"View of the remains of the French Works. These remains are in the southeastern suburbs of the city, about half way between the [African American] Cemetary and the residence of Major William Bowen, seen toward the right of the picture. The banks have an average height, from the bottom of the ditch, of about five feet, and are dotted with pines and chincapins or dwarf chestnuts, the former draped with moss. The ground is an open common, and although it was mid-winter when I was there, it was covered with green grass, bespangled with myriads of little flowers of stellar form. This view is from the direction of the town looking southeast."—Lossing, 1851

French Works

"View of the remains of the French Works. These remains are in the southeastern suburbs of the city,…

"Washington's head-quarters. The house occupied by Washington while the army was at White Plains is yet standing. It is a frame building, on the east side of the road, about two miles above the village. This view is from the road, looking northeast. When I last visited it (1851), Miss Jemima Miller, a maiden ninety-three yeras of age, and her sister, a few years her junior, were living therein, the home of their childhood. A chair and table, used by the chief, is carefully preserved by the family, and a register for the names of the numerous visitors is kept. This house was in the deep solitude of the forests, among the hills, when Washington was there; now the heights and the plain near by smile with cultivation."—Lossing, 1851

Washington's Head-Quarters

"Washington's head-quarters. The house occupied by Washington while the army was at White Plains is…

A picture of the Crusades

Crusades

A picture of the Crusades

"William the Conqueror (1066-1087), as represented on his seal. Although William really ruled 'as king by the edge of the sword,' he preferred to base his title on the promise of Edward the Confessor rather than on force of arms; and he adhered to far as possible to Anglo-Saxon usages, causing himself to be crowned at Westminster and binding himself to frame good laws and observe justice, as his predecessors had done. In fact he professed to regard himself as the lawful successor of the Anglo-Saxon kings, and not merely as a feudal conqueror. He had great difficulty in making the people recognize him as such, but when this was once done, he was a far more powerful ruler as king of England than he was as Norman duke."—Colby, 1899

William the Conqueror

"William the Conqueror (1066-1087), as represented on his seal. Although William really ruled 'as king…

"That point in which a right line drawn from the eye parallel to another given right line cuts the picture of plane."-Whitney, 1902

Accidental Point

"That point in which a right line drawn from the eye parallel to another given right line cuts the picture…

Flowers with free filaments.

Crinum

Flowers with free filaments.

"The taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789. The Parisian mob, not satisfied with the formation of the National Assembly, demanded to be armed in their own defense; and when this was refused, rushed off to seize the store of arms kept in the Hotel des Invalides. Angered by the report that the guns of the old prison of the Bastile were to be trained on the people, they suddenly gathered around its walls and began an attack. This ancient prison had been the scene of many oppressions in the past. Its foul dungeons and the sufferings of those who were confined there had made it an object of popular hatred. During Louis XVI's reign, however, it had fallen into disuse, and it can not be said that at that time it was worse than any other prison. Nevertheless, to the mob it still stood as the symbol of despotism. The governor of the prison surrendered, but the mob murdered him, together with some others, and carried the heads of their victims on pikes through the streets. The few prisoners that were within were set free. Although were was nothing especially heroic about the taking of the Bastile, the event was of great significance, for it seemed to say that a new age had begun. Throughout Europe it was looked upon as a triumph of the people over despotism, and by the liberals of all countries it was hailed with joy."—Colby, 1899

Bastile

"The taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789. The Parisian mob, not satisfied with the formation of the…

"An embiotocoid fish, with small scales, uniserial and jaw teeth, and lip free and deeply cut along its margin."-Whitney, 1902

Perch

"An embiotocoid fish, with small scales, uniserial and jaw teeth, and lip free and deeply cut along…

"In the general election of 1896, the principal question at issue was the financial policy of the country. William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, was the candidate of those who 'demanded the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation.' William McKinley, of Ohio, was supported by those who maintained that the true policy was to use gold as the standard of value, in accordance with the practice of the other great nations; and the platform of the Republican party further demanded that international agreement should be sought for the free coinage of silver at some fixed ratio to be agreed upon. Mr. McKinley was elected."—Scudder, 1897

William McKinley

"In the general election of 1896, the principal question at issue was the financial policy of the country.…

"An optical toy consisting of a vertical cylindrical mirror which gives a correct image of a distorted picture drawn at the base on a plane at right angles to axis of the mirror."-Whitney, 1902

Anamorphoscope

"An optical toy consisting of a vertical cylindrical mirror which gives a correct image of a distorted…

