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The Savages of Calicut, from the engraving 'The Triumphal Procession' by Hans Burgkmair.

The Savages of Calicut

The Savages of Calicut, from the engraving 'The Triumphal Procession' by Hans Burgkmair.

Group of animals gathered at a water trough.

Animals

Group of animals gathered at a water trough.

The Boston Tea Party was an act of direct action protest by the American colonists against the British Government in which they destroyed many crates of tea belonging to the British East India Company on ships in Boston Harbor.

Casting Tea Overboard in Boston Harbor

The Boston Tea Party was an act of direct action protest by the American colonists against the British…

An illustration of a market place in Bombay, India.

Market

An illustration of a market place in Bombay, India.

The first flag of the U.S. Confederacy.

First Confederate Flag

The first flag of the U.S. Confederacy.

The second Confederate Flag adopted May 1, 1863, called the Confederate National Flag.

Confederate National Flag - No. 2

The second Confederate Flag adopted May 1, 1863, called the Confederate National Flag.

The third Confederate Flag adopted March 4, 1865, called the Confederate National Flag.

Confederate National Flag - No. 3

The third Confederate Flag adopted March 4, 1865, called the Confederate National Flag.

The Confederate Battle Flag.

Confederate Battle Flag

The Confederate Battle Flag.

A Parsi, sometimes spelled Parsee, is a member of a Zoroastrian community based primarily in the Indian subcontinent. All Parsis outside of India identify either India or Pakistan as their home country or country of ancestral origin. Parsis are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to the Indian subcontinent over 1,000 years ago.

A Parsi of Bombay

A Parsi, sometimes spelled Parsee, is a member of a Zoroastrian community based primarily in the Indian…

The flag that Capt. Oliver Hazard Perry waved during the Battle of Lake Erie

Perry's Battle Flag

The flag that Capt. Oliver Hazard Perry waved during the Battle of Lake Erie

The <em>Hartoford</em> departed the Delaware Capes 28 January, 1862 as flagship of Flag Officer David G. Farragut, the commander of the newly created West Gulf Blockading Squadron.

The Hartford, Farragut's Flagship

The Hartoford departed the Delaware Capes 28 January, 1862 as flagship of Flag Officer David…

The "Pine Tree Flag" is a generic name for a number of flags used by Massachusetts and by New England from 1686 to 1776.

The Pine Tree Flag

The "Pine Tree Flag" is a generic name for a number of flags used by Massachusetts and by New England…

The American flag used at the Battle of Bunker Hill was called the "New England flag." It is blue with a canton quartered with the cross of St. George and a tree in a quarter of the canton.

The New England Flag

The American flag used at the Battle of Bunker Hill was called the "New England flag." It is blue with…

The Culpeper Minutemen chose the coiled snake ready to strike and the words from Gadsden's flag, but then raised another defiant fist at England by adding the words: "Liberty or Death."

The Culpepper Flag

The Culpeper Minutemen chose the coiled snake ready to strike and the words from Gadsden's flag, but…

The United States National flag in 1912 when the flag had 48 stars. In use from July 4, 1912 - July 3, 1959.

The National Flag

The United States National flag in 1912 when the flag had 48 stars. In use from July 4, 1912 - July…

East India House in Leadenhall Street in the City of London in England was the headquarters of the British East India Company. It was rebuilt by the architect Richard Jupp in 1799&ndash;1800. Much of India was governed from here until the British government took control of the Company's possessions in India on November 1, 1858. The building was home to the famous ceiling painting, 'The East Offering Its Riches To Britannia', painted by the Italian artist Spiridione Roma in 1778.

The Old East India House

East India House in Leadenhall Street in the City of London in England was the headquarters of the British…

Having taken holy orders in 1807, he took up the family living of Hodnet in Shropshire. In 1809 he married Amelia Shipley, daughter of the Dean of St Asaph. He was made prebendary of St Asaph in 1812, appointed Bampton lecturer for 1815, preacher at Lincoln's Inn in 1822, and Bishop of Calcutta in January 1823. Before sailing for India he received the degree of D.D. from the University of Oxford. In India, Bishop Heber laboured indefatigably - not only for the good of his own diocese, but for the spread of Christianity throughout the East. He toured the country, consecrating churches, founding schools and discharging other Christian duties. Heber was a pious man of profound learning, literary taste and great practical energy. His fame rests mainly on his hymns.

