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A wooden frame designed for the punishment of offenders and criminals. This mode of punishment was formerly of common use in England, but it was abolished there in 1837. It was employed principally for the punishment of those guilty of perjury, forgery, libel, petty larceny, and unjust weights, and for some time it was used in punishing common scolds and brawlers.

Pillory

A wooden frame designed for the punishment of offenders and criminals. This mode of punishment was formerly…

"The Meyer Madonna. By Hans Holbein. In the Dresden Gallery. (Later Replica of the Darmstadt picture of the year 1526.) —D'Anvers, 1895

Meyer Madonna

"The Meyer Madonna. By Hans Holbein. In the Dresden Gallery. (Later Replica of the Darmstadt picture…

The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in south Africa's Cape Province and the southern part of the Orange Free State.

Quagga

The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in south…

A beam or rod stretching across the top of something; specifically, the bar at the end of a piston rod of a steam engine, which slides on ways or guides fixed to the bed or frame of the engine.

Crosshead

A beam or rod stretching across the top of something; specifically, the bar at the end of a piston rod…

A genus of plants extensively cultivated for their luscious fruit. They were so named from the practice of laying straw between the rows to keep the ground moist and free from weeds.

Strawberry

A genus of plants extensively cultivated for their luscious fruit. They were so named from the practice…

This picture depicts the inside of a wasp nest.

Wasp Nest

This picture depicts the inside of a wasp nest.

The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in South Africa's Cape Province and the souther part of the Orange Free State.

Quagga

The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in South…

The first free-swimming larval stage of crustaceans.

Zoea

The first free-swimming larval stage of crustaceans.

This illustration shows the invasion of Kansas during the controversial period of time with free and slave states.

Invasion of Kansas

This illustration shows the invasion of Kansas during the controversial period of time with free and…

The frame-work of Corinthian style of the Temple of Jupiter at Rome.

Corinthian Frame

The frame-work of Corinthian style of the Temple of Jupiter at Rome.

The framework in Ionic style of the Temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome.

Ionic Frame

The framework in Ionic style of the Temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome.

The Triumph of Columbus. A fac-simile of the original sketch by Columbus himsef, was sent by him from Seville in 1502, and is preserved in the city hall at Genoa. The figure sitting beside Columbus is Providence; Envy and Ignorance are hinted at as monsters following in his wake; while Constancy, Tolerance, the Christian Religion, Victory, and Hope attend him. Above all is the floating figure of Fame blowing two trumpets, one marked "Genoa," the other "Fama Columbi." Harrisse says that good judges assign this picture to Columbus' own hand, though none of the drawings ascribed to him are authentic beyond doubt; while it is very true that he had the reputation of being a good draughtsman.

Triumph of Columbus

The Triumph of Columbus. A fac-simile of the original sketch by Columbus himsef, was sent by him from…

A decorative bed frame made out of iron.

Iron Bed

A decorative bed frame made out of iron.

A decorative bed frame made out of iron, with brass knobs at the top.

Iron Bed

A decorative bed frame made out of iron, with brass knobs at the top.

An ornamental bed frame made out of iron.

Iron Bed

An ornamental bed frame made out of iron.

An ornamental bed frame made out of iron.

Iron Bed

An ornamental bed frame made out of iron.

A very artistic and handsome bed frame made out of iron.

Iron Bed

A very artistic and handsome bed frame made out of iron.

A bridge which may be drawn up or let down to admit or hinder communication, or to leave a transverse passage free.

Draw Bridge

A bridge which may be drawn up or let down to admit or hinder communication, or to leave a transverse…

A frame of wood erected on a post or pole, with movable boards resembling those in the stocks, and the holes which were put the head and hands of an offender, which was thus exposed to public derision.

Pillory

A frame of wood erected on a post or pole, with movable boards resembling those in the stocks, and the…

A floral border.

Floral Border

A floral border.

A floral border.

Floral Border

A floral border.

An ornate border.

Ornate Border

An ornate border.

