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Pence (1 pence) Rosa Americana Series coin. Obverse has a right-facing image of George I surrounded by the inscription - GEORGIUS D:G:M BRI FRA ET HIB REX. Reverse shows the letter I between branches, surrounded by an indecipherable Latin inscription.

Copper Pence Coin, No Date

Pence (1 pence) Rosa Americana Series coin. Obverse has a right-facing image of George I surrounded…

Illustration showing the construction of a golden rectangle. Beginning with a unit square, a line is then drawn from the midpoint of one side of the square to its opposite corner. Using that line, an arc is drawn that defines the length of the rectangle. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if (a+ b)/a = a/b which is represented by the Greek letter phi.

Construction Of A Golden Rectangle

Illustration showing the construction of a golden rectangle. Beginning with a unit square, a line is…

Illustration showing the golden rectangle. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if (a+ b)/a = a/b which is represented by the Greek letter phi.

Golden Rectangle

Illustration showing the golden rectangle. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if…

Illustration showing a nesting of 2 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if (a+ b)/a = a/b which is represented by the Greek letter phi. The large rectangle shown is divided to show the a golden rectangle. The smaller portion is then divided into the golden ratio again.

Golden Rectangles

Illustration showing a nesting of 2 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden…

Illustration showing a nesting of 3 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if (a+ b)/a = a/b which is represented by the Greek letter phi. The large rectangle shown is divided to show the a golden rectangle. The smaller portion is then divided into the golden ratio again, and so on.

Golden Rectangles

Illustration showing a nesting of 3 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden…

Illustration showing a nesting of 4 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if (a+ b)/a = a/b which is represented by the Greek letter phi. The large rectangle shown is divided to show the a golden rectangle. The smaller portion is then divided into the golden ratio again, and so on.

Golden Rectangles

Illustration showing a nesting of 4 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden…

Illustration showing a nesting of 5 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if (a+ b)/a = a/b which is represented by the Greek letter phi. The large rectangle shown is divided to show the a golden rectangle. The smaller portion is then divided into the golden ratio again, and so on.

Golden Rectangles

Illustration showing a nesting of 5 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden…

Illustration showing a nesting of 6 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if (a+ b)/a = a/b which is represented by the Greek letter phi. The large rectangle shown is divided to show the a golden rectangle. The smaller portion is then divided into the golden ratio again, and so on.

Golden Rectangles

Illustration showing a nesting of 6 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden…

Illustration showing a nesting of 7 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if (a+ b)/a = a/b which is represented by the Greek letter phi. The large rectangle shown is divided to show the a golden rectangle. The smaller portion is then divided into the golden ratio again, and so on.

Golden Rectangles

Illustration showing a nesting of 7 golden rectangles. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden…

Illustration showing succession of golden rectangles that are used to construct the golden spiral. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if (a+ b)/a = a/b which is represented by the Greek letter phi. Each rectangle shown is subdivided into smaller golden rectangles. The golden spiral is a special type of logarithmic spiral. Each part is similar to smaller and larger parts.

Golden Rectangles

Illustration showing succession of golden rectangles that are used to construct the golden spiral. Two…

Illustration showing succession of golden rectangles that are used to construct the golden spiral. Two quantities are considered to be in the golden ratio if (a+ b)/a = a/b which is represented by the Greek letter phi. Each rectangle shown is subdivided into smaller golden rectangles. The golden spiral is a special type of logarithmic spiral. Each part is similar to smaller and larger parts.