Bishop Reginald Heber

Having taken holy orders in 1807, he took up the family living of Hodnet in Shropshire. In 1809 he married…

The totem or emblem of the Sioux, a Native American tribe has a squirrel on top of a nut.

Sioux Totem

The totem or emblem of the Sioux, a Native American tribe has a squirrel on top of a nut.

The totem or emblem of the Huron, a Native American tribe has a beaver on top of a log in the water.

Huron Totem

The totem or emblem of the Huron, a Native American tribe has a beaver on top of a log in the water.

The Sumaree Temple in Benares, India is an example of Sanskrit architecture.

Sumaree Temple

The Sumaree Temple in Benares, India is an example of Sanskrit architecture.

John Paul Jones raising the first flag ever displayed on a United States ship-of-war.

Jones Raising the First Flag Ever Displayed on a U.S. Ship

John Paul Jones raising the first flag ever displayed on a United States ship-of-war.

Tussock Moths, Lymantriidae or Liparidae, are a family of moths with about 350 known genera and over 2,500 known species found all over the world, in every continent except Antarctica. They are particularly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, India, Southeast Asia and South America; one estimate lists 258 species in Madagascar alone (Schaefer, 1989). Apart from oceanic islands, notable places that do not host Lymantriids include New Zealand, the Antilles, and New Caledonia.

Tussock Moth

Tussock Moths, Lymantriidae or Liparidae, are a family of moths with about 350 known genera and over…

The tomb of Sultan Humayun in Delhi, India is an example of Indo-Saracenic architecture.

Tomb of Sultan Humayun

The tomb of Sultan Humayun in Delhi, India is an example of Indo-Saracenic architecture.

The sasin or blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a species of antelope native to India.

Blackbuck

The sasin or blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a species of antelope native to India.

The American Bison (Bison bison) is a bovine mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. 'Buffalo' is something of a misnomer for this animal as it is only distantly related to either of the two "true buffaloes", the water buffalo and the African Buffalo. The bison once inhabited the Grasslands of the United States and Asia in massive herds, ranging from the Great Slave Lake in Canada's far north to Mexico in the south, and from eastern Oregon almost to the Atlantic Ocean, taking its subspecies into account. Its two subspecies are the Plains Bison (Bison bison bison), distinguished by its smaller size and more rounded hump, and the Wood Bison (Bison bison athabascae), distinguished by its larger size and taller square hump. Wood Bison are one of the largest species of cattle in the world, surpassed in size only by the massive Asian gaur and Wild Asian Water Buffalo, both of which are found mainly in India and Southeast Asia.

North American Bison

The American Bison (Bison bison) is a bovine mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. 'Buffalo'…

The Domestic Water Buffalo or Domestic Asian Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is abundant in Asia, and widely used in South America, southern Europe and elsewhere. It is a large ungulate and a member of the bovine subfamily. There are established feral populations in northern Australia but the dwindling true wild populations are thought to survive in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Thailand. All the domestic varieties and breeds descend from one common ancestor, the wild Asian water buffalo, which is now an endangered species.

Domestic Water Buffalo

The Domestic Water Buffalo or Domestic Asian Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is abundant in Asia, and…

Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum, syn. Eugenia aromaticum or Eugenia caryophyllata) are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. Cloves are native to Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisine all over the world. The name derives from French clou, a nail, as the buds vaguely resemble small irregular nails in shape. Cloves are harvested primarily in Indonesia, Madagascar, and Zanzibar, ; it is also grown in India called Lavang , Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The clove tree is an evergreen which grows to a height ranging from 10-20 m, having large oval leaves and crimson flowers in numerous groups of terminal clusters. The flower buds are at first of a pale color and gradually become green, after which they develop into a bright red, when they are ready for collecting. Cloves are harvested when 1.5-2 cm long, and consist of a long calyx, terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals which form a small ball in the centre.

Clove Plant and Seed

Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum, syn. Eugenia aromaticum or Eugenia caryophyllata) are the aromatic dried…

An illustration of a ripe cotton capsule after dehiscence. Dehiscence is the spontaneous opening at maturity of a plant structure, such as a fruit, anther, or sporangium, to release its contents. Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium sp.), a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa.

Cotton

An illustration of a ripe cotton capsule after dehiscence. Dehiscence is the spontaneous opening at…

An illustration of a cotton seed. Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium sp.), a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa.

Cotton Seed

An illustration of a cotton seed. Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the…

An illustration of a cotton plant. Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium sp.), a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa.

