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A Roman boat

Roman Boat

A Roman boat

A Roman Galley with three banks of oars.

Roman Galley

A Roman Galley with three banks of oars.

A receptacle for the chrism, or holy oil, used in the services or the Roman Catholic and Eastern Churches.

Chrismatory

A receptacle for the chrism, or holy oil, used in the services or the Roman Catholic and Eastern Churches.

"Represents a Roman augur, with his litmus or divining staff, observing the signs in the heavens." — Anthon, 1891

Roman augur

"Represents a Roman augur, with his litmus or divining staff, observing the signs in the heavens." —…

A statue of Minerva, with a serpent depicted at the goddesses' feet.

Minerva

A statue of Minerva, with a serpent depicted at the goddesses' feet.

"The following cut represents a Roman clypeus, from the column of Trajan. The projection in the centre was called the <em>umbo</em>, or boss, and sometimes a spike or other prominent excrescence, was placed upon this." — Anthon, 1891

Roman Clypeus

"The following cut represents a Roman clypeus, from the column of Trajan. The projection in the centre…

A ornate Roman engraving.

Roman engraving

A ornate Roman engraving.

A tall stone structure.

Roman edifice

A tall stone structure.

"The cestus was used by boxers from the earliest times. It consisted of thongs of raw ox-hide, or of leather, tied round the hands of pugilists, in order to render their blows more powerful. Sometimes these bands were tied round the arms as high as the elbow." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Boxer with cestus

"The cestus was used by boxers from the earliest times. It consisted of thongs of raw ox-hide, or of…

"Syrinx, the Pan's pipe, or Pandean pipe, was the appropriate musical instrument of the Arcadian and other Grecian shepherds, and was regarded by them as the invention of Pan, their tutelary god. When the Roman poets had occasion to mention it, they called it fistula. It was formed in general of seven hollow stems of cane or reed, fitted together by means of wax, having been previously cut to the proper lengths, and adjusted so as to form an octave; but sometimes nine were admitted, giving an equal number of notes." &mdash Smith; 1873

Syrinx

"Syrinx, the Pan's pipe, or Pandean pipe, was the appropriate musical instrument of the Arcadian and…

"Toga, a gown, the name of the principal outer garment worn by the romans, seems to have been received by them from the Etruscans. The toga was the peculiar distinction of the Romans, who were thence called togats or gens togata. It was originally worn only in Rome itself, and the use of it was forbidden alike to exiles and to foreigners. Gradually, however, it went out of common use, and was supplanted by the pallium and lacerna, or else it was worn in public under the lacerna. But it was still used by the upper classes, who regarded it as an honourable distinction, in the courts of justice, by clients when they received the Sportula, and in the theatre or at the games, at least when the emperor was present." &mdash Smith; 1873

Toga

"Toga, a gown, the name of the principal outer garment worn by the romans, seems to have been received…

"There appears to have been no essential difference in form between Greek and Roman or Tyrrhenian trumpets. Both were long, straight, bronze tubes, gradually increasing in diameter, and terminating in a bell-shaped aperture." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Roman trumpet

"There appears to have been no essential difference in form between Greek and Roman or Tyrrhenian trumpets.…

A Roman chariot.

Chariot

A Roman chariot.

"According to the ancient authorities, it was made of bronze, and its form was oval, but with the two sides receding inward with an even curvature, and so as to make it broader at the ends than in the middle. The original ancile was said to have fallen from the skies in the time of Numa. To secure its preservation, Numa ordered eleven other shields to be made exactly like it. These twelve <em>ancilia</em> were kept in the temple of Mars Gradivus, and were taken from it only once a year, on the kalends of March. The feast of the god was then observed during several days; when the Salii, or priests of Mars, twelve in number, carried the sacred shields about the city, singing songs in praise of Mars, Numa, and Mamurius Veturius, who made the eleven. They at the same time performed a dance, in which they struck the shield with rods, so as to keep time with their voices and with the movements of the dance." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Ancilia

"According to the ancient authorities, it was made of bronze, and its form was oval, but with the two…

"Tunica, an under-garment. Roman. The Tunica of the Romans, like the Greek chiton, was a woollen under garment, over which the toga was worn. It was the Indumentum of Indulus, as opposed to the Amictus, the general term for the toga, pallium, or any other outer garment. The Romans are said to have had no other clothing originally but the toga; and when the tunic was first introduced, it was merely a short garment without sleeves, and was called Colobrium. It was considered a mark of effeminacy for men to wear tunics with long sleeves and reaching the feet." &mdash; Smith; 1873

Tunica

"Tunica, an under-garment. Roman. The Tunica of the Romans, like the Greek chiton, was a woollen under…

The armor worn by ancient Roman emperors and generals.

Roman soldier

The armor worn by ancient Roman emperors and generals.