Golden Rectangles

Illustration showing succession of golden rectangles that are used to construct the golden spiral. Two…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - round heart-shape. Apex - tapering and rather blunt, sometimes with a short bristle. Base - heart shape. Leaf/Stem - smooth and swollen at each end into a sort of knob. Leaf - usually about four to five inches long and wide; rather thin, smooth above and below; with seven prominent ribs radiating from the end of the leaf-stem. Flowers - reddish, acid, usually abundant in small clusters along the branches; appearing before the leaves. March to May. Fruit - a small, many-seeded, flat pod, winged along the seed-bearing stem. Seeds - reverse egg-shape. Found - in rich soil, Western Pennsylvania, westward and southward. Common in cultivation. General Information - A small and fine ornamental tree, with long, flat-leaved branches. The name "Judas tree" is traditional. "This is the tree whereon Judas did hang himself, and not the elder tree, as it is said." From a Greek word meaning "shuttle," because of the shuttle-shaped pod.

Genus Cercis, L. (Red Bud)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - round heart-shape. Apex - tapering and rather blunt,…

Leaves - simple; alternate (often alternate in pairs); edge unequally sharp-toothed, with the base entire. Outline - triangular. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - variable, more or less squared, sometimes slightly hollowed, rounded or pointed. Leaf/Stem - long and slender, about three quarters of an inch or more in length. Leaf - one and three quarters to three inches long. Smooth and shining on both sides. Bark - The outer bark of the mature trunk is chalky-white and thin, but not, like the bark of the Paper-birch, easily separable into layers. Usually it is marked with blackish dots and lines. Often the branchlets and twigs are blackish, and in very young trees the bark may be light reddish-brown, and marked with white dots. Found - on poor soil, from Delaware and Pennsylvania northward (mostly toward the coast), and in ornamental cultivation. It springs up abundantly over burned and abandoned lands. General Information - A slender, short-lived tree, twenty to thirty feet high, with white, soft wood, not durable; used largely in making spools, shoe pegs, etc., and for fuel. A still more graceful cultivated species is the European Weeping Birch (B. pendula). Its branches are very drooping, with more slender leaves, and a spray that is exceedingly light and delicate, especially in early spring.

Genus Betula, L. (Birch)

Leaves - simple; alternate (often alternate in pairs); edge unequally sharp-toothed, with the base entire.…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed. Outline - narrow lance-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf - about five inches long by three fourths of an inch wide; somewhat silky, or smooth. Branches and branchlets - very long, curved, and drooping nearly to the ground. Introduced - from Europe, now common, and much used in ornamental cultivation. General Information - A tree thirty to forty feet high. The Latin name (babylonica) was suggested by the lament of the Hebrews, in the 137th Psalm. "By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down: Yea we wept when we remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof." Salix from two Celtic words meaning "near" and "water."

Genus Salix, L. (Willow)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharp-toothed. Outline - narrow lance-shape. Apex - taper-pointed.…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge usually lobed (the lobes toothed). Outline - broad egg-shape. Apex - of the lobes, blunt-pointed. Base - usually slightly heart-shaped. Leaf/Stem - downy and nearly round. Leaf - usually about two and a half inches long; when mature, smooth and dark green above, below downy and almost snow-white. In the young leaves both surfaces and the leaf-stem are snowy-white and downy. General Information - A native of Europe; now widely introduced. A very ornamental tree, but troublesome in cultivation, and now out of favor because of the abundance of suckers that spring from its roots.

Genus Populus, L. (Aspen, Poplar)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge usually lobed (the lobes toothed). Outline - broad egg-shape. Apex…

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge entire. Outline - egg-shape, or often broad oval, or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed, often taper-pointed. Base - pointed and usually slightly unequal. Leaf/Stem - short (about one half inch). Leaf - three to five inches long; smooth above; pale and nearly smooth beneath; with the whitish ribs very distinct and curved. Bark - of trunk, blackish and rough, with short, broken ridges. The bark, especially of the roots, is very bitter and is used as a tonic. Flowers - The real flowers are greenish-yellow, in a small rounded bunch; but this bunch is surrounded by four large, petal-like leaves, white and often tinged with pink, more than an inch in length, reverse egg-shaped, and ending in a hard, abruptly turned point. The appearance is of a single large flower. The tree blossoms in May before the leaves are fully set. Fruit - The "Flower" is succeeded by a bunch of oval berries that turn bright red as they ripen, making the tree in the autumn, with its richly changing foliage, nearly as attractive as in the spring. Found - in rich woods, from New England to Minnesota, and southward to Florida and Texas. It is very common, especially at the South. General Information - A finely shaped, rather flat-branching tree, usually twelve to thirty feet high, but dwindling, northward, to the dimensions of a shrub; one of the most ornamental of all our native flowering trees. Its character throughout the extent of its range would seem to warrant the recognition of its blossom as the "national flower." Cornus, from a Greek word meaning horn, because of the hardness of the wood.