Cotton Plant

An illustration of a cotton plant. Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the…

The flag of Cuba was adopted on May 20, 1902, containing a field with five blue and white stripes, and a red triangle at the hoist with a white 5-pointed star. The flag was designed in 1848 for the liberation movement, which sought to detach Cuba from Spain. The flag was briefly hoisted in 1850 at Cardenas but was not officially adopted until 1902, when independence was granted by the US.

Cuban Flag

The flag of Cuba was adopted on May 20, 1902, containing a field with five blue and white stripes, and…

Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840&ndash;December 1, 1914) was a United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and educator.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840–December 1, 1914) was a United States Navy flag officer,…

A Dutch West India Company's trading post in the Colony of New York.

A Dutch West India Company's Trading Post

A Dutch West India Company's trading post in the Colony of New York.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum (treated as the sole species in the genus by most botanists). It is a hardy, perennial, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves, grows wild in most parts of temperate Europe, but is generally considered indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean, whence it spreads eastwards to India and even in England in Bedfont Lakes Country Park and Thurrock . It has followed, especially where Romans have colonized, and may be found growing wild in many parts of the world upon dry soils near the sea-coast and upon river-banks. It is a member of the family Apiaceae. It is a highly aromatic and flavorful herb with culinary and medicinal uses, and is one of the primary ingredients of absinthe. Fennel is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Mouse Moth and the Anise Swallowtail.

Fennel

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum (treated as the sole species…

The gourami or gouramies are a family, Osphronemidae, of freshwater perciform fishes. The fish are native to Asia, from Pakistan and India to the Malay Archipelago and north-easterly towards Korea. "Gouramies" is an example of a redundant plural, like "cherries" or "Pakistanis"; Gourami is already plural, in its original language. The most famous species of gourami is the "kissing gourami", who do literally lock their exaggerated lips to each other in social displays relating to mating, as a habit of aggression toward other fish of any species, and for seeking food.

Gourami

The gourami or gouramies are a family, Osphronemidae, of freshwater perciform fishes. The fish are native…

Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (binomial name: Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is native to the region extending from the eastern Mediterranean to India and was probably first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. Flax is an erect annual plant growing to 1.2 m tall, with slender stems. The leaves are glaucous green, slender lanceolate, 20&ndash;40 mm long and 3 mm broad. The flowers are pure pale blue, 15&ndash;25 mm diameter, with five petals; they can also be bright red. The fruit is a round, dry capsule 5&ndash;9 mm diameter, containing several glossy brown seeds shaped like an apple pip, 4&ndash;7 mm long.

Flax

Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (binomial name: Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the…

The Great Seal of the State of Iowa. The seal pictures a soldier in wheat field with the American flag and the Mississippi River in the background. The eagle holds the motto, "Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain."

Seal of Iowa

The Great Seal of the State of Iowa. The seal pictures a soldier in wheat field with the American flag…

Persepolitan architecture is noted for its use of wooden columns. Architects resorted to stone only when the largest cedars of Lebanon or teak trees of India did not fulfill the required sizes. Column bases and capitals were made of stone, even on wooden shafts, but the existence of wooden capitals is probable.

Column from Persepolis

Persepolitan architecture is noted for its use of wooden columns. Architects resorted to stone only…

On the day that South Carolina proclaimed sovereignty, a banner for the new state was adopted.

South Carolina Flag

On the day that South Carolina proclaimed sovereignty, a banner for the new state was adopted.

The historic Stonington flag, a very rare 16 star, 16 stripe example and possibly the only period 16 star flag in existence.

Stonington Flag

The historic Stonington flag, a very rare 16 star, 16 stripe example and possibly the only period 16…

Jasminum grandiflorum (chameli in Hindi) is a species of jasmine native to South Asia. In India, its leaves are widely used as an Ayurvedic herbal medicine and its flowers are used to adorn the coiffure of women. In Pakistan, it grows wild in the Salt Range and Rawalpindi District at 500-1500 m altitude. It is closely related to, and sometimes treated as merely a form of, Jasminum officinale. It is a scrambling deciduous shrub growing to 2&ndash;4 m tall. The leaves are opposite, 5&ndash;12 cm long, pinnate with 5&ndash;11 leaflets. The flowers are produced in open cymes, the individual flowers are white having corolla with a basal tube 13&ndash;25 mm long and five lobes 13&ndash;22 mm long. The flower's fragrance is unique and sweet. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in warm temperate and subtropical regions.

