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"Tiara or Tiaras, a hat with a large high crown. This was the head-dress which characterized the north-western Asiatics, and more especially the Armenians, Parthians, and Persians, as distinguished from the Greeks and Romans, whose hats fitted the head, or had only a low crown. The king of Persia wore an erect tiara, whilst those of his subjects were soft and flexible, falling on one side. The Persian name for this regal head-dress was cidaris. " &mdash Smith; 1873

Tiara

"Tiara or Tiaras, a hat with a large high crown. This was the head-dress which characterized the north-western…

A Dutch house from Colonial America

Dutch

A Dutch house from Colonial America

Otto von Bismarck was the Duke of Lauenburg, Prime Minister of Prussia, and Chancellor of the North German Confederation and of the German Empire.

Prince Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck was the Duke of Lauenburg, Prime Minister of Prussia, and Chancellor of the North…

Herr Most was an anarchist and disciple of the German agitator, Lasalle. When Most came to America, he published a revolutionay paper called "Freiheit."

Herr Johann Most

Herr Most was an anarchist and disciple of the German agitator, Lasalle. When Most came to America,…

Democratic U.S. Senator from North Carolina in 1872.

Matt W. Ransom

Democratic U.S. Senator from North Carolina in 1872.

A genus of fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of South America, and typical of the family Cichlidæ.

Cichla

A genus of fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of South America, and typical of the family Cichlidæ.

Businessman and ex-presidential nominee.

Joseph Mulhattan

Businessman and ex-presidential nominee.

"The position of the true meridian may be found as follows: Point the hour hand of a watch towards the sun; the line joining the pivot and the point midway between the hour hand and XIII on the dial will point towards the south; that is to say if the observer stands so as to face the sun and the XII on the dial, he will be looking south. To point the hour hand exactly at the sun, stick a pin and bring the hour hand into the shadow. At night a line drawn toward the north star from the observer's position is approximately a true meridian." — Moss, 1914

True meridian

"The position of the true meridian may be found as follows: Point the hour hand of a watch towards the…

Hero of the Civil War and Governor of North Carolina.

Hon. Zebulon B. Vance

Hero of the Civil War and Governor of North Carolina.

"In the eleventh century, the Anglo-Saxons, originally the fiercest nation of the North of Europe, had become changed into a submissive and unwarlike people by the combine influences of luxury, a great landed aristocracy, and a richly endowed hierarchy." — Goodrich, 1844

Saxons

"In the eleventh century, the Anglo-Saxons, originally the fiercest nation of the North of Europe, had…

A singing-bird of North America remarkable for its exact imitations of the notes of other birds.

Mockingbird

A singing-bird of North America remarkable for its exact imitations of the notes of other birds.

An animal of several species of marsupial quadrupeds found in America.

Opossum

An animal of several species of marsupial quadrupeds found in America.

A instrument used for navigation. The needle is magnetic and always points to the north pole.

Compass

A instrument used for navigation. The needle is magnetic and always points to the north pole.

A bird of South America.

Black Cheeked Ant Thrush

A bird of South America.

"Bring the two ends of the wire into contact, and thus close the circuit. The needle instantly flies around as though it was trying to place itself at right angles to the wire. Break the circuit, and the needle swings back to its north and south position. Twist the wires together, and bend the conductor into a loop so that the current passes above the needle in one direction and beneath the needle in the other direction. The deflection of the needle will be greater than before." — Avery, 1895

Needle, compass

"Bring the two ends of the wire into contact, and thus close the circuit. The needle instantly flies…

A pair of opposite poles attracting, the magnetic force shown by iron filings.

Attractive poles

A pair of opposite poles attracting, the magnetic force shown by iron filings.

A pair of similar magnetic poles repelling, the magnetic forces shown by iron filings.

Repelling poles

A pair of similar magnetic poles repelling, the magnetic forces shown by iron filings.

"The polarity of the solenoidal magnet may be determined by holding it in the right hand so that the fingers point in the direction of the current; then the extended thumb will point toward the marked or north-seeking pole of the magnet." — Avery, 1895

Solenoidal magnet

"The polarity of the solenoidal magnet may be determined by holding it in the right hand so that the…

A hand holding a bar magnet.

Hand with magnet

A hand holding a bar magnet.

The constellation, with the north star also shown.

The Dipper

The constellation, with the north star also shown.