"A method of drawing which gives a distorted image of the object represented when it is viewed from directly or nearly so, but a natural image when it is viewed from a certain point, is reflected by a curved mirror, or is seen through a polyhedron."-Whitney, 1902

Anamorphosis

"A method of drawing which gives a distorted image of the object represented when it is viewed from…

"An instrument consisting of a retangular crank-frame, like the carpenter's brace."-Whitney, 1902

Boring Angle-Brace

"An instrument consisting of a retangular crank-frame, like the carpenter's brace."-Whitney, 1902

"A Block is a pulley or a system of pulleys rotating on a pintle mounted in its frame or shell with its band and strap. There are many kinds of blocks, as a pulley block, a fiddle block, a fish block, a fly block, a heart block, a hook block, etc. A block and tackle is the block and the rope rove through it, for hoisting or obtaining a purchase."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Block and Tackle

"A Block is a pulley or a system of pulleys rotating on a pintle mounted in its frame or shell with…

"Mexican Arrastre. A rude apparatus used in Mexico, and to some extent in the United States, for grinding and at the same time amalgamating ores containing free gold or silver."-Whitney, 1902

Arrastre

"Mexican Arrastre. A rude apparatus used in Mexico, and to some extent in the United States, for grinding…

"The Dugong is an herbivorous mammal, belonging to the Manatees. It ranges from 10 to 20 feet in length. The color is a slaty-brown or bluish-black above and whitish below. They yield a clear oil of the best quality, free from all objectionable smell."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Dugong

"The Dugong is an herbivorous mammal, belonging to the Manatees. It ranges from 10 to 20 feet in length.…

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually of the pig. The viviparous females, originally living in rats, being about eight days after entering the intestines of their second host, a pig, to give birth to the larvæ, which pass into various parts of the body, especially the muscles, where they coil up in a sack, or cyst, which eventually becomes calcareous and whitish. When pork thus infected is eaten the worms are set free in the stomach of their third host (man), and in three or four days there become sexually mature, each female being capable of producing 1,000 young."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Trichina Spiralis

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually…

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually of the pig. The viviparous females, originally living in rats, being about eight days after entering the intestines of their second host, a pig, to give birth to the larvæ, which pass into various parts of the body, especially the muscles, where they coil up in a sack, or cyst, which eventually becomes calcareous and whitish. When pork thus infected is eaten the worms are set free in the stomach of their third host (man), and in three or four days there become sexually mature, each female being capable of producing 1,000 young."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Trichina Spiralis

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually…

A cow's head, in a frame of branches.

Head of Cow

A cow's head, in a frame of branches.

"A Simple and Inexpensive Home Apparatus for Exercise on the Horizontal Bar." — Blaisedell, 1904

Door with Horizontal Bar

"A Simple and Inexpensive Home Apparatus for Exercise on the Horizontal Bar." — Blaisedell, 1904

"This picture is based upon a photograph of a painting exhibited many years ago in the Paris Salon. It represents the crowning experiement of Dr. Edward Jenner, a famous English physician and the discoverer of vaccination. This experiment was performed on a boy who Jenner innoculated with matter taken from the hand of a milkmaid who had been directly infected by the cow. This was on the 14th of May, 1796, more than a century ago." — Blaisedell, 1904

The First Vaccination

"This picture is based upon a photograph of a painting exhibited many years ago in the Paris Salon.…

"Concave or Adherent Surface of the Nail. <em>A</em>, border of the root; <em>B</em>, whitish portion of semi-lunar shape; <em>C</em>, body of nail. The continuous line around border represents the free edge." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Surface of a nail

"Concave or Adherent Surface of the Nail. A, border of the root; B, whitish portion…

<em>A</em> and <em>C</em>, lachrymal canals; <em>B</em>, lachrymal sac; <em>D</em>, small muscle which serves to compress the lachrymal sac; <em>F</em>, glands upon the inner surface of the eyelids, with ducts opening upon the free margins of the eyelids; <em>H</em>, great openings, or antrum, of the upper jawbone. The oil glands of the nose are plainly shown." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Eyelids and lachrymal apparatus

A and C, lachrymal canals; B, lachrymal sac; D, small muscle which…

"The Relative Position of the Lachrymal Apparatus, the Eyeball, and the Eyelids. <I>A</em>, lachrymal canals, with the minute orifices represented as two black dots to the right; <em>B</em>, tendon attached to a muscle which surrounds the circumference of the orbit and eyelids; under <em>B</em> is seen the lachrymal sac. The minute openings of the Meibomian glands are seen on the free margins of the eyelids. Below <em>A</em> is seen a small conical elevation, with black dots (the lachrymal papilla, or caruncle)." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Eyeball