"Vestaes, the virgin priestesses of Vesta, who ministered in her temple and watched the eternal fire. Their existence at Alba Longa is connected with the earliest Roman traditions, for silva the mother of Romulus was a member of the sisterhood; their establishment in the city, in common with almost all other matters connected with state religion, is generally ascribed to Numa, who selected four, two from the Titienses and two from the Rames; and two more were subsequently added from the Luceres, by Tarquinius Priscus according to one authority, by Servius Tullius according to another. This number of six remained unchanged to the latest times." &mdash Smith; 1873

Vestales

"Vestaes, the virgin priestesses of Vesta, who ministered in her temple and watched the eternal fire.…

"Umbraculum, Umbella, a parasol, was used by Greek and Roman ladies as a protection against the sun. They seem not to have been carried generally by the ladies themselves, but by female slaves who held them over their mistresses. The daughters of the aliens at Athens had to carry parasols after the Athenian maidens at the Panathenaea, as is mentioned under Hydriaphoria. The parasols of the ancients seem to have been exactly like our own parasols or umbrellas in form, and could be shut up and opened like ours." &mdash; Smith; 1873

Umbraculum

"Umbraculum, Umbella, a parasol, was used by Greek and Roman ladies as a protection against the sun.…

"The sagum was open in the front, and usually fastened across the shoulders by a clasp. The form of the sagum worn by the northern nations of Europe may be seen in the following cut from the column of Trajan, representing three Sarmatians with saga." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Sagum

"The sagum was open in the front, and usually fastened across the shoulders by a clasp. The form of…

"The apex was a cap worn by the Flamines and Salii at Rome." — Anthon, 1891

Apex

"The apex was a cap worn by the Flamines and Salii at Rome." — Anthon, 1891

Wilhelm II, German Emperor.

Wilhelm II

Wilhelm II, German Emperor.

Prince of Wales, Edward VII, was the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of the Commonwealth Realms, and the Emperor of India.

Albert Edward

Prince of Wales, Edward VII, was the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of…

Joseph was the emperor of Austria and king of Hungary.

Charles Francis Joseph

Joseph was the emperor of Austria and king of Hungary.

Emperor Meiji (November 3, 1852 – July 30, 1912), or Meiji the Great, was the 122nd Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from February 3, 1867 until his death on July 30, 1912. His personal name, which is not used in any formal or official context, was Mutsuhito.

Emperor Meiji

Emperor Meiji (November 3, 1852 – July 30, 1912), or Meiji the Great, was the 122nd Emperor of Japan…

Emperor of Russia from 1881-1894.

Alexander III

Emperor of Russia from 1881-1894.

Emperor of Brazil

Dom Pedro II

Emperor of Brazil

"Jehangire kept his court at Delhi, one of the most splendid cities of the East, where he called the Shere Afkun to his preference. He received him graciously, and conferred new honors upon him." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Jehangire

"Jehangire kept his court at Delhi, one of the most splendid cities of the East, where he called the…

"This sovereign was the last of the Mogul emperors of India who displayed the talent and energy of a warrior. He was the grandson of Jehangire, and was born on the 22nd of October, 1618." — Goodrich, 1844

Aurungzrbr

"This sovereign was the last of the Mogul emperors of India who displayed the talent and energy of a…

"The emperor of China, Taou-Kwang, was born in 1782, and is a grandson of Kien-long. He succeeded his profligate father, Kea-king, in 1820." — Goodrich, 1844

Taou-Kwang

"The emperor of China, Taou-Kwang, was born in 1782, and is a grandson of Kien-long. He succeeded his…

"Amphitheatre at Rome." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Roman amphitheatre

"Amphitheatre at Rome." — Goodrich, 1844

"All histories of England commence with the invasion of Julius Caesar, the earliest event in that quarter of which we have any authentic account. The Island of Britain was an unknown region to the Romans, and nearly so to the rest of mankind, at the period when Caesar's conquests had reduced the greater part of Gaul to the Roman government. Britain, lying within sight of the northern shores of Gaul, attracted his notice, and he began to meditate schemes of conquest." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Caesar in England

"All histories of England commence with the invasion of Julius Caesar, the earliest event in that quarter…

"One of the most extraordinary events in the history of England is that commonly known by the name of the gunpowder Treason and plot; in which case the king and parliament of England had a narrow escape, by a singular accident, from a diabolical scheme of destruction. This plot was the work of a small number of fanatical Roman Catholics, who undertook to wreak their revenge on James the First and his government for not showing indulgence to their religion." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Guy Fawkes and his associates

"One of the most extraordinary events in the history of England is that commonly known by the name of…

The Colosseum in Rome.

Colosseum

The Colosseum in Rome.

A private booth in a Roman Catholic church to confess to a priest.

Confessional

A private booth in a Roman Catholic church to confess to a priest.

A Roman soldier.

Roman soldier

A Roman soldier.

The front of a roman coin.

Roman Coin

The front of a roman coin.

The back of a roman coin.

Roman Coin

The back of a roman coin.

A Roman coin.

Roman coin

A Roman coin.

A Roman coin.