"This enterprising merchant, founder of the American Fur Company, was born in a village near Heidelberg, in Germany." —The Popular Cyclopedia, 1888

John Jacob Astor

"This enterprising merchant, founder of the American Fur Company, was born in a village near Heidelberg,…

"This name deserves to be held in rememberance on account of his munificent philanthropy." —The Popular Cyclopedia, 1888

George Peabody

"This name deserves to be held in rememberance on account of his munificent philanthropy." —The…

A genus of leguminous shrubs and trees, natives of tropical America and Africa. 1

Copaifera

A genus of leguminous shrubs and trees, natives of tropical America and Africa. 1

"Many species of the kingfisher family are found in various parts of the world. The belted kingfisher is peculiar to North America, and is a larger bird than the kingfisher of Great Britain, being fully twelve inches in length, but inferior in brilliancy of plumage." —The Popular Cyclopedia, 1888

Belted Kingfisher

"Many species of the kingfisher family are found in various parts of the world. The belted kingfisher…

An Equadorian water-carrier.

Water carrier

An Equadorian water-carrier.

A large concolorous feline carnivorous quadruped peculiar to America.

Cougar

A large concolorous feline carnivorous quadruped peculiar to America.

A rodent of South America. Its head is large and depressed, its neck short and stout, its limbs short, its tail long and round. Swims with great ease. Grows up to two and a half feet in length.

Coypu

A rodent of South America. Its head is large and depressed, its neck short and stout, its limbs short,…

A very venomous snake found in the warmer parts of North America.

Serpent

A very venomous snake found in the warmer parts of North America.

A tree of tropical America bearing a gourd like fruit. The hard shell of which is applied to many domestic uses and is often elaborately carved or painted.

Calabash Tree

A tree of tropical America bearing a gourd like fruit. The hard shell of which is applied to many domestic…

The Northmen, or Norsemen, landing on America in 1000 A.D.

Norsemen

The Northmen, or Norsemen, landing on America in 1000 A.D.

In the United States, a patroon was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th century Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America. Through the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions of 1629, the Dutch West India Company first started to grant this title and land to some of its invested members. The deeded tracts were called patroonships and could span 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles if spanning both sides. After the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664, the system continued with the granting of large tracts known as manors, and sometimes referred to as patroonships.

A Dutch Patroon

In the United States, a patroon was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the…

The Golden Eagle, chief of the Falcon family, has its home in the mountainous districts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America.

Golden Eagle

The Golden Eagle, chief of the Falcon family, has its home in the mountainous districts of Europe, Asia,…

A small passerine bird that breeds across most of Europe and Asia, as well as the mountains of north Africa.

Skylark

A small passerine bird that breeds across most of Europe and Asia, as well as the mountains of north…

Monarch of mountains of north cape.

Mountains

Monarch of mountains of north cape.

The buffalo from North America.

Buffalo

The buffalo from North America.

A Rocky Mountain sheep from North America.

Sheep

A Rocky Mountain sheep from North America.

A genus of crabs so called from their great size. They are found in the tropical and northern coasts of America, in the Antilles, Japan, and the archipelago southeast of Asia.

King Crab

A genus of crabs so called from their great size. They are found in the tropical and northern coasts…

A rodent quadruped found in the northern parts of America and Eurasia, particularly in Norway and Sweden. There are several species. They are allied to the rat and mouse, mostly bownish-black in color, body heavy-set, limbs short, and head large.

Lemming

A rodent quadruped found in the northern parts of America and Eurasia, particularly in Norway and Sweden.…

A genus of plants of the family liliaceae, native to the bushy places of America and Eurasia. It has oblong leaves, and cup-shaped flowers noted for their agreeable odor.

Lily of the Valley

A genus of plants of the family liliaceae, native to the bushy places of America and Eurasia. It has…

A species of sea-fish found in the northern seas as far north as Iceland. It is allied to the cod family. The body measures from three to four feet in length, has grayish sides and back, and the head is flat. The ling is very valuable as an article of commerce.

Ling

A species of sea-fish found in the northern seas as far north as Iceland. It is allied to the cod family.…

A ruminating quadruped closely allied to the camel, and native to the southern parts of Peru and other sections of South America.