"The Relative Position of the Lachrymal Apparatus, the Eyeball, and the Eyelids. A, lachrymal canals,…

"This striking picture, by a celebrated French artist, has excited marked attention ever since it was first exhibited at the Paris Salon. The grouping is admirable, and by the abscence of all accessories the interest is skillfully concentrated on the principal personage, the attending surgeon, and the pale boy whose arm he is bandaging and who is striving not to wince beneath the treatment. That the hurt is not trifling is shown by the basin of blood and the look of concern in the counternances of the surrounding family, who are yet sufficiently composed to indicate that there is no imminent danger. The strongly lined faces of the peasants, with their vary expressions, contrasted with the rude interior, form a graphic study." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Doctor

"This striking picture, by a celebrated French artist, has excited marked attention ever since it was…

"Improvised Hand Seats: the Three-Handed Seat. THe usefull three-handed seat is made by one bearer grasping the free wrist of the other bearer and placing his free hand on his partner's shoulder, in order to support the patient's back." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Hand seat

"Improvised Hand Seats: the Three-Handed Seat. THe usefull three-handed seat is made by one bearer grasping…

"Showing how the Improvised Three-Handed Seat may be used to carry an Injured Person. The picture also shows how a boy's broken leg may be treated with an improvised apparatus made of pieces of oak bark for splints, padded with graass and held in place by two pocket handkerchiefs." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Hand seat

"Showing how the Improvised Three-Handed Seat may be used to carry an Injured Person. The picture also…

"This picture is based upon a photograph of a painting which has won great fame during recent years. The artist has represented Pasteur, the celebrated scientist, busily at work in his laboratory, recording the results of his microscopal study of bacteria. As the great master of modern science rests for a moment from his midnight researches, he appears to see in a vision the victims of pestilence, famine, and infectious diseases imploring relief from the good angel who symbolizes the wonderful victories won by Pasteur in combating disease." — Blaisedell, 1904

Louis Pasteur

"This picture is based upon a photograph of a painting which has won great fame during recent years.…

"Aeschines owes the perpetuity of his fame to the fact he was the only rival of Demosthenes. He was five years older than the great orator, being born in 389 B.C. In early life he served as a soldier, then as a public clerk, and afterwards undertook the role of an actor." &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Aeschines

"Aeschines owes the perpetuity of his fame to the fact he was the only rival of Demosthenes. He was…

Women playing a lyre.

Greek border

Women playing a lyre.

Picture of a baby at a window

Baby

Picture of a baby at a window

Flowers

Flowers

Flowers

"A chariot, a car. These terms appear to have denoted those two wheeled vehicles for the carriage of persons, which were open overhead, thus differing from the corpentum, and closed in front, in which the differed from the cisium. The most essential articles in the construction of the currus were, 1. The rim. 2. The axle. 3. The wheels, which revolved upon the axle and were prevented from coming off by the insertion of pins into the extremities of the axles. The parts of the wheel were: a. The nave. b. The spokes. c. The felly. d. The tire. 4. The pole." &mdash; Smith, 1873. This picture shows a Quadrigae.

Currus

"A chariot, a car. These terms appear to have denoted those two wheeled vehicles for the carriage of…

"A dress which had only a sleeve for the left arm, leaving the right with the shoulder ad a part of the breast free, and was for this reason called exomis. It is represented in the following figure of Charon." &mdash; Smith, 1873.

Exomis

"A dress which had only a sleeve for the left arm, leaving the right with the shoulder ad a part of…

A frame of a woman and a bird.

Lady and Bird

A frame of a woman and a bird.

A frame of a woman and a cat.

Lady and Cat

A frame of a woman and a cat.

Frame of the Three Spinning Fairies.

Fairies

Frame of the Three Spinning Fairies.

Frame of a woman and a well.

Woman and Well

Frame of a woman and a well.

Frame of a bear and a wolf.

Bear

Frame of a bear and a wolf.

Frame of a rabbit and wolves

Rabbit and Wolf

Frame of a rabbit and wolves

Frame of a dog, sparrow, and wagon.

Dog and Sparrow

Frame of a dog, sparrow, and wagon.

Frame of a man in a bag, from the story, "Man in the Bag."

