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"Brank, or Branks, an instrument and formerly used in Scotland, and to some extent also in England, as a punishment for scolds. It consisted of an iron frame which went over the head of the offender, and had in front an iron plate which was inserted in the mouth, where it was fixed above the tongue, and kept it perfectly quiet." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Brank

"Brank, or Branks, an instrument and formerly used in Scotland, and to some extent also in England,…

"An optical instrument employed to facilitate the sketching of objects from nature by producing a reflected picture of them upon paper. Wollaston's apparatus is one of the commonest. The essential part is a totally-reflecting prism with four angles, one of which is 90 degrees, the opposite one 135 degrees, and the other two each 67 degrees. One of the two faces which contain the right angle is turned towards the object to be sketched." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Camera Lucida

"An optical instrument employed to facilitate the sketching of objects from nature by producing a reflected…

"An optical instrument employed for exhibiting the images of objects in their forms and colors, so that they may be traced and a picture drawn, or may be represented by photography. A simple camera obscura is presented by a darkened chamber into which no light is permitted to enter excepting by a small hole in the window-shutter. A picture of the objects opposite the hole will then be seen on the wall or on a white screen placed opposite the opening." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Camera Obscura

"An optical instrument employed for exhibiting the images of objects in their forms and colors, so that…

"Pernot and Ponsard Furnaces and Allied Appliances. The pernot furnace as applied to the steel making differs in no material respect from the Pernot puddling furnace; it is substantially a Siemens-Martin furnace with a rotating bed. The hearth is a saucer-shaped cavity supported by an iron frame, mounted on the top of a slightly inclined nearly verticle axis, and running on wheels upon a rail or guide supported on a stout bogie." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pernot Furnace

"Pernot and Ponsard Furnaces and Allied Appliances. The pernot furnace as applied to the steel making…

"A modification of the simple kaleidoscope was introduced by Sir David Brewster, whereby the images of large and distant objects can be introduced into the picture. This is effected by removing the object box and replacing it by a tube carrying at its outer end a double convex lens, represented by LL. By a screw adjustment the lens can be so placed as to focus the distant object exactly in the plane of the sector AOB, and so bring its image into the very best position for producing symmetrical patterns. When this instrument is directed towards a tree in full bloom, a very beautiful effect is produced, which can be varied by gradually moving the instrument. This form was called by Brewster the telescopic kaleidoscope." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Convex Lens

"A modification of the simple kaleidoscope was introduced by Sir David Brewster, whereby the images…

"Another machine now largely used by curriers is the scouring machine, a level table or platform freely movable in all directions, having mounted over it a reciprocating frame in which are fixed brushes and pieces of slate or thin stone. These, with a small jet of water, scour and brush the entire surface of the leather lying on the platform, effectually scouring out bloom and all soluble impurities." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Scouring Machine

"Another machine now largely used by curriers is the scouring machine, a level table or platform freely…

"The pump barrel, a, b, is represented as divided lengthwise, in order to show the inside. The piston, c, is fitted so accurately to the barrel, as to work up and down water tight; both barrel and piston being made of iron. The thing to be broken or pressed, is laid on the flat surface, i, there being above this, a strong frame to meet the pressure, not shown in the figure. The small forcing pump, of which d is the piston, and h, the lever by which it is worked, is also made of iron." —Comstock, 1850

Hydraulic Press

"The pump barrel, a, b, is represented as divided lengthwise, in order to show the inside. The piston,…

"The machine itself is sufficiently simple, and will be comprehended at once, by those who have made electro-magnetic experiments, by the annexed diagram and description. The temporary magnet a, enveloped with its insulated copper wire, is fastened to the wooden frame b, g, by means of cords or otherwise. The frame also supports the standard h, which sustains the revolving drum f, on which the paper to receive the emblematical alphabet is fixed, m being the edge of the paper. To the arm g, is appended the lever c, of wood, which has a slight vertical motion, in one direction by the steel spring d, and in the other, by the armature of soft iron e." —Comstock, 1850