"A printing frame that is well adapted to sheets not over 17 in. x 21 in. The frame is placed face downwards and the back A is removed by unhooking the brass spring clips B, B, and lifting it out. The tracing is laid on the glass C, with the inked side touching the glass. A sheet of the prepared paper, perfectly dry, is laid on the tracing with the yellow side downwards." — Hallock, 1905

Painting Frame

"A printing frame that is well adapted to sheets not over 17 in. x 21 in. The frame is placed face downwards…

"A printing frame that is well adapted to sheets not over 17 in. x 21 in. The frame is placed face downwards and the back A is removed by unhooking the brass spring clips B, B, and lifting it out. The tracing is laid on the glass C, with the inked side touching the glass. A sheet of the prepared paper, perfectly dry, is laid on the tracing with the yellow side downwards." — Hallock, 1905. The painting frame is used to hold the original in contact with the light-sensitive paper in the blueprint reproduction process.

Painting Frame

"A printing frame that is well adapted to sheets not over 17 in. x 21 in. The frame is placed face downwards…

"A patented frame that can be shoved out of the window and adjusted to any angle; it is made in different sized from 16 in. x 24 in. to 48 in. x 72 in. When not in use, it can be folded up against the wall and occupies but little space." — Hallock, 1905. The frame is used in the blueprint reproduction process.

Painting Frame

"A patented frame that can be shoved out of the window and adjusted to any angle; it is made in different…

"The plough is composed of two strong iron frames balanced upon four wheels, and crossing each other at their inner ends, thereby decreasing the length of the plough, and, as a matter of course, the breadth of the headland. The rames are raised and lowered in such a manner that the set of ploughs out of work is independent of, and has no tendency to weigh or raise out of the ground." — Chambers, 1881

Howard's Plough

"The plough is composed of two strong iron frames balanced upon four wheels, and crossing each other…

"A hive largely and successfully used in Scotland, it is octagonal, and the "Quinby hive" of America is much deeper from back to front than it is wide. The Stewarton is not properly a frame, but a bar-hive, although frames are sometimes fitted to it. It usually consists of three octagon breeding-boxes, 14 inches in diameter by 6 inches deep, each furnished with nine bars placed equidistant, the spaces between being occupied by movable slides of wood working in grooves in the bars." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Stewarton Hive

"A hive largely and successfully used in Scotland, it is octagonal, and the "Quinby hive" of America…

An open railroad car having no enclosings.

Platform Car

An open railroad car having no enclosings.

Two or more plows attached to a stock or frame. Generally having wheels as a sulky plow has, with adjustable devices for regularting the depth of furrows.

Gang Plow

Two or more plows attached to a stock or frame. Generally having wheels as a sulky plow has, with adjustable…

A fish with a blunt snout and fins free of spines. Color is uniformly blueish above without dark bands or black on the vertical fins, and silvery or golden on the sides.

Common Pompano

A fish with a blunt snout and fins free of spines. Color is uniformly blueish above without dark bands…

"The click barrel-ratchet R is set upon another larger ratchet-wheel, with its teeth pointing the opposite way, and its click rT is set in the clock-frame. That ratchet is connected with the great wheel by a spring ss' pressing against the two pins s in the ratchet and s' in the wheel. When you wind up the weight, the click Tr prevents the ratchet from turning back or to the right; and as the spring ss' is kept by the weight in a state of tension equivalent to the weight itself it will drive the wheel to the left for a short distance, when its end s is held fast, with the same force as if that end was pulled forward by the weight; and as the great wheel has to move very little during the short time the clock is winding, the spring will keep the clock going long enough." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Harrison's Going-Ratchet

"The click barrel-ratchet R is set upon another larger ratchet-wheel, with its teeth pointing the opposite…

"E represents the scape-wheel turning in a minute, and e its pinion, which is driven by the wheel D having a pinion d driven by the wheel C, which we may suppose to turn in an hour. The arbors of the scape-wheel and hour-wheel are distinct, their pivots-meeting in a bush fixed somewhere between the wheels. The pivots of the wheel, D are set in the frame AP, which rides on the arbors of the hour-wheel and scape-wheel, or on another short arbor between them. The hour-wheel also drives another wheel G, which again drives the pinion f on the arbor which carries the two arms f A, f B; and on the same arbor is set a fly with a ratchet, like a common striking fly, and the numbers of the teeth are so arranged that the fly will turn once for each turn of the scapewheel. The ends of the remontoire arms f A, f B are capable of alternately passing the notches cut half through the arbor of the scape-wheel, as those notches successively come into the proper position at the end of every half minute; as soon as that happens the-hour-wheel raises the movable wheel D and its frame through a small angle; but nevertheless, that wheel keeps pressing on the scape-wheel as if it were not moving, the point of contact of the wheel C and the pinion d being the fulcrum or center of motion of the level A d P." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Gravity Train Remontoire