Llama

A ruminating quadruped closely allied to the camel, and native to the southern parts of Peru and other…

A large marine crustacean somewhat resembling a crawfish, but larger in form. The common lobster of America is a typical species. It is ten-footed, has a long tail, is stalk-eyed, and often attains a weight of ten pounds.

Lobster

A large marine crustacean somewhat resembling a crawfish, but larger in form. The common lobster of…

A tree native to Central America, but naturalized in and exported from Jamaica and other West Indian islands. It grows most successfully in moist and swampy regions.

Logwood

A tree native to Central America, but naturalized in and exported from Jamaica and other West Indian…

A genus of birds native to tropical South America, remarkable for their size and beauty of their plumage. They range as far north as Mexico.

Macaw

A genus of birds native to tropical South America, remarkable for their size and beauty of their plumage.…

An excellent food fish, widely distributed, and particularly abundant in the North Atlantic. It attains a length of from twelve to eighteen inches, weighing about two pounds.

Mackerel

An excellent food fish, widely distributed, and particularly abundant in the North Atlantic. It attains…

A genus of ornamental shrubs and trees, native to North America, China, India, Japan, and other portions of Eurasia. There are many species noted for their great beauty, handsome flowers, and evergreen or deciduous leaves.

Magnolia

A genus of ornamental shrubs and trees, native to North America, China, India, Japan, and other portions…

A large tree of the order meliaceae, common to tropical America, and noted for its close-grained and hard wood. The tree reaches maturity in a period of 200 years. It attains a height of fifty to ninety feet, with a diameter of from five to twelve feet, and has lofty and spreading branches.

Mahogany

A large tree of the order meliaceae, common to tropical America, and noted for its close-grained and…

The Russian name of the large extinct elephant closely resembling the Indian elephant, and of which fossil remains have been found in the northern part of North America and Eurasia.

Mammoth

The Russian name of the large extinct elephant closely resembling the Indian elephant, and of which…

An animal native to the waters of South America, Australia, and West Africa. It is herbivorous, subsisting especially on sea moss and plants in shallow water.

Manatee

An animal native to the waters of South America, Australia, and West Africa. It is herbivorous, subsisting…

A plant native to America and Eurasia, and which has a narcotic poison in all of its parts.

Mandrake

A plant native to America and Eurasia, and which has a narcotic poison in all of its parts.

A tree native to tropical Asia, but now naturalized extensively in America and other grand divisions. It attains a height of from thirty to fifty feet, grows rapidly, and has beautiful spreading.

Mango

A tree native to tropical Asia, but now naturalized extensively in America and other grand divisions.…

A class of trees belonging to the genus acer, containing about eighty species, all of which are confined to the north temperate zone.

Maple

A class of trees belonging to the genus acer, containing about eighty species, all of which are confined…

Native to North America and Eurasia. The best known species of North America are the prairie marmot or prairie dog, which occurs in large families on the western plains.

Marmot

Native to North America and Eurasia. The best known species of North America are the prairie marmot…

A genus of elephants now extinct, and of which fossil remains occus in America as late as the Post Pliocene period.

Mastodon

A genus of elephants now extinct, and of which fossil remains occus in America as late as the Post Pliocene…

A bird of North america, and common in the United States as far south as the Mexican boundary.

Meadowlark

A bird of North america, and common in the United States as far south as the Mexican boundary.

A fish found in abundance off the Atlantic coast of North America, and often called whitefish, hardhead, and bony fish.

Menhaden

A fish found in abundance off the Atlantic coast of North America, and often called whitefish, hardhead,…

The common name of several species of fur-bearing quadrupeds, allied to the polecat. Several species are native to America and Eurasia.

Mink

The common name of several species of fur-bearing quadrupeds, allied to the polecat. Several species…

San Francisco, shortly after the discovery of gold in California.

Gold Rush

San Francisco, shortly after the discovery of gold in California.

A Liberty Loan poster. "Third Liberty Loan Campaign, Boy Scouts of America. Weapons for Liberty."

Liberty Loan Poster - USA Bonds

A Liberty Loan poster. "Third Liberty Loan Campaign, Boy Scouts of America. Weapons for Liberty."

Mount Builders, the name applied to a prehistoric race of North America, of which remarkable remains have been found in various portions of the continent, especially in the Mississippi valley, the state of Washington, and in Yucatan.

Mound Builders

Mount Builders, the name applied to a prehistoric race of North America, of which remarkable remains…