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Kailash Temple, also Kailasanatha Temple or Kylas Temple, is one of the 34 monasteries and temples, extending over more than 2 km, that were dug side by side in the wall of a high basalt cliff in the complex located at Ellora, Maharashtra, India, and represents the epitome of Indian rock-cut architecture. It was carved out of one single rock. The Kailash Temple is notable for its vertical excavation — carvers started at the top of the original rock, and excavated downward, exhuming the temple out of the existing rock. The traditional methods were rigidly followed by the master architect which could not have been achieved by excavating from the front.

Kailash Temple

Kailash Temple, also Kailasanatha Temple or Kylas Temple, is one of the 34 monasteries and temples,…

Most famous of the Buddhist caves is a chaitya hall (chandrashala) or 'Vishwakarma cave', popularly known as the 'Carpent Indiaer's Cave'. Beyond its multi-storeyed entry is a cathedral-like stupa hall also known as chaitya, whose ceiling has been carved to give the impression of wooden beams. At the heart of this cave is a 15 foot statue of Buddha seated in a preaching pose.

Buddhist Cave Temple at Ellora, Interior

Most famous of the Buddhist caves is a chaitya hall (chandrashala) or 'Vishwakarma cave', popularly…

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense of asceticism &ndash; they are not relatively large as compared to others, but they present exceptionally detailed art works. The most remarkable Jain shrines are the <em>Chhota Kailash</em> (cave 30), the <em>Indra Sabha</em> (cave 32) and the <em>Jagannath Sabha</em> (cave 33). The <em>Indra Sabha</em> is a two storeyed shrine with a very fine carving of the lotus flower on the ceiling. In another cave, an imposing image of Ambika, the Yakshi (dedicated attendant deity) of Neminatha is found seated on her lion under a mango tree, laden with fruits. All other Jain caves are also characterized by intricate detailing. Many of the structures had rich paintings in the ceilings - fragments of which are still visible.

Indian Pillar from the Rock Temple of Parasona Rama at Ellora

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense…

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense of asceticism &ndash; they are not relatively large as compared to others, but they present exceptionally detailed art works. The most remarkable Jain shrines are the <em>Chhota Kailash</em> (cave 30), the <em>Indra Sabha</em> (cave 32) and the <em>Jagannath Sabha</em> (cave 33). The <em>Indra Sabha</em> is a two storeyed shrine with a very fine carving of the lotus flower on the ceiling. In another cave, an imposing image of Ambika, the Yakshi (dedicated attendant deity) of Neminatha is found seated on her lion under a mango tree, laden with fruits. All other Jain caves are also characterized by intricate detailing. Many of the structures had rich paintings in the ceilings - fragments of which are still visible.

Interior of Indra Sabha at Ellora

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense…

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense of asceticism &ndash; they are not relatively large as compared to others, but they present exceptionally detailed art works. The most remarkable Jain shrines are the <em>Chhota Kailash</em> (cave 30), the <em>Indra Sabha</em> (cave 32) and the <em>Jagannath Sabha</em> (cave 33). The <em>Indra Sabha</em> is a two storeyed shrine with a very fine carving of the lotus flower on the ceiling. In another cave, an imposing image of Ambika, the Yakshi (dedicated attendant deity) of Neminatha is found seated on her lion under a mango tree, laden with fruits. All other Jain caves are also characterized by intricate detailing. Many of the structures had rich paintings in the ceilings - fragments of which are still visible.

Indian Pillar at Ellora

Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense…

Nothing reliable can by adduced concerning the age of the existing structural temples of India, which are called pagodas, from the word bhagarati, <em>i.e.</em> sacred house. They belong to both antiquity and modern times. Some of these pagodas are wonderfully large and magnificent. The consist of one or more quadrangular courts with towers at the corners, surrounded by a wall (a). Large pyramids (b) rising in stages cover the entrance, behind which extend colonnades.

Ground Plan of the Pagoda at Chillimbaram

Nothing reliable can by adduced concerning the age of the existing structural temples of India, which…

Nothing reliable can by adduced concerning the age of the existing structural temples of India, which are called pagodas, from the word bhagarati, <em>i.e.</em> sacred house. They belong to both antiquity and modern times. Some of these pagodas are wonderfully large and magnificent. The consist of one or more quadrangular courts with towers at the corners, surrounded by a wall. Large pyramids rising in stages cover the entrance (shown here), behind which extend colonnades.

