"Foot of the seal, which opens and closes in the act of natation, the organ being folded upon itself during the non-effective or return stroke, and expanded during the effective or forward stroke. Due advantage is taken of this arrangement by the seal when swimming, the animal rotating on its long axis, so as to present the lower portion of the body and the feet obliquely to the water during the return stroke, and the flat, or the greatest available surface of both, during the effective or forward stroke."—Pettigrew, 1874

Foot of Seal

"Foot of the seal, which opens and closes in the act of natation, the organ being folded upon itself…

This illustration shows the leg of a seal.
P. Pelvis, FE. Femur, TI. Tibia, FI. Fibula, TA. Tarsus, MT. Metatarsus, PH. Phalanges, OC. Os Calcis

Leg of Seal

This illustration shows the leg of a seal. P. Pelvis, FE. Femur, TI. Tibia, FI. Fibula, TA. Tarsus,…

"Showing how the Improvised Three-Handed Seat may be used to carry an Injured Person. The picture also shows how a boy's broken leg may be treated with an improvised apparatus made of pieces of oak bark for splints, padded with graass and held in place by two pocket handkerchiefs." — Blaisedell, 1904

Hand seat

"Showing how the Improvised Three-Handed Seat may be used to carry an Injured Person. The picture also…

"<em>A</em>, simple tubular gland; <em>B</em>, gland with mouth shut and sac formed; <em>C</em> gland with a coiled tube; <em>D</em>, plan of part of a racemose gland." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Secreting glands

"A, simple tubular gland; B, gland with mouth shut and sac formed; C gland…

This illustration shows a section of a human kidney (A, Cortical substance; B, Pyramids; C, Hilum; D, Pelvis; E, Ureter; F, Suprarenal capsule).
Kidneys are excretory organs whose function is to get rid of nitrogenous waste.

Section of Human Kidney

This illustration shows a section of a human kidney (A, Cortical substance; B, Pyramids; C, Hilum; D,…

"In entomology, shaped like the longitudinal half of a barbed arrow-head, or like the barbed end of a fish-hook; accuminate, rectilinear on one side, and spreading to a sharp projection on the other: noting color-marks, especially on the wings of <i>Lepidoptera</i>." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Semisagittate Mark

"In entomology, shaped like the longitudinal half of a barbed arrow-head, or like the barbed end of…

Inside of right valve of clam shell.

Clam Shell

Inside of right valve of clam shell.

Clam in natural position with foot and siphons extended.

Clam Shell

Clam in natural position with foot and siphons extended.

Mechanism for opening and shutting a clam shell, note the internal and external hinge ligament..

Clam Shell

Mechanism for opening and shutting a clam shell, note the internal and external hinge ligament..

Structure of a clam shell.

Clam Shell

Structure of a clam shell.

Parts of a snail shell.

Snail Shell

Parts of a snail shell.

A kind of snail shell; the left-hand shell.

Snail Shell

A kind of snail shell; the left-hand shell.

A kind of snail shell; the flat spiral or discoid shell.

Snail Shell

A kind of snail shell; the flat spiral or discoid shell.

A kind of snail shell; the right -hand shell.

Snail Shell

A kind of snail shell; the right -hand shell.

"The Scapula, or shoulder blade, is one of the two bones, the other being the clavicle, which form the pectoral arch or shoulder girdle." &mdash;Finley, 1917

Shoulder blade

"The Scapula, or shoulder blade, is one of the two bones, the other being the clavicle, which form the…

"Shoulder bones and ligaments. 1. Humerus, 3. Scapula, 4. Tendon of biceps 5. Capsular ligament 6. Acromion 7. Coracoid process 8. Clavicle"&mdash;Finley, 1917

Shoulder bones and ligaments

"Shoulder bones and ligaments. 1. Humerus, 3. Scapula, 4. Tendon of biceps 5. Capsular ligament 6. Acromion…

Common skate (ray). The skates and rays have a broad body, partly due to the merging of the body into the large, horizontally flattened pectoral fins.