Jasminum grandiflorum

Jasminum grandiflorum (chameli in Hindi) is a species of jasmine native to South Asia. In India, its…

The Chay Root (Oldenlandia umbellata) is a plant native to India used for the red dye that can be extracted from its root. "Shaya-root ... a, flower; b, pistil and calyx." -Whitney, 1911

Chay Root

The Chay Root (Oldenlandia umbellata) is a plant native to India used for the red dye that can be extracted…

The Brahmin cave-temples are, as a rule, open in front, and are sometimes connected with an independent structure hewn out of the solid rock. A, Entrance; B, Rock-Temple; C, Small shrine.

Cave-Temple of Dumas-Syna at Ellora

The Brahmin cave-temples are, as a rule, open in front, and are sometimes connected with an independent…

"In 1872 Penaud discarded the rigid screws in favour of elastic ones...Penaud also india-rbber under torsion for the whale-bone and clock springs of the smaller model is remarkable for its lightness, simplicity and power." -Britannica, 1910

Screw-Model

"In 1872 Penaud discarded the rigid screws in favour of elastic ones...Penaud also india-rbber under…

An illustration of an airplane model with an automatic rudder. "a a, Elastic [airplane]; b b, Automatic rudder; c c, Aerial screw [centered] at f; d, Frame supporting [airplane] rudder and screw; e, India-rubber, in a state of torsion, attached to hook or crank at f. By holding the [airplane] ( a) and turning the screw (c c) the necessary power is obtained by torsion." -Britannica, 1910

Airplane Model with Automatic Rudder

An illustration of an airplane model with an automatic rudder. "a a, Elastic [airplane]; b b, Automatic…

An illustration of Penaud's artificial flying bird. "a b c d, a', b' c' d', lactic wings which twist and untwist when made to vibrate; a b, a' b', Anterior margins of wings; c d, c' d', Posterior margins of wings; c, c' Inner portions of wings attached to central of model by elastic bands at e' f, India-rubber in a state of torsion, which provides the motive power, by causing the crank situated between the vertical wing supports (g) to rotate; as the crank revolves the wing are made to vibrate by means of two rods which extend between the crank and the roots of the wings; h, tail of artificial bird." -Britannica, 1910

Penaud's Artificial Flying Bird

An illustration of Penaud's artificial flying bird. "a b c d, a', b' c' d', lactic wings which twist…

Kailash Temple, also Kailasanatha Temple or Kylas Temple, is one of the 34 monasteries and temples, extending over more than 2 km, that were dug side by side in the wall of a high basalt cliff in the complex located at Ellora, Maharashtra, India, and represents the epitome of Indian rock-cut architecture. It was carved out of one single rock. The Kailash Temple is notable for its vertical excavation — carvers started at the top of the original rock, and excavated downward, exhuming the temple out of the existing rock. The traditional methods were rigidly followed by the master architect which could not have been achieved by excavating from the front.

Kailash Temple

Kailash Temple, also Kailasanatha Temple or Kylas Temple, is one of the 34 monasteries and temples,…

Most famous of the Buddhist caves is a chaitya hall (chandrashala) or 'Vishwakarma cave', popularly known as the 'Carpent Indiaer's Cave'. Beyond its multi-storeyed entry is a cathedral-like stupa hall also known as chaitya, whose ceiling has been carved to give the impression of wooden beams. At the heart of this cave is a 15 foot statue of Buddha seated in a preaching pose.

Buddhist Cave Temple at Ellora, Interior

Most famous of the Buddhist caves is a chaitya hall (chandrashala) or 'Vishwakarma cave', popularly…

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense of asceticism &ndash; they are not relatively large as compared to others, but they present exceptionally detailed art works. The most remarkable Jain shrines are the <em>Chhota Kailash</em> (cave 30), the <em>Indra Sabha</em> (cave 32) and the <em>Jagannath Sabha</em> (cave 33). The <em>Indra Sabha</em> is a two storeyed shrine with a very fine carving of the lotus flower on the ceiling. In another cave, an imposing image of Ambika, the Yakshi (dedicated attendant deity) of Neminatha is found seated on her lion under a mango tree, laden with fruits. All other Jain caves are also characterized by intricate detailing. Many of the structures had rich paintings in the ceilings - fragments of which are still visible.

