Base - wedge-shape. Leaf - six to fifteen inches long (the longest of the oak-leaves); smooth above, downy beneath; the lobes usually long and rather irregular, the middle ones longest and often extending nearly to the middle rib. Bark - of the young branches always marked with corky wings or ridges. Acorns - large, with short stems. Cup - two thirds to two inches across, roughly covered with pointed scales, and heavily fringed around the nut. Nut - very large (one to one and a half inches long); broad egg-shape; one half to two thirds or often wholly enclosed by the cup. Found - along the coast of Maine southward as far as the Penobscot, in Western New England, in Western New York, in Pennsylvania, and thence westward to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, and from Central Nebraska and Kansas southwest to the Indian Territory and Texas. It is found farther west and northwest than any other oak of the Atlantic forests. In the prairie region it forms a principal growth of the "Oak Openings." General Information - One of the most valuable and widely distributed oaks in North America, growing sixty to eighty feet in height, or more, with hard, tough wood resembling that of the White Oak. "The most interesting thing about this tree, perhaps is its power, quite unknown in the other White Oaks, of adapting itself to very different climatic conditions, which enables it to live in the humid climate of Maine and Vermont, to flourish in the somewhat drier climate of the Mississippi Valley, and to exist (still farther west) in the driest and most exposed region in habited by any of the Eastern America Oaks." - Sargent. Q. m. olivaformis is a variety found only in a few districts (near Albany and in Pennsylvania), having narrower and rather more deeply lobed leaves. Quercus, possible from a Celtic word meaning to inquire, because it was among the oaks that the Druids oftenest practised their rites.

Genus Quercus, L. (Oak)

Leaves - simple; alternate; lobed (the edge of the lobes entire, or of the larger ones sometimes wavy).…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - long and narrow. Apex - pointed and bristle-tipped. Base - pointed. Leaf - three to six inches long; one to two inches wide; smooth and shining above; somewhat downy beneath; thick and stiff. Bark - smooth and unbroken. Acorns - small, nearly stemless. Cup - shallow. Nuts - rounded; about one half inch in diameter; bitter. October. Found - in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania (Porter), westward to Southeastern Iowa, and southward. Most common west of the Alleghany Mountains. General Information - A tree thirty to fifty feet high, with poor wood, that is used at the West for shingles and clapboards. Note: Of the nine hybrids that have been recognized, most are outside of our limits or entirely local. Mention need be made only of tow: Q. heterophylla, Michaux ("Bartram's Oak"). Staten Island and New Jersey to Delaware and North Carolina; Q. Rudkini, Britt., New Jersey. Quercus, possible from a Celtic word meaning to inquire, because it was among the oaks that the Druids oftenest practised their rites. The Oak "Live thy Life, Young and old, Like yon oak, Bright in spring, Living gold; Summer-rich, Then; and then Autumn-changed, Sober-hued Gold again. All his leaves fall'n at length, Look, he stands, Trunk and bough, Naked strength.: Alfred (Lord) Tennyson, 1889.

Genus Quercus, L. (Oak)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - long and narrow. Apex - pointed and bristle-tipped.…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches in two-leaved, sheathed bunches. Leaf - needle-shape, about one inch long, pointed, stiff, curved, rounded on the back, grooved above. Cones - nearly two inches long, gray, usually in pairs, and curved like small horns, with a peculiar habit of always pointing in the same direction as the branches. Scales - blunt, smooth, not armed with points or knobs. Found - along the northern frontier of the United States and far northward. Its best growth is north of Lake Superior. General Information - A small evergreen tree, or often a shrub, five to thirty feet high, with long, spreading branches, and light, soft wood that is of but slight value.

Genus Pinus, L. (Pine)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness, but arranged along the branches…

The larynx viewed from its pharyngeal opening. The back wall of the pharynx has been divided and its edges (11) turned aside. Labels 1, body of hyoid; 2, its small, and 3, its great, horns; 4, upper and lower horns of thyroid cartilages; 5, mucous membrane of front of pharynx, covering the back of the cricoid cartilage; 6, upper end of gullet; 7, windpipe, lying in front of the gullet; 8, eminence caused by cartilage of Santorini; 9, eminence caused by cartilage of Wrisberg; both lie in, 10, the artytenoepiglottic fold of mucous membrane, surrounding the opening (aditus laryngis) from pharynx to larynx; a, projecting tip of epiglottis; c, the glottis, the lines leading from the latter point to the free vibratory edges of the vocal cords; b', the ventricles of the larynx; their upper edges, marking them off from the eminences b, are the false vocal cords.

