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Square pattern

Square pattern

Square pattern

Square pattern

Square pattern

Square pattern

Square pattern

Square pattern

Square pattern

Reef knot or square knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Reef knot or square knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the…

From a chart of "Late styles of fashionable carriages and sleighs," 1893.

Square body sleigh

From a chart of "Late styles of fashionable carriages and sleighs," 1893.

Optical illusion.

Helmholtz's Squares

Optical illusion.

"Make a toy windmill as follows: take a square piece of strong, stiff, writing paper and from each corner cut inward nearly to the cener, making eight points. Bend four alternate points over the center and pass a pin through them and the center into the end of a wooden handle. A mere breath will make this turn round the pin as an axis."

Toy Windmill

"Make a toy windmill as follows: take a square piece of strong, stiff, writing paper and from each corner…

4 easy steps for tying a square knot.

Square Knot

4 easy steps for tying a square knot.

View of public square and obelisk in St. Augustine.

St. Augustine

View of public square and obelisk in St. Augustine.

Little John hitting Eric O' Lincoln square on the head.

The Sheriff's Chef and Little John

Little John hitting Eric O' Lincoln square on the head.

In several Egyptian temples there are square or rectangular piers fronted with colossal sculptured figures of Osirid holding a scourge and a "Nile key" or "key of life."

Osirid Pier

In several Egyptian temples there are square or rectangular piers fronted with colossal sculptured figures…

Inlaid pattern from Pisa cathedral.

Inlaid Pattern

Inlaid pattern from Pisa cathedral.

A triglyph is an ornament on a Doric frieze, consisting of three square projections, or parallel nicks, and supposed to represent the ends of beams.

Triglyph

A triglyph is an ornament on a Doric frieze, consisting of three square projections, or parallel nicks,…

"Review of Confederate troops on their march to Virginia, in front of the Pulaski Monument, Monument Square, Savannah, Ga., August 7th, 1861. The Pulaski Monument is situated in Johnson or Monument Square. It is a fine Doric obelisk of marble, 53 feet in height. The base of the pedestal is 10 feet 4 inches by 6 feet 8 inches, and its elevation is about 12 feet. The corner stone was laid by Lafayette during his visit to the United States in 1825. The needle which surmounts the pedestal is 37 feet high. Another and very elegant structure has also been erected to the memory of this gallant foreigner in Chippewa Square. Pulaski was killed in the attack made by the allied American and French armies in 1779, when the British held possession of Savannah." —Leslie, 1896

Pulaski Monument

"Review of Confederate troops on their march to Virginia, in front of the Pulaski Monument, Monument…

"The Confederate privateer steamer <em>Alabama</em> (290). Captain Raphael Semmes. Our illustration of the <em>Alabama</em> was taken from a photograph while she was at Liverpool, where she was facetiously termed the Emperor of China's yacht. The <em>Alabama</em> was built at Birkenhead; she was about 1,200 tons burden, with draught of about 14 feet; her engines built by Laird & Sons, of Birkenhead, 1862. She was a wooden vessel propelled by a screw, copper bottom, about 210 feet long, rather narrow, painted black outside and drab inside; had a round stern, billethead, very little sheer, flushed deck fore and aft; a bridge forward of the smokestack; carried two large black boats on cranes amidships forward of the main rigging; two black quarter boats between the main and mizzen masts, one small black boat over the stern on cranes; the square spars on a gallows between the bridge and foremast showed above the rail. She carried three long 32-pounders on a side, and was pierced for two more amidships; had a 100-pound rifled pivot gun forward of the bridge, and a 68-pound pivot on the main track; had tracks laid forward for a pivot bow gun, and tracks aft for a pivot stern chaser; her guns were of the Blakely pattern, and were manufactured by Wesley & Preston, Liverpool, 1862. She took her armament and crew and most of her officers on board near Terceira. Wester Islands, from an English vessel. Her commander was Raphael Semmes."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Steamer Alabama

"The Confederate privateer steamer Alabama (290). Captain Raphael Semmes. Our illustration…