Morses Telegraph

"The machine itself is sufficiently simple, and will be comprehended at once, by those who have made…

"Stevenson's louvre-boarded box for the thermometers, which is now very widely used for temperature observations. The box is made of wood, and louvred all round so as to protect the thermometers inside from radiation, and at the same time secure as free a circulation of air as is consistent with a satisfactory protection from radiation. The box is painted white, both inside and outside, and screwed to four stout wooden posts, also painted white, firmly fixed in the ground. The posts are of such a length that when the thermometers are hung in position the bulbs of the minimum thermometer and hygrometer are exactly at the same height of 4 feet above the ground, the maximum thermometer being hung immediately above the minimum thermometer." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Thermometer Box

"Stevenson's louvre-boarded box for the thermometers, which is now very widely used for temperature…

"At sea the declination is generally observed by means of an azimuth compass invented by Kater. It consists of a magnet with a graduated compass card attached to it. At the side of the instrument opposite the eye there is a frame which projects upwards from the plane of the instrument in a nearly vertical direction, and this frame contains a wide rectangular slit cut into two parts by a wire extending lengthwise. The eye-piece is opposite this frame, and the observer is supposed to point the instrument in such a manner that the wire above mentioned shall bisect the sun's visible disk. There is a totally reflecting glass prism which throws into the eye-piece an image of the scale of the graduated card, so that the observer, having first bisected the sun's disk by the wire, must next read the division of the scale which is in the middle of the field of view." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Azimuth Compass

"At sea the declination is generally observed by means of an azimuth compass invented by Kater. It consists…

"The horizontal section in the direction of the axis of the telescope. The eye-piece ab consists of two planoconvex lenses a, b, of nearly the same focal length, and with the two convex sides facing each other. They are placed at a distance apart less than the focal length of a, so that the wires of the micrometer, which must be distinctly seen are beyond b. The eye-piece slides into the tube cd, which screws into the brass ring ef, through two openings in which the oblong frame, containing the micrometer slides, passes." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Micrometer

"The horizontal section in the direction of the axis of the telescope. The eye-piece ab consists of…

"The vertical section in the direction of the axis of the telescope. The eye-piece ab consists of two planoconvex lenses a, b, of nearly the same focal length, and with the two convex sides facing each other. They are placed at a distance apart less than the focal length of a, so that the wires of the micrometer, which must be distinctly seen are beyond b. The eye-piece slides into the tube cd, which screws into the brass ring ef, through two openings in which the oblong frame, containing the micrometer slides, passes." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Micrometer

"The vertical section in the direction of the axis of the telescope. The eye-piece ab consists of two…

"For a laboratory microscope, the pattern represented here has been found very convienient, —the framework being of mahogany or other hard wood, the stage being large enough to admit a dissection or carry a water-trough of considerable size, and the bent armthat carries the "powers" being made capable of reversion, so as to permit the use of lenses of very long as well as of very short focus." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Microscope

"For a laboratory microscope, the pattern represented here has been found very convienient, —the…

"A landscape is supposed to be viewed from the spot marked E; and that the spectator is desirous of representing on the plane of his paper a certain portion of the scene as seen by him fom this point. That portion constitutes his real picture. The distance of this picture,- or distance of the eye from the plane of the picture (which is the same thing), -means the distance intervening between the spectator's position, and that point on the ground directly in front of him, where the picture, which he is about to make, ought properly to commence. Upon the choice of a proper and judicious distance the beauty of his work will in a great measure depend. Suppose the landscape to be viewed from the point E, then that portion of the scene which the eye can easily take in, without moving the head, and without the slightest strain upon the optic nerve, will constitute the picture from that point. Now, under this condition the spectator will find that he does not distinctly see the ground immediately before him, but that he obtains a perfectly easy view of it only at some distance from his position at E. It is the space included between the point E (where he is placed), and the supposed point alluded to, and here marked S, that establishes the required distance of the picture, that is, the distance of the eye from the proposed picture. For instance, let S be that point on the ground immediately in front of the eye, and if through S a straight line be supposed to be drawn, perpendicular to the distance ES, this line will pass through and determine the foremost objects of the proposed picture, and therefore at this line the picture must commence."

