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Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Labels: m, metatarsal bones; p, phalanges; ca, os calcis, or heel bone.

Bones of the Ankle and Foot

Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Labels: m, metatarsal bones; p, phalanges; ca, os calcis, or heel bone.

Occipital bone of the human skull, inner surface. It is situated at the back and base of the skull. Labels: 9,9, and 10,10, depression for reception of lobes of brain; 11, foramen magnum.

Occipital Bone of the Human Skull

Occipital bone of the human skull, inner surface. It is situated at the back and base of the skull.…

Parietal bone of the human skull, inner surface. The parietal bones form the greater part of the sides and roof of the skull. Labels: A, parietal depression; E, furrow for ramification of arteries.

Parietal Bone of the Human Skull

Parietal bone of the human skull, inner surface. The parietal bones form the greater part of the sides…

Frontal bone of the human skull, outer surface. The frontal bone forms the forehead, roof of the orbital cavities, and the nasal cavity. Labels: 1, frontal eminence; 7, roof of orbital cavitiy; 10, orbital arch.

Frontal Bone of the Human Skull

Frontal bone of the human skull, outer surface. The frontal bone forms the forehead, roof of the orbital…

Temporal bone of the human skull. The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull. Labels: 1, squamous portion; 2, placed below external opening of auditory canal in petrous portion; 3, placed below mastoid portion; 4, placed below glenoid cavity for reception of condyle of lower jaw.

Temporal Bone of the Human Skull

Temporal bone of the human skull. The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull.…

Sphenoid bone, situated the anterior part of the base of the skull, articulating with all the other cranial bones, which it binds firmly and solidly together. Labels: a, greater wing; b, lesser wing.

Sphenoid Bone of the Human Skull

Sphenoid bone, situated the anterior part of the base of the skull, articulating with all the other…

Ethmoid bone, posterior surface. The ethmoid bone is an exceedingly light, spongy bone, placed between the two orbits and at the root of the nose, contributing to form a part of each of these cavities. Label: 2, cribriform, or perforated plate.

Ethmoid Bone of the Human Skull

Ethmoid bone, posterior surface. The ethmoid bone is an exceedingly light, spongy bone, placed between…

Lachrymal Bone. The lachrymal are the smallest and most fragile bones fo the face. They are situated at the front part of the inner wall of the orbit.

Human Lachrymal Facial Bone

Lachrymal Bone. The lachrymal are the smallest and most fragile bones fo the face. They are situated…

Vomer bone, a single bone placed at the back part of the nasal cavity, and forms part of the septum of the nasal fossae.

Human Vomer Nasal Bone

Vomer bone, a single bone placed at the back part of the nasal cavity, and forms part of the septum…

Malar (cheek) bone. The malar bones form the prominence of the cheek, and part of the outer wall and floor of the orbit.

Human Malar (Cheek) Bone

Malar (cheek) bone. The malar bones form the prominence of the cheek, and part of the outer wall and…

Palate bone. Palate bones form the back part of the roof of the mouth; part of the floor and outer wall of the nasal fossae, and a very small portion of the floor of the orbit.

Human Palate Bone

Palate bone. Palate bones form the back part of the roof of the mouth; part of the floor and outer wall…

Inferior turbinated bone, convex surface. The inferior turbinated bones are situated on the outer wall of each side of the nostril. Teach consists of a layer of thin, spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll.

Human Nostril Bone

Inferior turbinated bone, convex surface. The inferior turbinated bones are situated on the outer wall…

Superior maxillary bone. With it's fellow on the opposite side, it forms the whole of the upper jaw. Each bone assists in forming part of the floor of the orbit, the floor and outer wall of the nasal fossae, and the greater part of the roof of the mouth. Labels: 1, orbital surface; 2, facial surface; 3, alveolar process.

Human Maxillary (Upper Jaw) Bone

Superior maxillary bone. With it's fellow on the opposite side, it forms the whole of the upper jaw.…

Inferior Maxillary Bone (lower jaw). It is the largest and strongest bone in the face and serves for the reception of the lower teeth.

Human Maxillary (Upper Jaw) Bone

Inferior Maxillary Bone (lower jaw). It is the largest and strongest bone in the face and serves for…

The hyoid, os hyoides, or tongue bone, is an isolated, U-shaped bone lying in front of the throat, just above the Adam's apple; it supports the tongue, and give attachment to some of its numerous muscles.

Human Hyoid Bone

The hyoid, os hyoides, or tongue bone, is an isolated, U-shaped bone lying in front of the throat, just…

A cervical vertebra of the spine, inferior surface. Labels: 1, spinous process, slightly bifid; 4, transverse process; 5, articular process, inferior surface. Below the arch, or hollow portion, is seen the solid portion, or body.