Roman coin

A Roman coin.

"Roman Battle Ship." — Greenough, 1899

Roman Ship

"Roman Battle Ship." — Greenough, 1899

"Roman Transports." &mdash; Greenough, 1899

Roman Transports

"Roman Transports." — Greenough, 1899

"Roman Camp Assaulted." &mdash; Greenough, 1899

Roman Camp

"Roman Camp Assaulted." — Greenough, 1899

"The celebrated warrior and Emperor of the French, Napoleon Bonaparte, was born at Ajaccio, in the island of Corsica." &mdash;The Popular Cyclopedia, 1888

Napoleon Bonaparte

"The celebrated warrior and Emperor of the French, Napoleon Bonaparte, was born at Ajaccio, in the island…

The front of a copeck of emperor Nicholas.

Copeck

The front of a copeck of emperor Nicholas.

The front of a copeck of emperor Nicholas.

Copeck

The front of a copeck of emperor Nicholas.

Pahlen announcing to the emperor Alexander the death of Paul I.

Alexander

Pahlen announcing to the emperor Alexander the death of Paul I.

"Lean upon me." said the emperor, "I have strength enough for both."

Lean

"Lean upon me." said the emperor, "I have strength enough for both."

A scene from the story, <em>The Emperor's New Clothes</em>.

The Emperor's New Clothes

A scene from the story, The Emperor's New Clothes.

A roman moulding, called <em>Raised Fillet.</em> Its projection is generally made equal to its height. It may also be a depression, in which case it is called a <em>Sunk Fillet</em>.

Raised Fillet

A roman moulding, called Raised Fillet. Its projection is generally made equal to its height.…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Bead.</em> It is a molding consisting of a semi-circle on a flat surface. This is also called a <em>Half Round</em>.

Bead

A roman moulding, called a Bead. It is a molding consisting of a semi-circle on a flat surface.…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Torus.</em> It is composed of a semicircle and a fillet. The smicircle projects from the fillet an amount equal to its radius. The concave addition above the fillet and the projection below the half round shows a combination of mouldings used in the base of a <em>Doric Column</em>.

Torus

A roman moulding, called a Torus. It is composed of a semicircle and a fillet. The smicircle…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Scotia.</em> It consists of two quarter circles one of which has a radius equal to twice the radius of the other. The centers of both arcs must be on the same horizontal line. It is generally applied in the bases of columns.

Scotia

A roman moulding, called a Scotia. It consists of two quarter circles one of which has a radius…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Ovolo.</em> It is composed of a quarter of a circle and an upper and lower fillet. Without the addition of the fillet it is called a <em>Quarter Round</em>. Its construction is made apparent by referring to the figure.

Ovolo

A roman moulding, called a Ovolo. It is composed of a quarter of a circle and an upper and…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Cavetto.</em> It consists of a quarter circle with a sunk fillet below. By referring to the figure it will be seen that it is exactly the reverse of the ovolo. The center for describing the quarter circle is without instead of within the moulding. Itis also called a <em>Concave Moulding</em>.

Cavetto

A roman moulding, called a Cavetto. It consists of a quarter circle with a sunk fillet below.…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Cyma Recta.</em> It is a moulding of double curvature and two fillets. The curve is composed of quarter-circles; the upper or concave portion of the has its center without, while the lower curve has its center within the moulding. Both centers are on the same horizontal line. This moulding is frequently called an <em>Ogee</em>.

Cyma Recta

A roman moulding, called a Cyma Recta. It is a moulding of double curvature and two fillets.…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Cyma Reversa.</em> This like the cyma recta, is composed of two quarter circles and an upper and lower fillet. It is distinguished from the former by having its convex part above and the concave part below a horizontal center line.

Cyma Reversa

A roman moulding, called a Cyma Reversa. This like the cyma recta, is composed of two quarter…

A knight wearing a suit of armor, presented by the Emperor Maximillian to Henry VIII.

Knight

A knight wearing a suit of armor, presented by the Emperor Maximillian to Henry VIII.

"Mercury was sent, accompanied by Spring, to demand Persephone of Pluto. The wily monarch consented, but, alas! the maiden had taken a pomegranate which Pluto offered her, and had sucked the sweet pulp from a few of the seeds. This was enough to prevent her complete release, by which she was to pass half the time with her mother, and the rest with her husband Pluto." &mdash;Bulfinch, 1897

Pluto, Persephone, and Mercury

"Mercury was sent, accompanied by Spring, to demand Persephone of Pluto. The wily monarch consented,…

"Sylvanus and Faunus were Latin divinities, whose characteristics are so nearly the same as Pan that we may safely consider them as the same personage under different names." &mdash;Bulfinch, 1897

Faunus

"Sylvanus and Faunus were Latin divinities, whose characteristics are so nearly the same as Pan that…

"Amphitrite was the wife of Neptune." &mdash;Bulfinch, 1897

Amphitrite

"Amphitrite was the wife of Neptune." —Bulfinch, 1897