Larynx

The larynx viewed from its pharyngeal opening. The back wall of the pharynx has been divided and its…

Veins of the leg. Labels: 1, saphenous; 2, collateral branch; 3, anastomosis; 4, internal saphenous; 5, original of saphenous; 6, anastomosing branch; 7, branches on back leg; 8, internal vein of foot; 9, arch veins on metatarsal bones; 10, branch from heel; 11, branches on sole of foot.

Veins of the Leg

Veins of the leg. Labels: 1, saphenous; 2, collateral branch; 3, anastomosis; 4, internal saphenous;…

Buttock and back of thigh. Labels: 1, gluteus maximus; 2, gluteus medius; 3, gluteal artery; 4, gluteus minimus; 5, nerve of obturator internus; 6, pyriformis; 7, pudic nerve; 8, small sciatic nerve; 9, great sacro-sciatic ligament; 10, obturator internus; 11, inferior gluteal nerve; 12, tendon obturator internus; 13, inferior pudenal nerve; 14, quadtratus femoris; 15, gracilis; 16, great sciatic nerve; 17, adductor magnus; 18, insertion gluteus maximus; 19, origin of semitendinosus and semimembranosus; 20; short head of biceps; 21, semimembranosus; 22, tendon of bicep; 23, tendon of semiteninosus; 24, short head of biceps; 21, semimembranosus; 22, tendon of biceps; 23, tendon of semitendinosus; 24, external popliteal nerve; 25, internal popliteal nerve; 26, communicans fibrelaris; 27, popliteal artery; 29, gastrocnemius; 31, external saphenous nerve.

Buttock and Thigh

Buttock and back of thigh. Labels: 1, gluteus maximus; 2, gluteus medius; 3, gluteal artery; 4, gluteus…

View of the course of the front columns of the spinal marrow terminating in the hemispheric ganglions of the brain.

Course of the Spinal Marrow

View of the course of the front columns of the spinal marrow terminating in the hemispheric ganglions…

View of the appearance of the tortuous elevations (convolutions) of the brain, seen from above.

Convolutions of the Brain

View of the appearance of the tortuous elevations (convolutions) of the brain, seen from above.

View of the nervous system in man, showing the nervous centers (the brain and the spinal near row) where the other nerves begin which provide the whole body.

Nervous System

View of the nervous system in man, showing the nervous centers (the brain and the spinal near row) where…

View of the nerves on the back part of the forearm and hand.

Nerves of the Forearm and Hand

View of the nerves on the back part of the forearm and hand.

View of the second pair of optic nerves.

Optic Nerves

View of the second pair of optic nerves.

View of the labyrinth in a straight position, open to show the distribution of the nerves.

Labyrinth of the Ear

View of the labyrinth in a straight position, open to show the distribution of the nerves.

View of the left ear in its normal state.

Left Ear

View of the left ear in its normal state.

View, very much enlarged, of the external phase of the bony labyrinth of the left side, open, exposing the vestibule and its contents, etc.

Labyrinth and Vestibule of the Ear

View, very much enlarged, of the external phase of the bony labyrinth of the left side, open, exposing…

View of labyrinth on the left side, open throughout, in order to show its structure -- enlarged.

Labyrinth of the Ear on the Left Side

View of labyrinth on the left side, open throughout, in order to show its structure -- enlarged.

Front vertical view of the heart with its injected veins.

Front Vertical View of the Heart

Front vertical view of the heart with its injected veins.

Back vertical view of the heart with its injected veins.

Back Vertical View of the Heart

Back vertical view of the heart with its injected veins.

View of the bronchia and veins of the lungs, exposed by dissection, as well as the relative position of the lungs to the heart.

Bronchia and Veins of the Lungs

View of the bronchia and veins of the lungs, exposed by dissection, as well as the relative position…

Vertical view of the auricula-ventricular and arterial valves of the heart.

Valves of the Heart

Vertical view of the auricula-ventricular and arterial valves of the heart.

Three-quarters view of the left ventricle after removing front walls.

Left Ventricle

Three-quarters view of the left ventricle after removing front walls.