Human Cervical Vertebra Bone

A cervical vertebra of the spine, inferior surface. Labels: 1, spinous process, slightly bifid; 4, transverse…

Side view of spinal column, without sacrum and coccyx. Labels: 1 to 7, cervical vertebrae; 8 to 19, dorsal vertebrae; 20 to 24, lumbar vertebrae; A, A, spinous processes; C, D, transverse processes; E, intervertebral aperture or foramen; a, atlas; 2, axis.

Human Spinal Column

Side view of spinal column, without sacrum and coccyx. Labels: 1 to 7, cervical vertebrae; 8 to 19,…

Thorax. The thorax, or chest, is an elongated conical-shaped cage, formed by the sternum and costal cartilages in front, the 12 ribs on each side, and the bodies of the 12 dorsal vertebrae behind. It contains and protects the principal organs of respiration and circulation. Labels: 1 to 12, ribs; d, d, costal cartilages; e, upper end of sternum; b, middle portion of sternum; 1 a, first dorsal vertebra; 12 a, twelfth dorsal vertebra; 7 a, seventh cervical vertebra; 1 to 7, true ribs; 8 to 12, false ribs; 11, 12, floating ribs. 10th rib is defective; it should be attached to the costal cartilage.

Human Thorax (Chest)

Thorax. The thorax, or chest, is an elongated conical-shaped cage, formed by the sternum and costal…

Sternum, front and side view. The sternum, or breast bone, is a flat narrow bone, situated in the median line in the front of the chest, and consisting, in the adult, of 3 portions.

Human Sternum Bone

Sternum, front and side view. The sternum, or breast bone, is a flat narrow bone, situated in the median…

The skull. Labels: a, nasal bone; b, superior maxillary; c, inferior maxillary; d, occipital; e, temporal; f, parietal; g, frontal bone.

Human Skull

The skull. Labels: a, nasal bone; b, superior maxillary; c, inferior maxillary; d, occipital; e, temporal;…

The skull at birth, superior suerface. The cranial bones of the infant at birth are not fullyformed and their edges are separated by membranous intervals. Labels: 1, posterior fontanelle; 2, sagital suture; 4, anterior fontanelle; A, A, bi-parietal diameter; B, B, bi-temporal diamter.

Human Skull at Birth

The skull at birth, superior suerface. The cranial bones of the infant at birth are not fullyformed…

Male pelvis (top) and female pelvis (bottom). The pelvis is stronger and more massively constructed than either the cranial or thoracic cavity. It is composed of 4 bones, the ossa innominata, forming sides and front, and the sacrum and coccyx, completing it behind. The female pelvis differs from that of the male in making it better adapted for giving birth. The most notable differences are that the female pelvis is wider in every direction, giving more room for the child to pass and shallower, which lessens the distance through which the child has to be propelled; and lastly, the bones are thinner and smoother.

Human Pelvis, Male and Female

Male pelvis (top) and female pelvis (bottom). The pelvis is stronger and more massively constructed…

A mixed articulation (slightly movable). In this form, the bony surfaces are usually joined together by broad, flattened disks of fibro-cartilage, as in the articulations between the bodies of the vertebrae. Labels: a, b, disk of fibro-cartilage; c, articular cartilage; d, bone.

Human Joint, Mixed Articulation

A mixed articulation (slightly movable). In this form, the bony surfaces are usually joined together…

A toothed, or dentated suture. This is one type of immovable articulation. It is found in the union of the cranial bones of the skull, such as the suture between the frontal and parietal bones.

Human Joint, Dentated Suture

A toothed, or dentated suture. This is one type of immovable articulation. It is found in the union…

Muscles of right eyeball within the orbit, seen from the front. Labels: 21, superior rectus; 22, inferior rectus; 23, external rectus; 24, internal rectus; 25, superior oblique; 26, inferior oblique.

Muscles of the Human Eyeball

Muscles of right eyeball within the orbit, seen from the front. Labels: 21, superior rectus; 22, inferior…

Muscles of eyeball, seen from side. Labels: 19, elevator muscle of eyelid; 22, inferior rectus; 23, external rectus; 24, internal rectus; 25, superior oblique; 26, inferior oblique.

Muscles of the Human Eyeball

Muscles of eyeball, seen from side. Labels: 19, elevator muscle of eyelid; 22, inferior rectus; 23,…

Muscles of the tongue. The chief muscles connecting the tongue and tongue bone to the lower jaw are the genio-glossus and stylo-glossus.

