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Two pyramids and a sphinx near Gizeh, Egypt, built during the 25th century. These three structures rank high in superiority to other pyramids due to their size and magnificence.

Pyramids of Gizeh

Two pyramids and a sphinx near Gizeh, Egypt, built during the 25th century. These three structures rank…

"The third pyramid on the ridge of Gizeh was built by Menkera, a successor of Khafra and fourth or fifth king of Dynasty IV. This structure is but two hundred and thirty-three feet at the base, and the slant height two hundred and sixty-two feet. The Menkera pyramid stands on looser soil than its more ambitious sisters, and the substructure is consequently of greater relative proportions. Part of the exterior consists of polished slabs of granite. The sepulchral chamber within is double, one apartment being behind the other." —Ridpath, 1885

Sarcophagus of Menkera

"The third pyramid on the ridge of Gizeh was built by Menkera, a successor of Khafra and fourth or fifth…

A statue built on the Giza Plateau in Giza, Egypt, consisting of a lion with a human head. The Sphinx is believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians.

The Great Sphinx at Giza

A statue built on the Giza Plateau in Giza, Egypt, consisting of a lion with a human head. The Sphinx…

The length of the Dashur pyramid is approximately 200 feet.

Pyramid of Dashur

The length of the Dashur pyramid is approximately 200 feet.

A 68-foot stone pillar located at Al-Matariyyah part of Heliopolis. It is considered to be the earlier obelisk built that is still in its original position.

Obelisk of Heliopolis

A 68-foot stone pillar located at Al-Matariyyah part of Heliopolis. It is considered to be the earlier…

A profile view of Queen Tai, the wife of Amenophis III, pharaoh of Egypt.

Queen Tai

A profile view of Queen Tai, the wife of Amenophis III, pharaoh of Egypt.

Sometimes known as Amenhotep III. Ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Egyptian dynasty.

Amenophis III

Sometimes known as Amenhotep III. Ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Egyptian dynasty.

Also known as Akhenaten. Ruled as pharaoh of the Eighteenth Egyptian dynasty for 17 years.

Statue of Amenophis IV

Also known as Akhenaten. Ruled as pharaoh of the Eighteenth Egyptian dynasty for 17 years.

Gallery of columns. Built by Ramses III during ancient Egypt.

Temple of Chesnu at Karnak

Gallery of columns. Built by Ramses III during ancient Egypt.

Built by Seti I and completed by his son Ramses II. The pillars in this temple contain carvings of very fine quality.

The Temple of Abydos

Built by Seti I and completed by his son Ramses II. The pillars in this temple contain carvings of very…

Also known as Ramses II. A profile portrait of Ramses the Great with carvings behind his head. He is often regarded as one of the most powerful pharaohs throughout history.

Ramses the Great

Also known as Ramses II. A profile portrait of Ramses the Great with carvings behind his head. He is…

The city of Thebes was a major city during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. Portrays the wreckage of the city, with many buildings and pillars eroded.

Ruins of Thebes

The city of Thebes was a major city during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. Portrays the wreckage of the city,…

Also known as Merneptah. He ruled Egypt as pharaoh for ten years, and was the thirteenth son of Ramessess II.

Menepta

Also known as Merneptah. He ruled Egypt as pharaoh for ten years, and was the thirteenth son of Ramessess…

Also known as Hapis. In mythology, Apis was a commonly worshipped bull-deity in the Memphis region.

The Bull Apis

Also known as Hapis. In mythology, Apis was a commonly worshipped bull-deity in the Memphis region.