Distance

"A landscape is supposed to be viewed from the spot marked E; and that the spectator is desirous of…

That an accurate notion of the vertical line may be obtained, the plane of the picture must be supposed to be perpendicular to the horizontal plane. If a straight line be drawn from the spectator's eye, perpendicular to this plane of the picture, that line will fall upon the plane at a point in the horizontal line directly opposite to the eye. This point, C, is called the centre of the picture, or centre of view. In reference to the eye of the spectator, every straight line perpendicular to the plane of the picture appears to converge towards this point or centre. The line which, drawn from the eye of the spectator, determines this centre C, is called the vertical line. It is a straight line through S, perpendicular to the horizontal line, and the base of the picture; and is represented by the line EC.

Vertical Line

That an accurate notion of the vertical line may be obtained, the plane of the picture must be supposed…

A method of making a coldframe.

Frame

A method of making a coldframe.

A kind free-falling tool

Free-Falling

A kind free-falling tool

Flax-flower in section; the parts all free,-hypogenous.

Flax-Flower

Flax-flower in section; the parts all free,-hypogenous.

Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary: free central placenta.

Pistil of Sandwort

Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary: free central placenta.

An example of Native American picture writing. One interpretation: "The chiefs Black Wolf, Raven, Fast Bear, and Standing Bear hold a war council round the fire where grass was high. They dig up the hatchet, have plenty of arrows, and start on foot to a Cheyenne village (cut arm, Cheyenne sign) on Beaver Creek, where they expect to have a fight, and stampede the herd of fat ponies." —Scott, 1884

Picture Writing

An example of Native American picture writing. One interpretation: "The chiefs Black Wolf, Raven, Fast…

The romantisit, J. William Turner, was famous for his drawings of landscapes such as: lakes, castles, ruins, ships and coast lines. In this picture he displays his technique. The piece is from the "Rivers of France".

Chateau D'Amboise

The romantisit, J. William Turner, was famous for his drawings of landscapes such as: lakes, castles,…

Turner painted this picture of The Devil's Bridge in England. It is from the "Liber Studiorum".

The Devil's Bridge

Turner painted this picture of The Devil's Bridge in England. It is from the "Liber Studiorum".

Turner painted this picture displaying his techniques with watercolors and landscape. It is from Rogers's "Jacqueline".

Falls in Valombre

Turner painted this picture displaying his techniques with watercolors and landscape. It is from Rogers's…

Turner painted this picture displaying his incredible techniques with watercolors. It can now be found in the National Gallery.

Ivy Bridge

Turner painted this picture displaying his incredible techniques with watercolors. It can now be found…

The artist is unknown for this drawing. The picture is of the room in which Turner was found months after his death by his maid.

The Room in which Turner Died

The artist is unknown for this drawing. The picture is of the room in which Turner was found months…

A woman drawing a picture of a map.

Woman Drawing

A woman drawing a picture of a map.

A picture of two birds, with a waterfall in the background.

Outdoors

A picture of two birds, with a waterfall in the background.

This is a line engraving by Sir Anthony Van Dyck. The picture is one of many done for Charles I. The original picture can be found in the Louvre

Charles I Attended by the Marquis of Hamilton

This is a line engraving by Sir Anthony Van Dyck. The picture is one of many done for Charles I. The…

Picture of a mountain erupting.

Mountain

Picture of a mountain erupting.

The Angel of Edward IV, a gold coin named after the picture stamped on it of the angel Michael.

Angel

The Angel of Edward IV, a gold coin named after the picture stamped on it of the angel Michael.

Within the banner there is a picture of two trumpets surrounded by a floral design.

banner

Within the banner there is a picture of two trumpets surrounded by a floral design.

The doodad is a picture of an unopened flower hanging from its stem.

Doodad

The doodad is a picture of an unopened flower hanging from its stem.