Muscles of the Human Tongue

Muscles of the tongue. The chief muscles connecting the tongue and tongue bone to the lower jaw are…

Muscles of the back. Labels: 50, latissimus dorsi; 51, trapezius; 52, deltoid. The muscles of the back are in 5 layers, one beneath another. The two largest and most superficial are the trapezius and the latissimus dorsi.

Muscles of the Human Back

Muscles of the back. Labels: 50, latissimus dorsi; 51, trapezius; 52, deltoid. The muscles of the back…

Diagram illustrating the general arrangement of the cerebrospinal nervous system.

Diagram of the Human Nervous System

Diagram illustrating the general arrangement of the cerebrospinal nervous system.

The mouth, nose, and pharynx, with the commencement of gullet (esophagus) and larynx, as exposed by a section a little to the left of the median plane of the head. Labels: a, vertebrae; b, gullet; c, trachea; d, larynx; e, epiglottis; f, soft palate; g, opening of Eustachian tube; k, tongue; l, hard palate; o, p, q, inferior turbinate bones of left nasal chamber.

The Mouth, Nose, and Pharynx

The mouth, nose, and pharynx, with the commencement of gullet (esophagus) and larynx, as exposed by…

Piece of human hair, highly magnified. Labels: a, cuticle; b, fibrous substance; c, medulla.

Piece of Human Hair

Piece of human hair, highly magnified. Labels: a, cuticle; b, fibrous substance; c, medulla.

Semi-diagrammatic section through the right ear. Labels: M, concha; G, the external auditory canal; T, tympanic, or drum-membrane (ear drum); P, tympanum, or middle ear; o, oval window; r, round window. Extending from T to o is seen the chain of the tympanic bones; R, Eustachian tube; V, B, S, bony labyrinth; V, vestibule; B, semicircular canal; S, cochlea; b, l, v, membranous labyrinth in semi-circular canal and in vestibule. A, auditory nerve dividing into branches for vestibule, semicircular canal, cochlea.

Ear and Auditory Canal

Semi-diagrammatic section through the right ear. Labels: M, concha; G, the external auditory canal;…

Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the trunk and head. Labels: 1,1, the dorsal cavity; a, the spinal portion; b, the cranial enlargement; c, c, the bodies of the vertebrae forming the partition between the dorsal and ventral cavities; 2, 2, the ventral cavity, subdivided into thoracic cavity (d), abdominal cavity (e), and pelvic cavity (f); g, the nasal cavity; h, the mouth, or buccal cavity. The alimentary canal (al) is represented running through the whole length of the ventral cavity.

Trunk and Head of Human Body

Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the trunk and head. Labels: 1,1, the dorsal cavity; a, the spinal…

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea, highly magnified. Labels: a, large ciliated cell; d, cell, with two nuclei. "In ciliated epithelium the cells, which are generally columnar in shape, bear at their free extremities little hair-like processes which are agitated incessantly with a lashing or vibrating motion. These minute and delicate processes are named cilia, and may be regarded as active prolongations of the cell-protoplasm." —Kimber, 1907

Ciliated Epithelium Cells

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea, highly magnified. Labels: a, large ciliated cell; d, cell,…

Fibrous tissue, from the longitudinal section of a tendon. "The fibrous tissue is met with in the form of ligaments, connecting the bones together at the joints, and in the form of sinews or tendons, by means of which the muscles are attached to the bones. It also forms fibrous membranes which invest and protect different parts or organs of the body." —Kimber, 1907

Fibrous Tissue of a Tendon

Fibrous tissue, from the longitudinal section of a tendon. "The fibrous tissue is met with in the form…

"When the concave mirror is large, say six inches in diameter, and eight or ten inches focal distance, it exhibits the human face of enormous bulk, the spectator being frightened at the size and courseness of his own features." -Comstock 1850

Magnified Face in a Concave Mirror

"When the concave mirror is large, say six inches in diameter, and eight or ten inches focal distance,…

A section across the forearm a short distance below the elbow-joint. R and U, its two supporting bones, the radius and ulna; e, the epidermis, an d, the dermis, of the skin; the latter is continuous below with bands of connective tissue, s, which penetrate between and invest the muscles (I, 2, 3, 4, etc.); n, n, nerves and vessels.

Section Across the Forearm

A section across the forearm a short distance below the elbow-joint. R and U, its two supporting bones,…

The bony and cartilaginous skeleton.

Human Skeleton, Showing Bony and Cartilage Tissue

The bony and cartilaginous skeleton.

The bones of the foot. Labels: Ca, Calcaneum, or heel bone; Ta, articular surface for tibia on the astragalus; Cb, the cuboid bone

Bones of the Foot

The bones of the foot. Labels: Ca, Calcaneum, or heel bone; Ta, articular surface for tibia on the astragalus;…

Demonstration of the movement of a pivot joint. Labels: A, arm in supination (palm uppermost); B, arm in pronation (back of hand upward). H, humerus; R, radius; U, ulna.