"The leopard spermophile is one of the most beautiful of all striped species of spermophile. It resembles the chipping-squirrel in size and appearance, but exceeds the pretty creaure in the splendor of its skin. The general color is bright reddish-brown, but along the back are deep brown stripes, each row having a row of square white spots running through it." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Leopard Spermophile

"The leopard spermophile is one of the most beautiful of all striped species of spermophile. It resembles…

"The raid in Kentucky- the Confederate Morgan with his guerillas bivouacking in Courthouse Square, Paris, Bourbon County, after levying contributions on the inhabitants. The Confederate Morgan reached Paris and Cynthiana, both of which places he occupied, levying large contributions on its unfortunate inhabitants. Our artist reported that it was a most animated and interesting sight to see the blank dismay of the 'Parisians' when Morgan and his men dismounted and bivouacked in their fine square. Beyond some robberies there were no outrages committed. The Courthouse is a very imposing building, and, standing on the highest spot in the town, is visible for miles around."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Kentucky Raid

"The raid in Kentucky- the Confederate Morgan with his guerillas bivouacking in Courthouse Square, Paris,…

"Confederate rams from Charleston Harbor attacking the Federal blockading squadron, January 31st, 1863. Official report of Rear Admiral Dupont: 'About four o'clock on the morning of the 31st of January, during the obscurity of a thick haze, two ironclad gunboats came out of Charleston by the main ship channel, unperceived by the squadron, and commenced a raid upon the blockading fleet. The <em>Mercedita</em> was the first vessel attacked. Captain Stellwagen had gone to his room for a short time, leaving Lieutenant Commanding Abbott on deck, when one of the ironclads suddenly appeared. Her approach was concealed by the haze and mist of the atmosphere. The vessel was immediately hailed and an order given to fire; but the ironclad being close aboard, and lying low in the water, no guns could be brought to bear. A heavy rifle shell was fired from the enemy, which entered the starboard side of the <em>Mercedita</em>, passed through her condenser, the steam drum of her port boiler, and exploded against her port side, blowing a hole in its exit some four or give feet square, killing the gunner, and, by the escape of steam, a number of the men, and rendering her motive power apparently useless. Unable to use his guns, and being at the mercy of the enemy, which was lying alongside on his starboard quarter, all further resistance was deemed hopeless by Captain Stellwagen, and he surrendered.'"&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Confederate rams

"Confederate rams from Charleston Harbor attacking the Federal blockading squadron, January 31st, 1863.…

"Presentation of colors to the Twentieth United States [African American] Infantry, Colonel Bartram, at the Union League Clubhouse, New York, March 5th, 1864. The Twentieth Regiment, United States [African American] Troops, left Riker's Island at nine o'clock on the 5th of March, 1864, on board the steamer <em>John Romer</em>, and were conveyed to the foot of Twenty-first Street, East River, New York, where they were disembarked and formed in regimental line, and marched to Union Square, arriving in front of the Union League Clubhouse at one o'clock. A vast crowd of citizens, of every shade of color and every phase of social and political life, filled the square and streets, and every door, window, veranda, tree and housetop that commanded a view of the scene was peopled with spectators. Over the entrance of the clubhouse was a large platform, ornamented with flags and filled with ladies. In the street was another platform, tastefully decorated and occupied by prominent citizens. From the stand the colors were presented by President King of Columbia College, who addressed them with warmth and eloquence. After the presentation ceremony was over the men stacked arms and partook of a collation provided for them."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Presentation of Colors

"Presentation of colors to the Twentieth United States [African American] Infantry, Colonel Bartram,…

"The Prison Pen at Millen, Ga., as it appeared previous to the arrival of General Sherman's Army. Our special artist has sketched this Golgotha, and we doubt not it will create in the bosom of our readers the same sentiments of horror which it did in those of the gallant soldiers who viewed with silent rage the scene of their brother soldiers' persecutions and sufferings. Our illustration will prove more eloquent than any description. Here were brave and starved men compelled to burrow like wild beasts, enduring all the pangs of hunger and the insults of their brutal jailers. The stockade was a square of five hundred feet, or an area of nearly fifteen acres. It was among pines, on dry rolling ground, although in a swampy region. The stockade was of pine logs, rising from twelve to fifteen feet above the ground; sentry boxes were placed along the top of the stockade, fifty feet apart, and reached from the outside by ladders. On the eastern part extended a ravine, through which ran a small stream of good water. About three thousand prisoners had been confined here. In this space were their huts, without regularity in arrangement, roofed with loose earth, supported by sticks."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Millen Prison Pen