"When an Egyptian died the friends of the deceased went at once to the embalmer, By him they were shown a set of models, that is, wooden images painted and wrapped in imitation of the different styles of mummies prepared at the establishment. The models were divided into three classes; first, second, and third; and among these the friends selected according to their rank and means. The dead body was then delivered to the embalmers, by whom the brain was removed through the nostrils. Then an incision was made in the left side with a sharp stone. Through this opening the entire viscera were removed, and being cleansed by washing with palm wine, were covered with pounded aromatics and deposited in four urns. The cavity of the body was filled with powdered myrrh, cassia, and other fragrant substances, and the wound carefully sewn up. The whole body was then packed for seventy days in salt and carbonate of soda, at the end of which time it was washed and then wrapped in linen bands anointed on the inner surface with a certain gum which acted as glue. The mummy was finally put into a wooden case in the form of a man, and delivered to the relatives, by whom it was set upright against the wall in one of the rooms of their house."—Ridpath 1885

Process of Embalming

"When an Egyptian died the friends of the deceased went at once to the embalmer, By him they were shown…

Column located in the Temple of Denderah, with masks of Hathor, an Egyptian sky goddess of love and joy, adorning the top.

Column from the Temple of Denderah, with Hathor Masks, Time of Cesar

Column located in the Temple of Denderah, with masks of Hathor, an Egyptian sky goddess of love and…

A column depicting carvings and images of life in Thebes.

Column from Thebes

A column depicting carvings and images of life in Thebes.

"In their upper course the Euphrates and the Tigris traverse a region of steppes broken by rocky ridges and interspersed with pastures and fruitful districts. The banks of the rivers are fringed with plane-trees, tamarisks, and cypresses. Here and there are meadowlands, alternating with low hills. Further on, as the rivers descend to the level, the valleys broaden; but at the same time the higher district between becomes more sterile kind of upland waste, abounding in ostriches and bustards, the native home of wild asses and nomadic tribes of men."—Ridpath, 1885

Confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates

"In their upper course the Euphrates and the Tigris traverse a region of steppes broken by rocky ridges…

"The pyramids of Egypt are well entitled to a place among the most interesting curiosities in the world. The principal ones stand opposite Cairo, on the west side of the river Nile. They are built of stones, which overleap each other, and thus form steps from the bottom to the top. The perpendicular height of the largest is about 500 feet, and the area of its basis contains nearly 500,000 square feet, or something more than eleven English acres of ground."—Blake, 1825

Ancient Pyramid

"The pyramids of Egypt are well entitled to a place among the most interesting curiosities in the world.…

A wheel from an Ancient Egyptian chariot.

Chariot Wheel

A wheel from an Ancient Egyptian chariot.

"Early Egyptian Pictures. Ploughing, breaking clods, and sowing."—Gordy, 1912

Early Egyptian Pictures

"Early Egyptian Pictures. Ploughing, breaking clods, and sowing."—Gordy, 1912

"The skeleton lay on the left side with knees drawn up and hands raised to the head. About it were various articles of food and vessels of pottery."—Webster, 1913

A Prehistoric Egyptian Tomb

"The skeleton lay on the left side with knees drawn up and hands raised to the head. About it were various…

A Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. He reigned from 2589 to 2566 BC, and is known for being the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

Khufu

A Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. He reigned from 2589 to 2566 BC, and is known for being the builder of the…

The fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, reigning from 1213 to 1203 BC.

Merneptah

The fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, reigning from 1213 to 1203 BC.

"The pyramid when completed had a height of 481 feet. It is now 451 feet high. Its base covers 13 acres. Some of the blocks of white limestone used in construction weigh 50 tons. The facing of polished stone was gradually removed for building purposes by the Arabs. On the northern side of the pyramid a narrow entrance, once carefully concealed, opens into tortuous passages which lead to the central vault. Here the sarcophagus of the king was placed. This chamber was long since entered and its contents rifled."—Webster, 1913

The Great Pyramid of Giza

"The pyramid when completed had a height of 481 feet. It is now 451 feet high. Its base covers 13 acres.…

"This colossal figure, human-headed and lion-bodied, is hewn from the natural rock. The body is about 150 feet long, the paws 50 feet, the head 30 feet. The height from the base of the top of the head is 70 feet. Except for its head and shoulders, the figure has been buried for centuries in the desert sand. The eyes, nose, and beard have been mutilated by the Arabs. The face is probably that of one of the pyramid kings."—Webster, 1913

The Great Sphinx

"This colossal figure, human-headed and lion-bodied, is hewn from the natural rock. The body is about…

A series of correspondence on clay tablets between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru.