Flowering Dogwood

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge entire. Outline - egg-shape, or often broad oval, or reverse egg-shape.…

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge entire. Outline - oval, long oval, or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed (or sometimes rounded). Base - pointed. Leaf - smooth. Flowers - with narrow petals nearly an inch in length, snow-white, in long, loose, and drooping clusters. June. Fruit - one half to two thirds of an inch long, oval, purplish, with one stony seed. Found - along the banks of streams from New Jersey and Southern Pennsylvania southward. Common and very ornamental in cultivation. General Information - A small tree eight to twenty-five feet high, or often a shrub. Chionanthus, from two Greek words meaning "snow" and "flowers."

Genus Chionanthus, L. (Fringe Tree)

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge entire. Outline - oval, long oval, or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed…

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge entire. Outline - broad egg-shape or heart-shape. Apex - pointed. Base - heart-shape. Leaf - five to eight inches wide; smooth above, downy below, especially on the ribs. Bark - of trunk, a silver-gray, only slightly furrowed. Flowers - very showy and fragrant, in large, upright pyramid-shaped clusters; white or violet-tinged, spotted inside with yellow and purple. July. Fruit - in long, rounded pods (six to twelve inches long, about half an inch in diameter), with the seeds winged and fringed. They often remain throughout the winter. October. Found - new very widely naturalized throughout the Middle and Southern Atlantic States, though formerly a rare and local Southern tree. General Information - A low, very ornamental tree, usually twenty to thirty feet high. Its seeds and bark are considered medicinal. Another species, C. speciosa, Ward, larger and of more value, is sometimes met with in Southern Illinois and the adjoining States. Catalpa is probably a corruption of the Indian word Catawba, which was the name of an important tribe that occupied a large part of Georgia and the Carolinas.

Genus Catalpa, Scop., Walt. (Catalpa)

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge entire. Outline - broad egg-shape or heart-shape. Apex - pointed. Base…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, nine to fifteen); alternate (often alternate in threes); edge of leaflets finely and sharply toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long and narrow egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base - rounded and slightly pointed. Leaflet/Stem - lacking, or very short. Leaf - eight to twelve inches long. Leaflet - two to three and one half inches long; surfaces smooth. Bark - of the trunk, reddish-brown and rather smooth. Flowers - small and white, in large, flat clusters, over the surface of the tree - fifty to one hundred or more flowers in a cluster. May, June. Fruit - very ornamental, about the size of peas, scarlet, in large, flat clusters, ripening in autumn and remaining into the winter. Found - from Labrador and Newfoundland through the Northern States and southward along the Alleghany Mountains. Its finest growth is on the northern shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. General Information - A slender, somewhat pyramid-shaped, tree, ten to thirty feet high, much and justly prized as one of the best of the native trees for ornamental planting. Its bark and the unripe fruit are very astringent, and are sometimes used medicinally. A slightly different species (P. sambucilolia) is sometimes found in cold swamps and on the borders of streams along the Northern frontier. The Mountain Ash or "Rowan Tree" has for a long time been renowned as a safeguard against witches and all evil spirits. A mere twig of it suffices. "Rowen-tree and red thread Put the witches to their speed." "The spells were vain, the hag returned To the queen in sorrowful mood, Crying that witches have no power Where there is row'n-tree wood."