"E represents the scape-wheel turning in a minute, and e its pinion, which is driven by the wheel D…

"This machine consists essentially of a horizontal piston and cylinder engine fixed upon a platform carried upon four wheels, which are coupled together by side rods, so that on motion being communicated by means of a mitre wheel in the hind axle, it can be moved forward by hand. On the forward end of the frame are two bosses forming the centres for a pair of bell cranks or bent levers places close to the ground, and facing in opposite directions, either one of which can be connected with the piston rod. The outer arm of each lever carries a square socket, into which is fixed the pick, which has two cutting heads, one placed a little in front of the other so as to cut to the whole depth at one operation." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Coal-cutting Machine

"This machine consists essentially of a horizontal piston and cylinder engine fixed upon a platform…

"Drawing Frame." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Drawing Frame

"Drawing Frame." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain amount of twist imparted to it, and is wound on a bobbin. In this process the end or sliver from the last head of the drawing frame is drawn out by means of three pairs of rollers, and this is twisted as it emerges from the front line of rollers by the action of vertical spindles and flyers, which at the same time wind the ends upon bobbins in successive layers." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Slubbing Frame

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain…

"This, which is the last required before the operations of spinning, strictly so called, commence, resembles in principle the slubbing and intermediate frames. It has a greater number of spindles than either, seldom less than 100, and often 164; and these spindles are set close together, and the bobbins are shorter and smaller than in the intermediate frame." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Roving Frame

"This, which is the last required before the operations of spinning, strictly so called, commence, resembles…

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between these the roving bobbins are placed, and the rove is drawn through them to the requisite fineness, and formed into thread by the action of the spindles and flyers, which are placed in front of each set of rollers, at such distances apart from one another as may be required for the different-sized bobbins and counts of yarn to be spun." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Throstle

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between…

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between these the roving bobbins are placed, and the rove is drawn through them to the requisite fineness, and formed into thread by the action of the spindles and flyers, which are placed in front of each set of rollers, at such distances apart from one another as may be required for the different-sized bobbins and counts of yarn to be spun." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Throstle

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between…

"The dredges on this pattern, used in Britain for ten years after their first introduction, about the year 1838, were usually small and rather heavy, not more than 12 to 15 inches in length, by 4 or 4.5 inches in width at the mouth. Two scrapers, the length of the dredge-frame, and 1.5 to 2 inches wide, were set at an angle of about 110 degrees to the plane of the dredge's mouth, so that when the dredge was gently hauled along it took hold of the ground and secured anything loose on its surface." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Ball's Naturalists' Dredge

"The dredges on this pattern, used in Britain for ten years after their first introduction, about the…

"The instrument is supported on a strong tripod, fitted with levelling screws; to this tripod is fixed the azimuth circle and a long vertical steel axis. Fitting on this axis is a hollow axis which carries on its uper end a short transverse horizontal axis. This latter carries the telescope, which, supported at the center of its length, is free to rotate in a vertical plane. The telescope is thus mounted excentrically with respect to the vertical axis around which it revolves." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Zenith Telescope

"The instrument is supported on a strong tripod, fitted with levelling screws; to this tripod is fixed…

"The parting vessels are of porcelain which, to protect them against fracture by irregular heating, are covered with wire netting and plastered over with a mixture of clay and smithy scales. They are mounted in a frame and set loose in an iron pot with a hemispherical bottom, which is heated by a fire from below, the pot also serves to catch the contents of the porcelain vessel if the latter should be accidentally broken. The cover is perforated by a hole in the center for the passage of a lead pipe to carry off the sulphurous acid fumes." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Parting Vessel

"The parting vessels are of porcelain which, to protect them against fracture by irregular heating,…

"Nordenfelt Machine Gun. 1-10, parts of frame; 11, breech plug; 12, striker; 13, extractor; 14, cartridge receiver; 15-18, 23-31, lock and trigger parts; 19-22, locking action; 32-35, loading action; 36-39, cartridge receiver; 40, cover; 41-44, parts of hand-lever; 45-49, traversing action; 50-55, elevating and trailing action; 56, 56, hopper and slide." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Machine Gun