The Amarna Tablet

A series of correspondence on clay tablets between the Egyptian administration and its representatives…

"A black granite statue of the youthful Ramses II. It is probably a faithful portrait. No better work was ever produced by the Egyptian sculpture."—Webster, 1913

Ramses II Seated

"A black granite statue of the youthful Ramses II. It is probably a faithful portrait. No better work…

"The mummy was discovered in 1881, in an underground chamber near the site of Thebes. With it were the coffins and bodies of more than a score of royal personages. They had all been taken from their tombs and placed in the vault to conceal them from grave-robbers. Ramses II was over ninety years of age at the time of his death. In spite of the somewhat grotesque disguise of mummification, the face of this famous Pharaoh still wears an aspect of majesty and pride."—Webster, 1913

Head of Mummy of Ramses II

"The mummy was discovered in 1881, in an underground chamber near the site of Thebes. With it were the…

"The hall measures 170 feet deep by 329 feet broad. Its roof was supported by a central avenue of 12 massive columns, each 67 feet in height and 33 feet in circumference. Additional support was afforded by several rows of shorter columns (122 in all) disposed on each side of those in the middle avenues."—Webster, 1913

Central Avenue, Hall of Columns, Karnak

"The hall measures 170 feet deep by 329 feet broad. Its roof was supported by a central avenue of 12…

A fragment of an Ancient Egyptian text, which provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphics.

The Rosetta Stone, Front View

A fragment of an Ancient Egyptian text, which provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian…

An image depicting the coffin used for mummies in ancient Egypt.

Mummy and Cover of Coffin

An image depicting the coffin used for mummies in ancient Egypt.

An ancient amulet of Egypt.

An Egyptian Scarab

An ancient amulet of Egypt.

"A papyrus of the first century A.D., containing the Ten Commandments. It was discovered in Egypt."—Webster, 1913

Ancient Hebrew Manuscript

"A papyrus of the first century A.D., containing the Ten Commandments. It was discovered in Egypt."—Webster,…

An Ancient Egyptian temple complex founded in 1400 B.C.E.

Luxor Temple

An Ancient Egyptian temple complex founded in 1400 B.C.E.

"The temple, built by Ramses II on the steep face of a cliff overlooking the Nile, has a facade containing four enthroned colossi of the Pharaoh. These gigantic statues, each about 65 feet high, are cut out of the solid rock. The interior chambers of the temple reach a depth of nearly 200 feet."—Webster, 1913

Rock Temple at Abu-Simbel

"The temple, built by Ramses II on the steep face of a cliff overlooking the Nile, has a facade containing…

A statue of a man who recorded books and/or documents during the era of Ancient Egypt.

An Egyptian Scribe

A statue of a man who recorded books and/or documents during the era of Ancient Egypt.

A portion of detail from a photograph of the Great Pyramid in Egypt.

Detail of the Great Pyramid

A portion of detail from a photograph of the Great Pyramid in Egypt.

"Supposed portrait of one of the overseers of the work on the Great Pyramid. This is one of the masterpieces of Egyptian sculpture."—Myers, 1904

The Sheikh-El-Beled

"Supposed portrait of one of the overseers of the work on the Great Pyramid. This is one of the masterpieces…

"Brick-making in Ancient Egypt."—Myers, 1904

Brick-Making

"Brick-making in Ancient Egypt."—Myers, 1904

A statue depiction of the servant for the Underworld.

Servant for the Underworld

A statue depiction of the servant for the Underworld.

"Showing the weighing of the heart of the deceased in the scales of truth."—Myers, 1904

The Judgment of the Dead

"Showing the weighing of the heart of the deceased in the scales of truth."—Myers, 1904

White lotus is the common name of <i>nymphaea lotus</i>. The flowers are white with pink spreading towards the outer petals. The plant is native to Egypt.