Genus Pyrus, L. (Mountain Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, nine to fifteen); alternate (often alternate in threes);…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, fifteen to seventeen); alternate; edge of leaflets sharp-toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long egg-shaped or long oval. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded. Leaf/Stem - downy and sticky. Leaf - twelve to twenty inches long. Leaflet - three inches or more in length; downy, especially beneath. Bark - of the branches, light gray and smoothish. Twigs - as well as leaf-stems and fruit, very sticky. Fruit - long (two to three inches), pointed. Husk - very sticky; green at first; brown when ripe, becoming very dark; not splitting in sections. Nut - deeply and roughly furrowed and sharp-ridged, with a sweet oily kernel. September. Found - in Southern Canada, and common in New England and the Middle and Western States. General Information - A tree twenty to fifty feet high, with a short, stout trunk and very wide-reaching, horizontal branches. The heart-wood is reddish or light brown, not as dark nor as hard as in the Black Walnut. It is used for ornamental cabinet-work and interior finish.

Genus Juglans, L. (Walnut)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, fifteen to seventeen); alternate; edge of leaflets sharp-toothed.…

The letter 'A' around an image of a queen.

A

The letter 'A' around an image of a queen.

The letter 'a' as a baby.

a

The letter 'a' as a baby.

The letter 'B' as a dancing man.

B

The letter 'B' as a dancing man.

A piece of wood or metal to stamp a letter or character. "(1) the body, (2) the face, (3) the shoulder, (4) the nick and (5) the groove." -Foster, 1921

Type

A piece of wood or metal to stamp a letter or character. "(1) the body, (2) the face, (3) the shoulder,…

A man working in his office.

Man Working

A man working in his office.

Panama, Colombian Republic Stamp (1 centavo) from 1887-1889

Panama, Colombian Republic 1 Centavo Stamp, 1887-1889

Panama, Colombian Republic Stamp (1 centavo) from 1887-1889

Colombian Republic Insured Letter Stamp (50 centavos) from 1870

Colombian Republic Cencuenta Centavos Insured Letter Stamp, 1870

Colombian Republic Insured Letter Stamp (50 centavos) from 1870

Tolima, Colombian Republic Insured Letter Stamp (10 centavos) from 1879

Tolima, Colombian Republic Diez Centavos Insured Letter Stamp, 1879

Tolima, Colombian Republic Insured Letter Stamp (10 centavos) from 1879

Bavaria Return Letter Stamp (value unknown) from 1865

Bavaria Return Letter Stamp Unknown Value, 1865

Bavaria Return Letter Stamp (value unknown) from 1865

Mexico Unpaid Letter Stamp (8 cts) from 1891-1892

Mexico 8 Cts Unpaid Letter Stamp, 1891-1892

Mexico Unpaid Letter Stamp (8 cts) from 1891-1892

Roumania Unpaid Letter Stamp (2 bani) from 1881

Roumania 2 Bani Unpaid Letter Stamp, 1881

Roumania Unpaid Letter Stamp (2 bani) from 1881

Spain Return Letter Stamp (value unknown) from 1873

Spain Return Letter Stamp (Unknown Value), 1873

Spain Return Letter Stamp (value unknown) from 1873

Ornate capital "I" with a floral background.

I, Floral Capital

Ornate capital "I" with a floral background.

A floral initial of capital O.

O, Floral Initial Capital

A floral initial of capital O.

A decorative border of envelopes, letters, and inkwells with four windows and banners for captions.

Letter and Ink Border

A decorative border of envelopes, letters, and inkwells with four windows and banners for captions.

A floral 'T'.

T

A floral 'T'.

A floral 'F'.

F

A floral 'F'.

A floral 'I'.

I

A floral 'I'.

A floral 'L'.

L

A floral 'L'.

A floral 'C'.

C

A floral 'C'.

A floral 'H'.

H

A floral 'H'.

A floral 'A'.

A

A floral 'A'.

A floral 'P'.

P

A floral 'P'.