"Nordenfelt Machine Gun. 1-10, parts of frame; 11, breech plug; 12, striker; 13, extractor; 14, cartridge…

"A very powerful and economical one, for large establishments especially. It is a modification of the well-known Cornish boiler, and consists of two wrought-iron cylinders substantially rivetted together, and having a water space of about 2 inches between them. The frame for the furnace doors d is attached to the front. It is supported by two cast-iron chairs a, a, the front chair forming the frame for the lower flue doors b, which fasten by a simple catch, and can readily be lifted off for cleaning the flues. The plug c, opened by unscrewing it, is for the purpose of clearing out all interior accumulation of dirt, which should be done thoroughly at short intervals. The flow pipe is at e, the return at f." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Trentham Boiler

"A very powerful and economical one, for large establishments especially. It is a modification of the…

A musical instrument consisting essentially of one or more graduated sets of smll free reeds of metal, which are sounded by streams of air set in motion by a bellows, and controlled from a keyboard like tha of a pianoforte.

Reed Organ

A musical instrument consisting essentially of one or more graduated sets of smll free reeds of metal,…

"In the year 1589 the stocking-frame, the machine which mechanically produces the looped stitch in hosiery, was invented by the Rev. William Lee, a graduate of Cambridge, and native of Woodborough, near Nottingham. The fundamental principle of the apparatus consists in the substitution of a seperate hooked or barbed needle for the support and working of each loop, in place of the system whereby an indefinate number of loops are skewered on one or more wires or needles. At R is seen a thread of yarn passed over the needle stalks and within the terminal hooks. The yarn, it will be observed, is waved or depressed between each pair of needles, whereby sufficient yarn is secured to form the seperate loops of uniform size, and thus produce a regular equal fabric." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Hosiery

"In the year 1589 the stocking-frame, the machine which mechanically produces the looped stitch in hosiery,…

"An improvement of great importance in the hosiery trade was effected through the invention of the tumbler needle, patented by Mr. M. Townsend in 1858. The tumbler needle consists of a stem somewhat bulged near the point. The bulged part contains a groove in which there is hinged a short pin. The pin is so placed that, when turned to the hooked or curved point, its own point falls into a spoon-like indent, thus forming a smooth metal loop." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Tumbler Needle

"An improvement of great importance in the hosiery trade was effected through the invention of the tumbler…

"Muscular cells of medusae (Lizzia). The uppermost is a purely muscular cell from the sub-umbrella; the two lower are epidermo-muscular cells from the base of a tentacle; the upstanding nucloated portion forms part of the epidermal mosaic on the free surface of the body." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Muscular Cells

"Muscular cells of medusae (Lizzia). The uppermost is a purely muscular cell from the sub-umbrella;…

"A, a hydriform person giving rise to medusiform persons by budding from the margin of the disc; B, free swimming medusa (Steenstrupia of Forbes) detached from the same, with manubrial genitalia (Anthomedusae) and only one tentacle." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Corymorpha

"A, a hydriform person giving rise to medusiform persons by budding from the margin of the disc; B,…

"Diagram of a colony of Campanularia, showing four forms of persons. A, portion of a fixed colony; a, hydriform person; b, bud-bearing hydriform person (blastostyle); B, free-swimming colony, being sexless medusiform person (blastoscheme of Allmen), with modified medusiform persons budding from its radiating canals, as sporosacs." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Campanularia

"Diagram of a colony of Campanularia, showing four forms of persons. A, portion of a fixed colony; a,…

"a, the osseous septum grooved for the passage of the cochlear nerve b, which terminates by a free end inside the chamber c, along the floor of which it lies for a short distance; d, d are the two layers of the membranous septum. Lying in contact with the end of the nerve is the enlarged extremity of a rod e, which is connected in a flail-like manner by the hinge f to another rod, which is fixed at g." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Auditory Nerve

"a, the osseous septum grooved for the passage of the cochlear nerve b, which terminates by a free end…

"A glass tube about 33 inches in length, open at one end, is completely filled with mercury, and being firmly closed by the thumb, is inverted and placed vertically in a cup containing mercury. When the thumb is removed, the mercury sinks in the tube till it stands, generally, about 30 inches above the level of the mercury in the cup, leaving in the upper part a space free of air, which receiveds the name of the Torricellian vacuum." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Barometer

"A glass tube about 33 inches in length, open at one end, is completely filled with mercury, and being…