"The Prison Pen at Millen, Ga., as it appeared previous to the arrival of General Sherman's Army. Our…

"General Hancock, born in Montgomery Square, Montgomery County, Pa., February 14th, 1824; died on Governor's Island, New York Harbor, February 9th, 1886. General Hancock served in the Civil War."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

General Winfield Scott Hancock

"General Hancock, born in Montgomery Square, Montgomery County, Pa., February 14th, 1824; died on Governor's…

A love-bird (one of the genus <em>psittacula</em>), noted for its short, square tail.

Love-bird

A love-bird (one of the genus psittacula), noted for its short, square tail.

A square divided evenly by a dotted line.

Divided Square

A square divided evenly by a dotted line.

A square divided evenly by a dotted line, known as the diagonal.

Divided Square

A square divided evenly by a dotted line, known as the diagonal.

A rectangle divided evenly by a dotted line.

Divided Rectangle

A rectangle divided evenly by a dotted line.

Fort Plain block-house. There is considerable confusion in the accounts concerning Fort Plain, for which there is no necessity. There was a stockade about two miles southwest of Fort Plain, called Fort Clyde, in honor of Colonel Clyde, an officer in the Tryon county militia; and another about the same distance northwest, called Fort Plank, or Blank, from the circumstance that it stood upon land owned by Frederic Blank. The latter and Fort Plain have been confounded. Mr. Stone erroneously considered them as one, and says, in his <em>Life of Brant</em> (ii., 95), "The principal work of defense, then called Fort Plank, and subsequently Fort Plain, was situated upon an elevated plain overlooking the valley, near the site of the village still retaining the name of the fortress." Other writers have regarded the block-house as the fort, when, in fact, it was only a part of the fotifications. The drawing here given is from one published in Stone's Life of Brant, with a description from the Fort Plain Journal of December 26th, 1837. Mr. Lipe considered it a correct view, except the lower story, which, it was his impression, was square instead of octagonal, and had four port-holes for heavy ordinance.

Fort Plain

Fort Plain block-house. There is considerable confusion in the accounts concerning Fort Plain, for which…

Appearance of the chambers. The miners, when they branch off from the main shaft or avenue, leave pillars of coal about eighteen feet square, to support the roof or mass above. These huge pillars were crushed by the great weight upon them, in the accident recorded.

Chambers

Appearance of the chambers. The miners, when they branch off from the main shaft or avenue, leave pillars…

"Faneuil Hall has been denominated 'the cradle of American liberty,' having been the popular gathering-place of the Sons of Liberty during the incipient stages of the Revolution. It was erected in 1742, at the sole expense of Peter Faneuil, Esq., of Boston, and by him generously given to the town-the basement for a market, with a spacious and most beautiful hall, and other convenient rooms above, for public meetings of the citizens. It was burned in 1761, nothing but the brick walls remaining. The town immediately ordered it to be rebuilt. Mr. Faneuil had then been dead several years. The engraving shows it as it appeared during the Revolution. It was enlarged in 1805, by the addition of another story, and an increase of forty feet in its width. The hall is about eighty feet square, and contains some fine paintings of distinguished men. The lower part is no longer used as a market. From the cupola is obtained a fine view of the city and harbor. The original vane still turns upon the pinnacle. It is in the form of a huge grasshopper, an emblem of devouring, and significant of the original occupation of the basement story."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Faneuil Hall

"Faneuil Hall has been denominated 'the cradle of American liberty,' having been the popular gathering-place…