Entrance to a Pagoda

Nothing reliable can by adduced concerning the age of the existing structural temples of India, which…

A pillar is similar to a column which is a vertical support structure in architecture, but the base section is any shape but circular. Tschultri, or choultry, is a resting place for visitors where rooms and food are provided by a charitable institution for nominal rates. Some were guest-houses where accommodation is free of charge. Choultries were famous in Colonial India. It was an Hindu-Caravanserai or a Colonnade. It was a typical ancient Indian type of hotel.

Pillar in Trimal Naik's Tschultri

A pillar is similar to a column which is a vertical support structure in architecture, but the base…

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs and terminate above in the from of a cupola. Rows of small cupolas stand out from the roofs of the stages. The walls of these stages are covered in a bewildering way with pilasters and niches, with intricately cut cornices, with varied intersecting mouldings, and with manifold and fantastic embellishments and carvings.

Pagoda

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs…

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs and terminate above in the from of a cupola. Rows of small cupolas stand out from the roofs of the stages. The walls of these stages are covered in a bewildering way with pilasters and niches, with intricately cut cornices, with varied intersecting mouldings, and with manifold and fantastic embellishments and carvings.

Pilaster, Temple of Chillimbaram

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs…

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs and terminate above in the from of a cupola. The pillars, which are round or octagonal, resemble the columnar structure of the rock temples, and are richly ornamented in every part. The inner spaces are low and dark, but the cupolas are high and narrow.

Pagoda Column

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs…

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs and terminate above in the from of a cupola. Rows of small cupolas stand out from the roofs of the stages. The walls of these stages are covered in a bewildering way with pilasters and niches, with intricately cut cornices, with varied intersecting mouldings, and with manifold and fantastic embellishments and carvings.

Pagoda Moulding

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs…

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs and terminate above in the from of a cupola. Rows of small cupolas stand out from the roofs of the stages. The walls of these stages are covered in a bewildering way with pilasters and niches, with intricately cut cornices, with varied intersecting mouldings, and with manifold and fantastic embellishments and carvings. Here is the entrance gate of the temple at Chillimbaram.

Temple of Chillimbaram Entrance Elevation

All these buildings are of a pyramidal shape, with vertical stages, which are separated by curved roofs…

An illustration of a Roman standard.

Roman Standard

An illustration of a Roman standard.

An illustration of a Roman standard.

Roman Standard

An illustration of a Roman standard.

"Sarinda. A Hindu viol, which has a body made of a single wooden block, elliptical in general contour, flat in front and arched at the back, which is hollowed out to a shell." -Whitney, 1911

Sarinda

"Sarinda. A Hindu viol, which has a body made of a single wooden block, elliptical in general contour,…

This flag-staff finial is found on the lower end.

Flag-Staff Finial

This flag-staff finial is found on the lower end.

This modern faience urn is found is found in Bombay, India. It is made out of fine tin glazed pottery. Typically used in funeral rites as a repository for the ashes of the dead.

Modern Faience Urn

This modern faience urn is found is found in Bombay, India. It is made out of fine tin glazed pottery.…

The East Indian Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis hardwickii) is a lizard found in India.

Leopard Gecko

The East Indian Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis hardwickii) is a lizard found in India.

The obverse and reverse sides of the fanam, a small silver coin used in Madras, India.

Obverse and Reverse Sides of Fanam of Madras

The obverse and reverse sides of the fanam, a small silver coin used in Madras, India.

An illustration of a backwards United States flag.

Backwards United States Flag

An illustration of a backwards United States flag.

An illustration of a soldier planting a United States flag in the ground.

Planting of US Flag

An illustration of a soldier planting a United States flag in the ground.

A decorative illustration with soldiers on the left side and nurses tending to a soldier on the right.

Soldiers & Nurses

A decorative illustration with soldiers on the left side and nurses tending to a soldier on the right.

David Glasgow Farragut (July 5, 1801 &ndash; August 14, 1870) was a flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He was the first rear admiral, vice admiral, and admiral of the Navy. He is remembered in popular culture for his order at the Battle of Mobile Bay, usually paraphrased: "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!".