This banner contains images of flowers and leaves. In the center of the images is a picture of a man.

Banner

This banner contains images of flowers and leaves. In the center of the images is a picture of a man.

This picture is a painting of the great artist, Donatello. The artist of the portrait is unknown.

Donatello

This picture is a painting of the great artist, Donatello. The artist of the portrait is unknown.

Three suspended concentric circles free to move independently of each other at right angles.

Gyroscope

Three suspended concentric circles free to move independently of each other at right angles.

A simple complete joint, one type of movable articulation. The synovial membrane is represented by dotted lines. They have a secreting membrane placed between their opposing surfaces, which keeps them well lubricated and capable of free movement one upon the other.

A Simple Complete Joint

A simple complete joint, one type of movable articulation. The synovial membrane is represented by dotted…

"Ammonia is a colorless gas with a peculiar odor, lighter than air, and exceedingly soluble in water...The great solubility of this gas is strikingly shown by the 'ammonia fountain.' A flask is filled with dry ammonia, and incerted over water. As soon as the [restraining] clip (not shown in picture) is removed from the ruber tubing, the water rushes in as the gas rapidly dissolves." -Brownlee 1907

Ammonia Fountain

"Ammonia is a colorless gas with a peculiar odor, lighter than air, and exceedingly soluble in water...The…

Picture represents clay retorts used in the distillation of phosphorus at high temperatures, with phosphorus, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide being produced.

Phosphorus Distillation

Picture represents clay retorts used in the distillation of phosphorus at high temperatures, with phosphorus,…

The larynx as seen by means of the laryngoscope in different conditions of the glottis. Labels: A, while singing a high note; b, in quiet breathing; C, during a deep inspiration; l, base of tongue; e, upper free edge of epiglottis; e', cushion of the epiglottis; ph, part of anterior wall of pharynx; cv, the true vocal cords; cvs, the false vocal cords; tr, the trachea with its rings; b, the two bronchi at their commencement.

The Larynx in Different Conditions of the Glottis

The larynx as seen by means of the laryngoscope in different conditions of the glottis. Labels: A, while…

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea, highly magnified. Labels: a, large ciliated cell; d, cell, with two nuclei. "In ciliated epithelium the cells, which are generally columnar in shape, bear at their free extremities little hair-like processes which are agitated incessantly with a lashing or vibrating motion. These minute and delicate processes are named cilia, and may be regarded as active prolongations of the cell-protoplasm." —Kimber, 1907

Ciliated Epithelium Cells

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea, highly magnified. Labels: a, large ciliated cell; d, cell,…

"Grasp one end of a straight spring made of hickory or steel in one end of a vise, as shown. Pluck the free end of the spring so as to produce a vibratory motion. If the spring is long enough, the vibrations may be seen. Lower the spring in the vise to shorten the vibrating part of the rod, and pluck it again. The vibrations are reduced in amplitude, and increased in rapidity. Continued shortening of the spring will render the vibrations invisible and audible; the are lost to the eye, but revealed to the ear." -Avery 1895

Sound due to Vibrations

"Grasp one end of a straight spring made of hickory or steel in one end of a vise, as shown. Pluck the…

"In a body free to move, the center of gravity will lie in a vertical plumb-line drawn through the point of support. Therefore, to find the position of the center of gravity of an irregular solid, as the crank, Fig 8, suspended it at some point, as B, so that it will move freely. Drop a plumb line from the point of suspension and mark its direction. Suspend the body at another point, as A, and repeat the process. The intersection C of the two lines will be directly over the center of gravity." —Hallock 1905

Center of Gravity of a Solid

"In a body free to move, the center of gravity will lie in a vertical plumb-line drawn through the point…

"The vessel a is fitted with a wooden bock of the same size as, and free to move in, the cylinder; the vessel b is filled with water, whose depth is the same as the length of the wooden block in a. When a pressure is applied to a, the pressure will be transmitted to the bottom unchanged. However, when the same pressure is applied to b, the pressure is transmitted everywhere, as the molecules of water are free to move." —Hallock 1905

Water versus Wood Pressure

"The vessel a is fitted with a wooden bock of the same size as, and free to move in, the cylinder; the…

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen and chest alternately expand and contract in healthy breathing, anything which impedes their free movement is to be avoided. The tight lacing which is still indulged [in 1900] by those who think a distorted form beautiful, seriously impedes one of the most important functions of the body, and leads not only to shortness of breath and an incapacity for muscular exertion, but in many cases to actual deformity or disease." — Newell, 1900.