"Clark's House, Lexington. This building was standing when I visited Lexington in 1848. It was built by Thomas Hancock, Esq., of Boston, as a parsonage for his father, the Reverend John Hancock, of Lexington, about 130 years ago. Mr. Hancock was a minister at Lexington fifty-two years, and was succeeded by the Reverend Jonas Clark, the occupant of the house at the time of the skirmish at Lexington. Mr. Clark lived in the house fifty-two years. The room in which the two patriots, Samuel Adams and John Hancock, were sleeping on the night before the skirmish at Lexington, is retained in its original condition. The wainscoting is of Carolina pine, and the sides of the room are covered with a heavy paper, with dark figures, pasted upon the boards in rectangular pieces about fourteen inches square. In an adjoining room is one of those ancient fire-places, ornamented with pictorial tiles, so rarely found in New England."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Clark's House

"Clark's House, Lexington. This building was standing when I visited Lexington in 1848. It was built…

"The New England flag. This is copied from an old Dutch work, preserved in the library of the New York Historical Society, containing pictures of the flags of all nations. In the original, a divided sphere, representing the earth, is in the quarter where I have placed the pine-tree. I have made the alteration in the device, because in the flag raised upon the bastion of the redoubt on Breed's Hill, the pine-tree occupied the place of the sphere, the more ancient device. The question has been unsettled respecting the flag used on that occasion, as contemporary writers are silent on the subject. An intelligent old lady (Mrs. Manning) whom I saw between the Brandywine and Kennet Square, in Pennsylvania, informed me that her father, who was in the battle, assisted in hoisting the standard, and she had heard him speak of it as a 'noble flag.' The ground was blue, and one corner was quartered by the red cross of St. George, in one section of which was the pine-tree. This was the New England flag, as given in the sketch. Doubtless there were many other flags belonging to the several regiments."—Lossing, 1851

New England Flag

"The New England flag. This is copied from an old Dutch work, preserved in the library of the New York…

"Old Tavern in Providence. This view is from the market, looking north. The building stands on the east side of the square and parallel with its front commences North Main Street. In the yard on the right is venerable horse-chestnut tree, standing between the house and the Roger Williams' Bank. In former times, a balcony extended across the front. The door that opend upon it is still there, but the balcony is gone. The roof is completely overgrown with moss, and every appearance of age marks it."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Providence Tavern

"Old Tavern in Providence. This view is from the market, looking north. The building stands on the east…

"Mrs. Falls'. This house, now (1850) owned by Mr. Samuel Moore, is a frame building, and stands on the right side of the New Windsor road, at the southeastern angle of 'The Square.' It is surrounded by locust and large balm-of-Gilead trees. There Major Armstrong wrote the famous <em>Newburgh Addresses</em>, and there those in the secret held their private conferences."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Mrs. Falls'

"Mrs. Falls'. This house, now (1850) owned by Mr. Samuel Moore, is a frame building, and stands on the…

"Friends' meeting-house. This view is from the shed in the yard, looking southeast. The building stands in the center of a large square, if of imported brick, and very spacious. The Quakers were numerous in this vicinity in the time of the Revolution, and a large number of the present inhabitants are members of that sect."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Friends' meeting-house

"Friends' meeting-house. This view is from the shed in the yard, looking southeast. The building stands…

"Mount Vernon. This view is from the lawn in front, looking down the Potomac. The mansion is built of wood, cut so as to resemble stone, like Johnson Hall, at Johnstown, in New York, and is two stories in height. The central part was built by Lawrence Washington, a brother of the chief. The wings were added by the general. Through the center of the building is a spacious passage, level with the portico, and paved with tesselated Italian marble. This hall communicates with three large rooms, and with the main stair-way leading to the second story. The piazza on the eastern or river front is of square paneled pilasters, extending the whole length of the edifice. There is an observatory and cupola in the center of the roof, from whence may be obtained an extensive view of the surrounding country. The Mount Vernon estate was inherited by Lawrence Washington, who named it in honor of Admiral Vernon. He bequeathed it to George, and it passed into his possession on the death of Lawrence, which occurred in the mansion we are now noticing, on the 26th of July, 1752."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Mount Vernon

"Mount Vernon. This view is from the lawn in front, looking down the Potomac. The mansion is built of…