Arteries of the palm of the head and front of the forearm. Labels: 3, deep part of the raised pronator of the radius; 4, long supinator muscle; 5, long flexor of the thumb; 6, square pronator; 7, deep flexor of the fingers; 8, cubital flexor of the wrist; 9, annular ligament; 10, the brachial artery; 12, radial artery; 13, recurring radial artery joining the end of the upper deep one; 4, superficial veins; 15, cubital artery; 16, superficial palmary arch; 17, magna artery of the thumb and radial artery of the index; 18, back cubital recurring artery; 19, front interosseous artery; 20, back interosseous artery.

Arteries of the Hand and Forearm

Arteries of the palm of the head and front of the forearm. Labels: 3, deep part of the raised pronator…

Arteries of the head and neck. Labels: 1, primitive carotid artery; 2, occipital branch to the back part of the skull; 4, upper hyoides artery; 5, lower pharyngeal artery; 6, masseter artery; 7, submental artery; 8, lower coronary artery; 9, upper coronary artery; 10, deep branch; 11, back cervical artery; 12, continuation and fold of the occipital; 13, descending branch for muscles of the neck; 14, posterior auricular; 15, temporal artery; 16, parietal branches; 17, frontal branches; 19, orbitary branches; 20, subclavian artery.

Arteries of the Head and Neck

Arteries of the head and neck. Labels: 1, primitive carotid artery; 2, occipital branch to the back…

Bird's eye view of the valves of the heart.

Valves of the Heart

Bird's eye view of the valves of the heart.

Image of vocal apparatus as seen in the laryngoscopic mirror held far back in the mouth.

Vocal Apparatus

Image of vocal apparatus as seen in the laryngoscopic mirror held far back in the mouth.

View of the muscles of the tongue - lower surface.

Muscles of the Tongue

View of the muscles of the tongue - lower surface.

View of the under surface of the tongue with its muscles.

Muscles of the Tongue

View of the under surface of the tongue with its muscles.

Front view of the upper surface of the tongue; as also of the arch of the bone of the palate.

Upper Surface of the Tongue

Front view of the upper surface of the tongue; as also of the arch of the bone of the palate.

View of the back of the tongue, from which, by maceration, the periglottis has been removed and turned back on the right side.

Back View of the Tongue

View of the back of the tongue, from which, by maceration, the periglottis has been removed and turned…

View of the lower jaw bone with the tongue turned up.

Jaw Bone and Tongue

View of the lower jaw bone with the tongue turned up.

View of a section of the front part of the tongue, seen from behind.

Section of the Tongue

View of a section of the front part of the tongue, seen from behind.

General view of the human body - front view.

The Human Body - Front View

General view of the human body - front view.

General view of the human body - back view.

The Human Body - Back View

General view of the human body - back view.

A body is shown as projecting from its surface projection lines, and these lines are cut by a plane. By connecting the points on the plane made by the projection lines the projection of the body is formed, and it corresponds in shape with the body itself.

Projected Geometric View

A body is shown as projecting from its surface projection lines, and these lines are cut by a plane.…

It can readily be seen that one view only with not give a complete picture of a solid object. Usually two or more views are necessary, according to the complication of the object or body.

Top, Front, and End Projections

It can readily be seen that one view only with not give a complete picture of a solid object. Usually…

All six views in a projection.

Six views of Object

All six views in a projection.

The transfer caliper is provided with a false leg which is set so that the caliper may be opened and then brought back to the same position after removing from the casting.

Transfer Caliper

The transfer caliper is provided with a false leg which is set so that the caliper may be opened and…

To make a blueprint, place the tracing in a blueprint frame with the inked side next to the glass and lay a sheet of blueprint paper with the sensitized side next to the tracing. Put the back of the frame in place and lock it in position so as to hold the tracing paper. Expose to sunlight for 30 seconds.

Frame Blueprint

To make a blueprint, place the tracing in a blueprint frame with the inked side next to the glass and…

Sectional view of a submarine.

Submarine

Sectional view of a submarine.

Front view of a thirty-ton armored tank.

Tank

Front view of a thirty-ton armored tank.

The sectional view of the elaborate nest of termites.

Termite's Nest

The sectional view of the elaborate nest of termites.

The obverse and reverse sides of an ancient coin of Athens.

Coin of Athens

The obverse and reverse sides of an ancient coin of Athens.

Swedish king who fought to keep Sweden neutral during World War I.

Gustave V

Swedish king who fought to keep Sweden neutral during World War I.

Norwegian king during World War I.

Haakon VII

Norwegian king during World War I.