Effect of Corset Use on Respiration

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen…

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen and chest alternately expand and contract in healthy breathing, anything which impedes their free movement is to be avoided. The tight lacing which is still indulged [in 1900] by those who think a distorted form beautiful, seriously impedes one of the most important functions of the body, and leads not only to shortness of breath and an incapacity for muscular exertion, but in many cases to actual deformity or disease." — Newell, 1900.

Effect of Corset Use on Respiration

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen…

"The ball C is placed on a square frame between two upright wires, on each of which a ball slides so as to strike C when it descends. Let the ball A drop, and it will drive C to D... Let the ball B drop, and it will drive C to E; this is simple motion. Let A and B drop at the same instant, and they will drive C to F; this is resultant motion." —Quackenbos 1859

Resultant Motion with Ball

"The ball C is placed on a square frame between two upright wires, on each of which a ball slides so…

Micrometer

Micrometer

Micrometer

The larynx viewed from its pharyngeal opening. The back wall of the pharynx has been divided and its edges (11) turned aside. Labels: 1, body of hyoid; 2, its small, and 3, its great, horns; 4, upper and lower horns of thyroid cartilage; 5, mucous membrane of front of pharynx, covering the back of the cricoid cartilage; 6, upper end of gullet; 7, windpipe, lying in front of the gullet; 8, eminence caused by cartilage of Santorini; 9, eminence caused by cartilage of Wrisberg -- both lie in, 10, the aryteno-epiglottidean fold of mucous membrane, surrounding the opening (aditus laryngis) from pharynx to larynx; a, projecting tip of epiglottis; c, the glottis -- the lines leading from the letter point to the free vibrating edges of the vocal cords; b' the ventricles of the larynx -- their upper edges, marking them off from the eminences b, are the false vocal cords.

Larynx

The larynx viewed from its pharyngeal opening. The back wall of the pharynx has been divided and its…

Meibomian glands (glandulae tarsales), which are sebaceous glands embedded in grooves in the inner surface of the tarsal plates, about 30 in the upper eyelid, less in the lower one. Their ducts open on the inner edge of the free margin of the lids by minute foramina, through which their secretion is furnished to prevent the lids adhering to each other.

Meibomian Glands

Meibomian glands (glandulae tarsales), which are sebaceous glands embedded in grooves in the inner surface…

The Organ of Corti (organon spirale), also known as the Papilla Spiralis. It is situated on the inner surface of the membrana or lamina basilaris, is overlapped by the free edge of the membrana tectoria, and appears s a papilla winding spirally throughout the length of the membranous cochlea.

The Organ of Corti

The Organ of Corti (organon spirale), also known as the Papilla Spiralis. It is situated on the inner…

The peritoneum is a large serous membrane, which forms in the male a closed sac, the parietal layer of which lines the abdominal walls, its visceral layer being reflected more or less completely over all the abdominal and pelvic viscera. It's free surface is covered with endothelium, and is smooth, moist, and shining. Its attached surface is connected to the viscera and the parietes of the abdomen by the sub-peritoneal tela or areolar tissue. In the female it is not a closed sac, the free extremities of the Fallopian tubes opening directly into the cavity. The peritoneum is divided by a constricted portion of its tissue, at the foramen of Winslow into 2 sacs, the Greater Sac and the Lesser Sac.

The Peritoneum

The peritoneum is a large serous membrane, which forms in the male a closed sac, the parietal layer…

One Free Hexomino

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