"The Old Magazine. This view is from the square, looking southeast. South of it is a neat frame building, which was occupied by President Tyler before his election to the office of Vice-president of the United States."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Old Magazine

"The Old Magazine. This view is from the square, looking southeast. South of it is a neat frame building,…

"Boone's Fort. This sketch is from a drawing by Colonel Henderson, and published in Collin's <em>Historical Collections of Kentucky</em>, page 417. It was composed of a number of long-houses disposed in the form of an oblong square. Those at each corner, intended particularly for block-houses, were larger and stronger than the others. The length of the fort was about two hundred and fifty feet, and the width about one hundred and fifty feet."—Lossing, 1851

Boone's Fort

"Boone's Fort. This sketch is from a drawing by Colonel Henderson, and published in Collin's Historical…

"Greene and Pulaski monument."—Lossing, 1851

Greene and Pulaski Monument

"Greene and Pulaski monument."—Lossing, 1851

"Washington's Quarters. This is a view of the southwest front of the mansion. The room occupied by Washington is in the second story, opening out upon the piazza. It is about eighteen feet square, and in one corner is a Franklin stove. The situation of the house, upon an aminence an eighth of a mile eastward of the Millstone River, is very pelasant. It is now quite dilapidated; the piazzais unsafe to stand upon."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Washington's Quarters

"Washington's Quarters. This is a view of the southwest front of the mansion. The room occupied by Washington…

"Round, triangular, or square in plan, often elaborately adorned with sculpture, and bearing inscriptions."-Whitney, 1902

Greek Altar

"Round, triangular, or square in plan, often elaborately adorned with sculpture, and bearing inscriptions."-Whitney,…

"Smallish insects, generally of a black color, with the elytra rather shorter than the body, which is usually of a square form." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Four-Spotted Beetle

"Smallish insects, generally of a black color, with the elytra rather shorter than the body, which is…

"A Bark, or Barque, is a three-masted vessel of which the foremast and mainmast are square-rigged, but the mizzenmast has fore-and-aft sails only."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Bark

"A Bark, or Barque, is a three-masted vessel of which the foremast and mainmast are square-rigged, but…

"A Brig, (contracted from brigantine), is a vessel with two masts, square-rigged on both."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Brig

"A Brig, (contracted from brigantine), is a vessel with two masts, square-rigged on both."—(Charles…

Madison Square Garden in New York City.

Madison Square Garden in New York

Madison Square Garden in New York City.

"Showing how a square knot may be tied with a handkerchief." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Square Knot

"Showing how a square knot may be tied with a handkerchief." — Blaisedell, 1904

"Showing how a square knot may be tied with a cord." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Square Knot

"Showing how a square knot may be tied with a cord." — Blaisedell, 1904

An abacus is denoted primarily a square tablet of any description, and was hence employed in the following significations: 1. A table, or side-board, chiefly used for the display of gold and silver cups, and other kinds of caluable and ornamental utensils. The use of abaci was first introduced at Rome from Asia Minor after the victories of Cn. Manlius Vulso, B.C. 187, and their introduction was regarded as one of the marks of the growing luxury of the age; 2. A draught-board or chess-board; 3. A board used by mathematicians for drawing diagrams, and by arithmeticians for the purposes of calculation; 4. In architecture, the flat square stone which constituted the highest member of a column, being placed immediately under te architrave.

Abacus

An abacus is denoted primarily a square tablet of any description, and was hence employed in the following…

"Square pillars, which were commonly joined to the sidewalls of a building, being placed on each side of the door, so as to assist in forming the portico. These terms are seldom found except in the plural; because the purpose served by antae required that they should be erected corresponding to each other, and supporting the extremities of the same roof. The following is a specimen of the temple in antis." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Antae

"Square pillars, which were commonly joined to the sidewalls of a building, being placed on each side…

"Square pillars, which were commonly joined to the sidewalls of a building, being placed on each side of the door, so as to assist in forming the portico. These terms are seldom found except in the plural; because the purpose served by antae required that they should be erected corresponding to each other, and supporting the extremities of the same roof. Their position and form will be best understood from the cut, in which A A are the antae. The temple in antis was one of the simplest kind. It had in front antae attached to the walls which inclosed the calla; and in themiddle, between the antae, two columns supporting the architrave." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Antae