White Lotus

White lotus is the common name of nymphaea lotus. The flowers are white with pink spreading towards…

An image of the Egyptian brick-making process. Bricks were usually made by foreigners. Exodus 5 records the story of the Israelites making bricks in Egypt.

Egyptian Brick-Making

An image of the Egyptian brick-making process. Bricks were usually made by foreigners. Exodus 5 records…

Papyrus reed that grows along the shores of the Nile. The stalks are pliable and capable of being interwoven very closely. Boats of this material were very common in Egypt. The inner bark of this plant, platted and cemented together, furnished a writing material.

Papyrus

Papyrus reed that grows along the shores of the Nile. The stalks are pliable and capable of being interwoven…

This illustration shows a lentil plant. Lentils are the round, flat seeds of a small leguminous plant <i>(Vicia (Lens) hirsuta)</i>, of which numerous varieties are cultivated in the countries bordering the Mediterranean and elsewhere. The seeds are highly nitrogenous, and of great food value. They form the principal constituent of the well-known <i>Revalenta arabica</i> of commerce. They consist of -- starch, 50 percent; casein, 24 percent; fat, 2 percent; and water, 14 percent. The dark green German lentils are much more palatable than the reddish-yellow Egyptian variety.

The Lentil Plant

This illustration shows a lentil plant. Lentils are the round, flat seeds of a small leguminous plant…

Egyptian headdress.

Egyptian Headdress

Egyptian headdress.

Israeli women would often wear rings not just on their wrists, but on their noses and ears and ankles.

Nose ring

Israeli women would often wear rings not just on their wrists, but on their noses and ears and ankles.

An Egyptian sandal, with a curved front.

Egyptian Sandal

An Egyptian sandal, with a curved front.

Ancient Egyptian sandal.

Ancient Egyptian Sandal

Ancient Egyptian sandal.

Shishak, king of Egypt.

Shishak

Shishak, king of Egypt.

A medal of Aradus depicting Two Sphinxes, which suggests an alliance between Aradus and Egypt.

Two Sphinxes

A medal of Aradus depicting Two Sphinxes, which suggests an alliance between Aradus and Egypt.

A medal showing a figure riding a crocodile, a symbol of Egypt.

Egypt Coin

A medal showing a figure riding a crocodile, a symbol of Egypt.

The portrait of Serapis, a deity in Egypt, who was also thought to be brought to Jerusalem and worshiped there as well.

Serapis

The portrait of Serapis, a deity in Egypt, who was also thought to be brought to Jerusalem and worshiped…

A form of Clepsydra ascribed to the ancient Egyptians.

Clepsydra

A form of Clepsydra ascribed to the ancient Egyptians.

An Egyptian crocodile (C. niloticus).

Crocodile

An Egyptian crocodile (C. niloticus).

Assuan on the Nile in Egypt.

Nile River

Assuan on the Nile in Egypt.

An example of Egyptian agriculture. 1, the reapers; 2, reaper drinking from cup; 3, 4, Gleaners - the first of which ask the reapers for a drink; 5, carrying the ears in a rope basket - showing the ears have been cut off; 8, winnowing; 9-11, the tritura, answering to our thrashing; 12, drinking from a water-skin suspended from a tree; 14, scribe who notes the number of bushels in heap; 16, checking the account by noting those taken away to the granary.

Egyptian Agriculture

An example of Egyptian agriculture. 1, the reapers; 2, reaper drinking from cup; 3, 4, Gleaners - the…

Joseph leads a donkey carrying Mary and the infant Jesus.

Flight into Egypt

Joseph leads a donkey carrying Mary and the infant Jesus.

Karnak, Egypt, which comprises of a vast mix of decayed chapels, temples, and other buildings. It was constructed under the rein of Sesostris I in the Middle Kingdom.

Karnak

Karnak, Egypt, which comprises of a vast mix of decayed chapels, temples, and other buildings. It was…