David Glasgow Farragut

David Glasgow Farragut (July 5, 1801 – August 14, 1870) was a flag officer of the United States…

"Aegialitis hiaticola, the Ringed Plover, Sand-Lark, or Stone-runner, mistakenly called the "Ring-Dotterel" which is common on the British coasts and even inland, extends from Smith's Sound eastward to Bering Strait, and migrates to South Africa, North India, or accidentally, Australia. It breeds as far south as the Atlantic Islands, North Africa, and Turkestan. The plumage is light brown, with white forehead, post-ocular streak, upper neck, alar bar, outer rectrices, and under surface; the crown, lores, cheeks, and a collar-broader in front-being black. The young lack the black crown." A. H. Evans, 1900

Ringed Plover

"Aegialitis hiaticola, the Ringed Plover, Sand-Lark, or Stone-runner, mistakenly called the "Ring-Dotterel"…

Sterna fluviatilis, the Common Tern, occupying the coasts and inland waters of Europe, temperate Asia, and temperate America-chiefly on the eastern side in the last case- and migrating to South Africa, India, Ceylon, and Brazil, has red feet, and bill with horn-coloured tip, the lower parts being vinaceous grey." A. H. Evans, 1900

Common Tern

Sterna fluviatilis, the Common Tern, occupying the coasts and inland waters of Europe, temperate Asia,…

"Dichoceros bicornis of India and the Malay countries has a large yellowish-red casque, hallowed and ending in two points anteriorly, which shews black markings in the males; the naked orbits are pinkish." A. H. Evans, 1900 This sketch depicts a female Hornbill laying down next to her young, feeding it.

Female Hornbill Laying Down Feeding Her Young

"Dichoceros bicornis of India and the Malay countries has a large yellowish-red casque, hallowed and…

Sergeant Hart nailing the colors to the flagstaff of Fort Sumter.

Sergeant Hart at Fort Sumter

Sergeant Hart nailing the colors to the flagstaff of Fort Sumter.

John Adams Dix, of New York, was appointed Secretary of the Treasury. He sent Mr. Jones to New Orleans with an order to Captain Breshwood, commanding the revenue-cutter at that port, to sail to New York. The captain was a secessionist and proposed to turn the vessel over to the Confederates, whereupon Secretary Dix sent this dispatch: "If any man attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot!"

Fac-smile of General John A. Dix's Dispatch

John Adams Dix, of New York, was appointed Secretary of the Treasury. He sent Mr. Jones to New Orleans…

Private Thomas Plunkett (1841 - 1885) was a color bearer during the Civil War. He carried the banner of his regiment at the Battle of Fredericksburg when a cannon blast took away both of his hands. He carried on by pressing the flag against his chest with his wrists and continued until one of the color guard took the flag from him so he could retire. For these actions, Plunkett was awarded the Medal of Honor.

Sergeant Thomas Plunkett

Private Thomas Plunkett (1841 - 1885) was a color bearer during the Civil War. He carried the banner…

Anti-Spanish cartoon following the massacre of filibusters on board the Virginius. "If he can't respect our flag, send him where he belongs."

Anti-Spanish Cartoon Following Massacre of Filibusters

Anti-Spanish cartoon following the massacre of filibusters on board the Virginius. "If he can't respect…

"BANNER ROLL is a small square flag containing a single escutcheon of the deceased. Thus, if there are twelve quarterings in the banner, the same number of banner rolls will be required to be borne in the funeral procession. The annexed engraving shows the banner and banner-roll." -Hall, 1862

Banner Roll

"BANNER ROLL is a small square flag containing a single escutcheon of the deceased. Thus, if there are…

"GUIDON. A small semi-oval flag used in funeral processions. It is generally charged with the paternal arms of the deceased." -Hall, 1862

Guidon

"GUIDON. A small semi-oval flag used in funeral processions. It is generally charged with the paternal…

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 &ndash; 22 January 1901) was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and from 1 May 1876 the first Empress of India of the British Raj until her death. Her reign as the Queen lasted 63 years and seven months, longer than that of any other British monarch before or (as of 2009) since. The period centered on her reign is known as the Victorian era, a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom.