"Square pillars, which were commonly joined to the sidewalls of a building, being placed on each side…

"The yard of a ship. The ships of the ancients had a single mast in the middle, and a square sail, to raise and support which a transverse pole, or yard, was extended across the mast, not far from the top. To the two extremities of the yard, ropes were attached, which passed over the top of the mast, and thus supported the yard: these ropes were called ceruchi. Sometimes the yard had two, and at other times four ceruchi, as in the annexed cut." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Antenna

"The yard of a ship. The ships of the ancients had a single mast in the middle, and a square sail, to…

"The yard of a ship. The ships of the ancients had a single mast in the middle, and a square sail, to raise and support which a transverse pole, or yard, was extended across the mast, not far from the top. To the two extremities of the yard, ropes were attached, which passed over the top of the mast, and thus supported the yard: these ropes were called ceruchi. Sometimes the yard had two, and at other times four ceruchi, as in the annexed cut. When a storm arose, or when the port was obtained, or before an engagement, the antenna was lowered to the middle of the mast. From numerous representations of ships on antique coins, intaglios, lamps, and bas-reliefs, we here select two gems, both of which show the velata antenna, but with the sail reefed to the one, and in the other expanded and swollen with the wind." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Antenna

"The yard of a ship. The ships of the ancients had a single mast in the middle, and a square sail, to…

"The yard of a ship. The ships of the ancients had a single mast in the middle, and a square sail, to raise and support which a transverse pole, or yard, was extended across the mast, not far from the top. To the two extremities of the yard, ropes were attached, which passed over the top of the mast, and thus supported the yard: these ropes were called ceruchi. Sometimes the yard had two, and at other times four ceruchi, as in the annexed cut. When a storm arose, or when the port was obtained, or before an engagement, the antenna was lowered to the middle of the mast. From numerous representations of ships on antique coins, intaglios, lamps, and bas-reliefs, we here select two gems, both of which show the velata antenna, but with the sail reefed to the one, and in the other expanded and swollen with the wind." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Antenna

"The yard of a ship. The ships of the ancients had a single mast in the middle, and a square sail, to…

"An alter. Ara was a general term denoting any structure elevated aove the ground, and used to receive upon it offerings made to the gods. Altare, probably contracted from alta ara, was properly restricted to the larger, higher, and more expensive structures. The two specimens shown here are square." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Ara

"An alter. Ara was a general term denoting any structure elevated aove the ground, and used to receive…

"Rhinoceros Atelodus, with two well-marked species, peculiar to Africa. Incisors rudimentary or wanting, well-developed anterior and posterior horns in close contact; skin without definite permanent folds. R. bicornis, the common two-horned rhinoceros, is the smaller, and has a pointed prehensile lip. It ranges from Abyssinia to Cape Colony, but the progress of civilization and the attacks of sportsmen are rapidly reducing its numbers. Two varieties are said to exist, the square-mouthed, or white rhinoceros, has a square truncated lip, browses on grasses and frequents open country. It is the largest of the family, an adult male standing over six feet at the shoulder."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Rhinoceros Bicornis

"Rhinoceros Atelodus, with two well-marked species, peculiar to Africa. Incisors rudimentary or wanting,…

"A scarf, denoted an article of the amictus, or outer raiment of the Greeks. It was for the most part woollen; and it differed from the himation or cloak, the usual amictus of the male sex, in being smaller, finer, and oblong instead of square, its length being generally about twice its breadth. The scarf does not appear to have been much worn by children. It was generally assumed on reaching adolescence, and was worn by the ephebi from about seventeen to twenty years of age. It was also worn by the military, especially of high rank, over their body armour, and by hunters and travellers, more particularly on horseback. The usual mode of wearing the scarf was to pass one of its shorter sides round the neck, and to fasten it by means of a brooch, either over the breast, in which case it hung down the back, or over the right shoulder, so as to cover the left arm. In the following cut it is worn again in another way." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Chlamys