Man in Bag

Frame of a man in a bag, from the story, "Man in the Bag."

Frame of a wizard and woman, from "The Forbidden Room."

Wizard and Woman

Frame of a wizard and woman, from "The Forbidden Room."

Frame of a woman and a dog, from the story, "Frederick and Catherine."

Frederick and Catherine

Frame of a woman and a dog, from the story, "Frederick and Catherine."

Frame of foxes getting married, from the story, "Mrs. Fox."

Mrs. Fox

Frame of foxes getting married, from the story, "Mrs. Fox."

Frame of mother, child, and elves, from the story, "The Changeling."

Changeling

Frame of mother, child, and elves, from the story, "The Changeling."

Frame from the story, "Hans in Luck."

Hans

Frame from the story, "Hans in Luck."

Frame from the story, "The Four Craftsmen."

Four Craftsmen

Frame from the story, "The Four Craftsmen."

Frame from the story, "The Three Crows."

Three Crows

Frame from the story, "The Three Crows."

Frame from the story, "The Valliant Tailor."

Unicorn

Frame from the story, "The Valliant Tailor."

Frame from the story, "Brother and Sister."

Deer

Frame from the story, "Brother and Sister."

Frame from the story, "The Fox and the Horse."

Fox and Horse

Frame from the story, "The Fox and the Horse."

"The following cut gives a view of of a portion of the paved street at the entrance of Pompeii. The upper surface consists of large polygonal blocks of the hardest stone, fitted and jointed with the utmost nicety, so as to present a perfectly even surface, as free from gaps or irregularities, as if the whole had been one solid mass." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Pompeii

"The following cut gives a view of of a portion of the paved street at the entrance of Pompeii. The…

"A small shield, Iphicrates, observing that the ancient Clipeus was cumbrous and inconvenient, introduced among the Greeks a much smaller and lighter shield, from which those who bore it took the name of peltastae. It consisted principally of a frame of wood or wicker-work, covered with skin or leather. An elegant form of the pelta is exhibited in the preceting cut, representing Penthesilea, Queen of the Amazons, in the act of offering aid to Priam." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Pelta

"A small shield, Iphicrates, observing that the ancient Clipeus was cumbrous and inconvenient, introduced…

"Serra, a saw. It was made of iron. The form of the larger saw used for cutting timber is seen in the annexed woodcut, which is taken from a miniature in the celebrated Dioscorides written at the beginning of the sixth century. It is of the kind called the frame-saw, because it is fixed in a rectangular frame. It was held by a workman at each end. The woodcut also shows the blade of the saw detached from its frame, with a ring at each end for fixing it in the frame. On each side of the last-mentioned figure is represented a hand-saw adapted to be used by a single person." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Serra

"Serra, a saw. It was made of iron. The form of the larger saw used for cutting timber is seen in the…

Earliest picture of New Amsterdam

New Amsterdam

Earliest picture of New Amsterdam

A border of owls and books

Owls

A border of owls and books

A painter, painting a picture.

Painter

A painter, painting a picture.

"Talaria, small wings fixed to the ankles of Mercury, and reckoned among his attributes. In many works of ancient art they are represented growing from his ankles as if they were a part of his bodily frame; but more frequently they are attached to him as a part of his dress, agreeably to the description of the poets; and this is commonly done by representing him with sandals, which have wings fastened to them on each side over the ankles. But there is a most beautiful bronze statue of this divinity in the museum at Naples, in which the artist, instead of the sole of a sandal, has made the straps unite in a rosette under the middle of the foot, evidently intending, by this elegant device, to represent the messenger of the gods as borne through space without touching the ground. A representation is seen in the preceding cut." &mdash Smith; 1873

Talaria

"Talaria, small wings fixed to the ankles of Mercury, and reckoned among his attributes. In many works…

"Takes a loaded clip and inserts the end in the slip slots, places the thumb on the powder space of the top cartridge, the fingers extending around the piece and tips resting on the magazine floor plate." &mdash; Moss, 1914

Load

"Takes a loaded clip and inserts the end in the slip slots, places the thumb on the powder space of…

"At the second command sake the position of guard; at the same time throw the rifle smartly to the front, grasp the rifle with the left hand just below the lower band, fingers between the stock and gun sling, barrel turned slightly to the left, the right hand grasping the small of the stock about 6 inches in front of the right hip, elbows free from the body, bayonet point at the height of the chin." — Moss, 1914

Bayonet Guard

"At the second command sake the position of guard; at the same time throw the rifle smartly to the front,…