Indian Pillar from the Rock Temple of Parasona Rama at Ellora

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense…

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense of asceticism &ndash; they are not relatively large as compared to others, but they present exceptionally detailed art works. The most remarkable Jain shrines are the <em>Chhota Kailash</em> (cave 30), the <em>Indra Sabha</em> (cave 32) and the <em>Jagannath Sabha</em> (cave 33). The <em>Indra Sabha</em> is a two storeyed shrine with a very fine carving of the lotus flower on the ceiling. In another cave, an imposing image of Ambika, the Yakshi (dedicated attendant deity) of Neminatha is found seated on her lion under a mango tree, laden with fruits. All other Jain caves are also characterized by intricate detailing. Many of the structures had rich paintings in the ceilings - fragments of which are still visible.

Interior of Indra Sabha at Ellora

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense…

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense of asceticism &ndash; they are not relatively large as compared to others, but they present exceptionally detailed art works. The most remarkable Jain shrines are the <em>Chhota Kailash</em> (cave 30), the <em>Indra Sabha</em> (cave 32) and the <em>Jagannath Sabha</em> (cave 33). The <em>Indra Sabha</em> is a two storeyed shrine with a very fine carving of the lotus flower on the ceiling. In another cave, an imposing image of Ambika, the Yakshi (dedicated attendant deity) of Neminatha is found seated on her lion under a mango tree, laden with fruits. All other Jain caves are also characterized by intricate detailing. Many of the structures had rich paintings in the ceilings - fragments of which are still visible.

Indian Pillar at Ellora

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense…

Nothing reliable can by adduced concerning the age of the existing structural temples of India, which are called pagodas, from the word bhagarati, <em>i.e.</em> sacred house. They belong to both antiquity and modern times. Some of these pagodas are wonderfully large and magnificent. The consist of one or more quadrangular courts with towers at the corners, surrounded by a wall (a). Large pyramids (b) rising in stages cover the entrance, behind which extend colonnades.

Ground Plan of the Pagoda at Chillimbaram

Nothing reliable can by adduced concerning the age of the existing structural temples of India, which…

Nothing reliable can by adduced concerning the age of the existing structural temples of India, which are called pagodas, from the word bhagarati, <em>i.e.</em> sacred house. They belong to both antiquity and modern times. Some of these pagodas are wonderfully large and magnificent. The consist of one or more quadrangular courts with towers at the corners, surrounded by a wall. Large pyramids rising in stages cover the entrance (shown here), behind which extend colonnades.

Entrance to a Pagoda

Nothing reliable can by adduced concerning the age of the existing structural temples of India, which…

A pillar is similar to a column which is a vertical support structure in architecture, but the base section is any shape but circular. Tschultri, or choultry, is a resting place for visitors where rooms and food are provided by a charitable institution for nominal rates. Some were guest-houses where accommodation is free of charge. Choultries were famous in Colonial India. It was an Hindu-Caravanserai or a Colonnade. It was a typical ancient Indian type of hotel.

Pillar in Trimal Naik's Tschultri

A pillar is similar to a column which is a vertical support structure in architecture, but the base…

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs and terminate above in the from of a cupola. Rows of small cupolas stand out from the roofs of the stages. The walls of these stages are covered in a bewildering way with pilasters and niches, with intricately cut cornices, with varied intersecting mouldings, and with manifold and fantastic embellishments and carvings.

Pagoda

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs…

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs and terminate above in the from of a cupola. Rows of small cupolas stand out from the roofs of the stages. The walls of these stages are covered in a bewildering way with pilasters and niches, with intricately cut cornices, with varied intersecting mouldings, and with manifold and fantastic embellishments and carvings.

Pilaster, Temple of Chillimbaram

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs…

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs and terminate above in the from of a cupola. The pillars, which are round or octagonal, resemble the columnar structure of the rock temples, and are richly ornamented in every part. The inner spaces are low and dark, but the cupolas are high and narrow.

Pagoda Column

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs…

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs and terminate above in the from of a cupola. Rows of small cupolas stand out from the roofs of the stages. The walls of these stages are covered in a bewildering way with pilasters and niches, with intricately cut cornices, with varied intersecting mouldings, and with manifold and fantastic embellishments and carvings.

Pagoda Moulding

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs…

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs and terminate above in the from of a cupola. Rows of small cupolas stand out from the roofs of the stages. The walls of these stages are covered in a bewildering way with pilasters and niches, with intricately cut cornices, with varied intersecting mouldings, and with manifold and fantastic embellishments and carvings. Here is the entrance gate of the temple at Chillimbaram.

Temple of Chillimbaram Entrance Elevation

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs…

An illustration of a Roman standard.

Roman Standard

An illustration of a Roman standard.