Arm Bones

Demonstration of the movement of a pivot joint. Labels: A, arm in supination (palm uppermost); B, arm…

The bicep muscle and the arm bones, to illustrate how, under ordinary circumstances, the elbow joint is flexed when the muscle contracts.

Biceps

The bicep muscle and the arm bones, to illustrate how, under ordinary circumstances, the elbow joint…

The mouth, nose, and pharynx, with the commencement of the gullet (esophagus) and larynx, as exposed by a section, a little to the left of the median plane of the head. Labels: a, vertebral column; b, gullet; c, windpipe; d, larynx; e, epiglottis; f, soft palate; g, opening of Esutachian tube; k, tongue; l, hard palate; m; the sphenoid bone on the base of the skull; n, the fore part of the cranial cavity; o,p,q, the turbinate bones of the outer side of the left nostril chamber.

The Mouth, Nose, and Pharynx

The mouth, nose, and pharynx, with the commencement of the gullet (esophagus) and larynx, as exposed…

Wall of human stomach. Labels: E, epithelium; G, glands; Mm, muscularis mucosae.

Stomach Wall

Wall of human stomach. Labels: E, epithelium; G, glands; Mm, muscularis mucosae.

Red corpuscles (blood cells) of the frog. The red blood cells of birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes are oval and contain a nucleus in the center that is not found in human red corpuscles.

Blood Cells

Red corpuscles (blood cells) of the frog. The red blood cells of birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes…

"The human eye-essential parts shown in section." —Croft 1917

Eye

"The human eye-essential parts shown in section." —Croft 1917

"If the coin were to be observed in an empty pan and then watched as the pan was filled with water, the image of the coin would be refracted to position N." —Quackenbos 1859

Refraction as seen by the Human Eye

"If the coin were to be observed in an empty pan and then watched as the pan was filled with water,…

Semi-diagrammatic section through the right ear. Labels: M, concha; G, external auditory meatus; T, tympanic or drum membrane; P, middle ear; o, oval foramen; r, round foramen. Extending from T to o is seen the chain of tympanic bones. R, Eustachian tube. V,B,S, bony labyrinth: V, vestibule; B, semicircular canal; S, cochlea. b,l,l', membranous semicircular canal and vestibule. A, auditory nerve dividing into branches for vestibule, semicircular canal, and cochlea.

Section Through the Right Ear

Semi-diagrammatic section through the right ear. Labels: M, concha; G, external auditory meatus; T,…

The middle ear and its bones, considerably magnified. Labels: G, the inner end of the external auditory meatus, closed internally by the conical tympanic membrane; L, the malleus, or hammer-bone; H, the incus, or anvil-bone; S, the stapes, or stirrup-bone.

Middle Ear

The middle ear and its bones, considerably magnified. Labels: G, the inner end of the external auditory…

Types of broken bones.

Types of Broken Bones

Types of broken bones.

Transverse section through the bones of the forearm (radius and ulna), taken at about the middle of their length (schematized).

Forearm Bones

Transverse section through the bones of the forearm (radius and ulna), taken at about the middle of…

A section of the bones of the crus (shank of the leg) taken at about the middle of their length (schematized) (includes the tibia and fibula).

Shank Bones

A section of the bones of the crus (shank of the leg) taken at about the middle of their length (schematized)…

The bones of the skull.

The Bones of the Skull

The bones of the skull.

The nasal bones (ossa nasalia).

Nasal Bones

The nasal bones (ossa nasalia).

The malar bones (ossa zygomatica). Also known as the cheek bones.

The Malar Bones

The malar bones (ossa zygomatica). Also known as the cheek bones.

The palate bones.

The Palate Bones

The palate bones.

Interior turbinal bones (or conchae nasales inferiores), which are situated in the nasal fossae.

Inferior Turbinal Bones

Interior turbinal bones (or conchae nasales inferiores), which are situated in the nasal fossae.

The vomer bone, which forms the posterior-inferior part of the nasal septum.

Vomer Bone

The vomer bone, which forms the posterior-inferior part of the nasal septum.

The nasal fossae (bones), which together form the cavity of the nose and are separated from either other by the nasal septum.

The Nasal Bones

The nasal fossae (bones), which together form the cavity of the nose and are separated from either other…

The bones of the hand (carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges).

Bones of the Hand

The bones of the hand (carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges).

Bones of the leg (tibia and fibula).

Leg Bones

Bones of the leg (tibia and fibula).