"Four stages in the development of the trilobite Agnostus nudus. A, Youngest stage with no mesosomatic somites; B and C, stages with two mesosomatic somites between the prosomatic and telsonic carapaces; D, adult condition, still with only two free mesosomatic somites." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Agnostus Nudus

"Four stages in the development of the trilobite Agnostus nudus. A, Youngest stage with no mesosomatic…

"Five stages in the development of the trilobite Sao hirsuta. A, Youngest stage. B, Older stage with distinct pygidial carapace. C, Stage with two free mesosomatic somites between the prosomatic and telsonic carapaces. D, Stage with seven free intermediate somites. E, Stage with twelve free somites; the telsonic carapace has not increased in size. a, Lateral eye. g, So-called facial "suture" (not really a suture). p, Telsonic carapace." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Sao Hirsuto

"Five stages in the development of the trilobite Sao hirsuta. A, Youngest stage. B, Older stage with…

"Comparison of the sixth prosomatic limb of a recent scorpion (B), of Palaeophonus (C), and of Limulus (A), showing their agreement in the number of segments; in the existence of a movable spine, Sp, at the distal border of the fifth segment; in the correspondence of the two claws at the free end of the limb of Scorpio with two spines similarly placed in Limulus; and, lastly, in the correspondence of the three talon-like spines carried on the distal margin of segment six of recent scorpions with the four larger but similarly situated spines of the leg of Limulus; s, groove dividing the ankylosed segments 4 and 5 of the Limulus leg into two." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Prosomatic Limb

"Comparison of the sixth prosomatic limb of a recent scorpion (B), of Palaeophonus (C), and of Limulus…

"The typical hive of America is the improved Langstroth, which has no other covering for the frame tops but a flat roof-board allowing 1/4 in. space between the roof and top-bars for bees to pass from frame to frame." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Langstroth Hive

"The typical hive of America is the improved Langstroth, which has no other covering for the frame tops…

"Cowan's four-frame Extractor; interior." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Cowan's Extractor

"Cowan's four-frame Extractor; interior." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

"Road-racer. A full roadster would have the handles a little higher relatively to the saddle, and would be provided with mud-guards, free-wheel and sometimes a gear-case and variable speed gear." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Road-Racer

"Road-racer. A full roadster would have the handles a little higher relatively to the saddle, and would…

"A lady's bicycle with gear-case and dress-guard. The rear frame of the "diamond" type is subjected to very small stresses due to vertical load. The front fork and steering post are subject to bending moment due to the reaction from the ground." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Womans Bike

"A lady's bicycle with gear-case and dress-guard. The rear frame of the "diamond" type is subjected…

"A ball-bearing hub with outward cups. The hub-shell H is turned out of mild steel, and the cups C are forced into the ends of the hub-shell and soldered thereto. A thin washer W is then spun into the end, for the purpose of retaining oil, and a thin internal tube T unites the two cups, and guides the oil fed in at the middle of the hub to the balls. The projecting flanges S are for the attachment of the tangent spokes used to build the hub into the wheel. The spindle A has the two cones screwed on it, one C, against the shoulder, the other C, adjustable. The-spindle ends are passed through the back-fork ends and are there adjusted in position by the chain-tension adjusters. After adjustments the nuts N clamp the spindle securely between the fork-ends. The chain-wheel or free-wheel clutch is screwed on the end of the hub-shell with a right-hand thread." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Ball-bearing Hub

"A ball-bearing hub with outward cups. The hub-shell H is turned out of mild steel, and the cups C are…

"One end of the cup-adjusting hub, with inward bearings. The cones are formed of one piece with the spindles, and the adjusting cp C is screwed in the end of the hub shell, and locked in position by the screwed locking-ring R. The figure also illustrates a divided spindle for facilitating the removal of the tire for repair when required without disturbing the wheel, bearings, chain or gear-case. The chain side of the hub-spindle, not shown in the figure, is secured to the frame in the usual way; on the left side the spindle S projects very little beyond the adjusting cup. A distance washer W is placed between the end of the spindle S and the fork-end F. A detachable screw-pin, or the footstep, P, passes through the washer W, and is screwed into the end of the spindle S, the hexagod head of the detachable pin drawing all the parts securely together." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Cup-adjusting Hub

"One end of the cup-adjusting hub, with inward bearings. The cones are formed of one piece with the…