Thoth-lunus is the Egyptian God of letters and all learning.

Egyptian God, Thoth-lunus

Thoth-lunus is the Egyptian God of letters and all learning.

"Stereotyping is the art of fabricating metal plates resembling pages of type, which impressions may be taken as in letter-press printing, is termed stereotyping."-Lupton

Stereotyping

"Stereotyping is the art of fabricating metal plates resembling pages of type, which impressions may…

A species of masonry very common among the ancients, in which the stones are square and laid lozenge-wise, resembling the meshes of a net, and producing quite an ornamental appearance. It is the opus reticulate of the Romans.

Reticulated Work

A species of masonry very common among the ancients, in which the stones are square and laid lozenge-wise,…

A boy doing math homework with help from his father and a meter stick. His mother helps his younger sister with her homework, using alphabet blocks.

Homework

A boy doing math homework with help from his father and a meter stick. His mother helps his younger…

Numbered boxes that are used for fractions. Fraction boxes within can be referred by the letter corners. For example, ATSD is 9/24 or 3/8 of ABCD.

Fraction Boxes

Numbered boxes that are used for fractions. Fraction boxes within can be referred by the letter corners.…

Taste goblet from dog's epiglottis (laryngeal surface near the base) , precisely similar in structure to those found in the tongue. Labels: a, depression in epithelium over goblet; below the letter are seen the fine hair-like processes in which the cells terminate; c, two nuclei of the axial (gustatory) cells. The more superficial nuclei belong to the superficial (encasing) cells; the converging lines indicate the fusiform shape of the encasing cells.

Taste Goblet from Dog's Epiglottis

Taste goblet from dog's epiglottis (laryngeal surface near the base) , precisely similar in structure…

An illustration of the story, Picciola by X. B. Saintine. Count Charney was imprisoned by the Emperor of France for allegedly planning to assassinate him. In this image, he is begging the guard to send a letter the the emperor to save a little flower that is growing in the stone. A girl delivers this letter and the emperor realizes that this man could not have him killed and releases him.

Picciola

An illustration of the story, Picciola by X. B. Saintine. Count Charney was imprisoned by the Emperor…

"The chief characteristic of the Water-en is a short and strong bill. They are lively, graceful and ornamental birds."

Water-Hen

"The chief characteristic of the Water-en is a short and strong bill. They are lively, graceful and…

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight letters, then slant line and curved letters. Each letter is shown in a square, so that the proportion of its width to height may be easily learned. In this style many of the letters just about fill the square. The arrows and figures give the order and direction of strokes, which must be learned for each letter, Vertical strokes are all made downward and horizontal strokes from left to right.

Single Stroke Vertical Capitals

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight…

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight letters, then slant line and curved letters. Each letter is shown in a square, so that the proportion of its width to height may be easily learned. In this style many of the letters just about fill the square. The arrows and figures give the order and direction of strokes, which must be learned for each letter, Vertical strokes are all made downward and horizontal strokes from left to right.

Single Stroke Inclined Capitals

In this chart of single stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in "family order," first the straight…

The letter 'F' made of two musicians: a trombone player and a drummer.

F, Musicians

The letter 'F' made of two musicians: a trombone player and a drummer.

The letter R with a young girl holding a ball of yarn which a kitten is chasing.

The Letter R

The letter R with a young girl holding a ball of yarn which a kitten is chasing.

The letter M surrounded by various wild grasses.

The letter M

The letter M surrounded by various wild grasses.

A decorative letter Y which appears to be formed out of yarn.

The letter Y

A decorative letter Y which appears to be formed out of yarn.

The letter A surrounded by two young girls and wild flowers.

The letter A

The letter A surrounded by two young girls and wild flowers.

A young girl resting on the letter L while playing with her doll.

The Letter L

A young girl resting on the letter L while playing with her doll.

The letter H surround by geese and a young girl peeking back.

The letter H

The letter H surround by geese and a young girl peeking back.