Queen Victoria

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was from 20 June 1837 the Queen…

"In India, a path of descent, landing-place, or stairway to a river, generally having at the summit a temple, pagoda, or place of rest and recreation. Ghats about especially along the Ganges, the most important being at Benares." -Whitney, 1911

Ghoosla Ghat in Benares

"In India, a path of descent, landing-place, or stairway to a river, generally having at the summit…

Men and women are standing outside the entrance to the Crystal Palace. Horses and carriages are also outside. At the top of the building is a flag, and there are more flags along the top of either side of the building.

Crystal Palace Entrance

Men and women are standing outside the entrance to the Crystal Palace. Horses and carriages are also…

This view of the United States Department at the Great Exhibition of 1851 depicts people viewing exhibits such as statues and a depiction of Native Americans their home. Men and women are sitting on risers on the second floor. A border along the right side names several states of the union. Several flags and an eagle act as a decoration on the top left side of the image.

United States Department in the Crystal Palace

This view of the United States Department at the Great Exhibition of 1851 depicts people viewing exhibits…

Color flag of Albania. Red with a black two-headed eagle in the center.

Flag of Albania, 2009

Color flag of Albania. Red with a black two-headed eagle in the center.

Black and white outline flag of Albania. Red with a black two-headed eagle in the center

Flag of Albania, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Albania. Red with a black two-headed eagle in the center

Color flag of Algeria. Two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary.

Flag of Algeria, 2009

Color flag of Algeria. Two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed…

Black and white outline flag of Algeria. Two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary

Flag of Algeria, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Algeria. Two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a…

Color flag of American Samoa. Blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a war club known as a "Fa'alaufa'i" (upper; left talon), and a coconut fiber fly whisk known as a "Fue" (lower; right talon); the combination of symbols broadly mimics that seen on the US Great Seal and reflects the relationship between the United States and American Samoa.

Flag of American Samoa, 2009

Color flag of American Samoa. Blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side…

Black and white outline flag of American Samoa. Blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a war club known as a "Fa'alaufa'i" (upper; left talon), and a coconut fiber fly whisk known as a "Fue" (lower; right talon); the combination of symbols broadly mimics that seen on the US Great Seal and reflects the relationship between the United States and American Samoa

Flag of American Samoa, 2009

Black and white outline flag of American Samoa. Blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based…

Color flag of Angola. Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle).

Flag of Angola, 2009

Color flag of Angola. Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem…

Black and white outline flag of Angola. Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)

Flag of Angola, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Angola. Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered…

Color flag of Anguilla. Blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design on a white background with blue wavy water below.

Flag of Anguilla, 2009

Color flag of Anguilla. Blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan…

Black and white outline flag of Anguilla. Blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design on a white background with blue wavy water below

Flag of Anguilla, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Anguilla. Blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant…

Color flag of Antigua and Barbuda. Red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band.

Flag of Antigua and Barbuda, 2009

Color flag of Antigua and Barbuda. Red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of…

Black and white outline flag of Antigua and Barbuda. Red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band

Flag of Antigua and Barbuda, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Antigua and Barbuda. Red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based…

Color flag of Armenia. Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange.

Flag of Armenia, 2009

Color flag of Armenia. Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange.

Black and white outline flag of Armenia. Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange

Flag of Armenia, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Armenia. Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange

Color flag of Aruba. Blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner.

Flag of Aruba, 2009

Color flag of Aruba. Blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the lower portion and…

Black and white outline flag of Aruba. Blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner

Flag of Aruba, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Aruba. Blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the…

Color flag of Australia. Blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars.

Flag of Australia, 2009

Color flag of Australia. Blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed…

Black and white outline flag of Australia. Blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars

Flag of Australia, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Australia. Blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant…

Color flag of Austria. Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red.

Flag of Austria, 2009

Color flag of Austria. Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red.

Black and white outline flag of Austria. Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red

Flag of Austria, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Austria. Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red

Color flag of Azerbaijan. Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band.

Flag of Azerbaijan, 2009

Color flag of Azerbaijan. Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and…

Black and white outline flag of Azerbaijan. Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band

Flag of Azerbaijan, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Azerbaijan. Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green;…

Color flag of the Bahamas, Three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side.

Flag of the Bahamas, 2009

Color flag of the Bahamas, Three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with…