"A scarf, denoted an article of the amictus, or outer raiment of the Greeks. It was for the most part…

"A pillar or column. The use of the trunks of trees placed upright for supporting buildings, unquestionably led to the adoption of similar supports wrought in stone. As the tree required to be based upon a flat square stone, and to have a stone or tile of similar form fixed on its summit to preserve it from decay, so the column was made with a square base, and was covered with an abacus. Hence the principal parts of which every column consists are three, the base, the shaft, and the capital. In the Doric, which is the oldest style of Greek architecture, we must consider all the columns in the same row as having one common base, whereas in the Ionian and Corinthian each column has a seperate base, called spira. The capitals of these two latter orders show, on comparison with the Doric, a much richer style of ornament; and the character of lightness and elegence is further obtained in them by their more slender shaft, its height being much greater in proportion to its thickness. Of all these circumstances some idea may be formed by the inspection of the three accompanying specimens of pillars. The first on the left hand is Doric, the second Ionic, and the third Corinthian." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Columna

"A pillar or column. The use of the trunks of trees placed upright for supporting buildings, unquestionably…

"The Taj Mahal, or Mehal, ('Gem of Buildings'), is a famous mausoleum, erected at Agra, India, by Shah Jehan for his favorite wife. It is 186 feet square with the corners cut off, and consists of two tiers of arches, with a single-arched porch in the middle of each side, the whole surmounted by a dome 58 feet in diameter and about 210 feet in height, flanked by four octagonal kiosks. The interior is divided into four domed chambers in the corners, and a large central arcaded octagon, all connecting by corridors. The central octagon contains two cenotaphs surrounded by a very noticeable openwork marble rail. The only light admitted enters through the delicately pierced marble screens of the windows. The decoration is especially noticeable for the stone mosaics of flower themes and arabesques, much of them in agate, jasper, and bloodstone. The entire structure stands on a white marble platform 18 feet high and 313 feet square, with tapering cylindrical minarets 133 feet high at the corners."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Taj Mahal

"The Taj Mahal, or Mehal, ('Gem of Buildings'), is a famous mausoleum, erected at Agra, India, by Shah…

"In the time of Trajan, the Arch of titus and the Colossus of Nero (a gilt bronze statue 120 feet high), stood near the site now occupied by the church of S. Francesca Romana. They were removed by Hadrian to make room for the Temple of Venus and Rome, the arch being placed in its present position, and the colossus on the large square pedestal near the Colosseum, of which some remains may be still identified." — Young, 1901

Arch of Titus

"In the time of Trajan, the Arch of titus and the Colossus of Nero (a gilt bronze statue 120 feet high),…

"Altars were either square or round. Specimens of both kinds are here given from ancient sculptures." — Anthon, 1891

Altars

"Altars were either square or round. Specimens of both kinds are here given from ancient sculptures."…

"The <em>palla</em>, as well as the <em>pallium</em> and <em>palliolum</em>, was always a rectangular piece of cloth, exactly, or, at least, nearly square. It was, indeed, used in the very form in which it was taken from the loom, being made entirely by the weaver. Among the Greeks and Romans the most common material for the <em>palla</em> was wool. It was often folded about the body simply with a view to defend it from cold, and without any regard to gracefulness of appearance, as in the following cut, taken from an ancient intaglio." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Palla

"The palla, as well as the pallium and palliolum, was always a rectangular…

"A square used by carpenters, masons, and other artificers to make their work rectangular. It was made by taking three flat wooden rulers of equal thickness, one of them being two feet ten inches long, the others each two feet long, and joining them together by their extremities, so as to assume the form of a right-angled triangle. This method, though only a close approximation, must have been quite sufficient for all common purposes. For the sake of convenience, the longest side, i. e. the hypotenuse of the triangle, was discarded, and the instrument then assumed the form in which it is exhibited, among other tools, on a tomb found at Rome, and which resembles that in modern use. A square of a still more simple fashion made by merely cutting a rectangular piece out of a board is shown on another sepulchral monument and copied in the woodcut which is here introduced." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Norma

"A square used by carpenters, masons, and other artificers to make their work rectangular. It was made…