Skate

Common skate (ray). The skates and rays have a broad body, partly due to the merging of the body into…

The jaws and teeth of the common skate (ray).

Skate

The jaws and teeth of the common skate (ray).

Mouth and gill slits of the common skate (ray).

Skate

Mouth and gill slits of the common skate (ray).

1. Frontal bone 2. Parietal bone 3. Coronal Suture 4. Squamous portion of Temporal bone 5. Mastoid process of Temporal bone 6. Zygoma 7. Superior Maxillary Bone 8. Inferior Maxillary Bone 9. Tempero-Maxillary Bone 10. Nasal Bone 11. Orbit 12. Cervical Vertebra 13. First Rib 14. Clavicle 15. Manubrium 16. Body of Sternum 17. Ensiform Process of Sternum 18. Shoulder Blade 19. Acromion Process of Scapula 20. Costal Cartilage 21. Seventh Rib 22. Eighth Rib 23. Twelfth Rib 24. Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra 25. Lumbar Vertebra 26. Head of Humerus 27. Humerus 28. Elbow-Joint 29. Radius 30. Ulna 31. Wrist 32. Metacarpal bone 33.Thumb 34. Phalanges of the Finger 35. Sacrum 36. Ilium 37. Crest of the Ilium 38. Pubic Bone 39. Ischium 40. Sacro-Iliac Symphysis 41. Pubic Symphysis 42. Obturator Foramen 43. Head of Femur 44. Neck of Femur 45. Greater trochanter 46. Femur 47 Patella knee-pan 48. Tibia 49. Fibula 50. External Malleolus 51. Internal Malleolus 52. Os Calcis 53. Tarsus 54. Metatarsal Bone 55. Phalanges of Toes

Skeleton

1. Frontal bone 2. Parietal bone 3. Coronal Suture 4. Squamous portion of Temporal bone 5. Mastoid process…

The human skeleton.

Human Skeleton

The human skeleton.

The skeleton of a beaver.(c) cervical region of vertebral column; (d) dorsal region; (b) lumbar region; (s) sacrum; (t) caudal region.

Beaver Skeleton

The skeleton of a beaver.(c) cervical region of vertebral column; (d) dorsal region; (b) lumbar region;…

An illustration of a bird skeleton.

Bird Skeleton

An illustration of a bird skeleton.

Skeleton of the common Perch. (p) one of the pectoral fins; (v) one of the ventral fins; (a) anal fin, (c) caudal fin; (d) first dorsal fin; (d) second dorsal fin; (i i ) interspinous bones.

Fish Skeleton

Skeleton of the common Perch. (p) one of the pectoral fins; (v) one of the ventral fins; (a) anal fin,…

"The human body, like a great building, has a framework which gives the body its shape and provides support for it. This framework is composed of 206 bones. All the bones taken together are called the <em>skeleton</em>." &mdash; Ritchie, 1918

Human skeleton

"The human body, like a great building, has a framework which gives the body its shape and provides…

The skeleton of a man.

Human Skeleton

The skeleton of a man.

"There are in all two hundred and six seperate bones in the adult skelton. The teeth are not bones, but are a part of the skin." — Blaisedell, 1904

Human skeleton

"There are in all two hundred and six seperate bones in the adult skelton. The teeth are not bones,…

"<em>A</em>, outer layer of cuticle; <em>B</em>, deeper layer of cuticle; <em>C</em>, duct of sweat gland; <em>D</em>, true skin; <em>E</em>, sublayer of true skin, with columnar cells. The blood vessels are injected to show black." — Blaisedell, 1904

Cross-Section of the Skin

"A, outer layer of cuticle; B, deeper layer of cuticle; C, duct of sweat…

"A Layer of the Outer Skin from the Palm of the Hand. Detached by maceration." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Outer skin

"A Layer of the Outer Skin from the Palm of the Hand. Detached by maceration." — Blaisedell, 1904

"A Papilla of the Skin, with a Touch Corpucle. Highly magnified." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Papilla of the skin

"A Papilla of the Skin, with a Touch Corpucle. Highly magnified." — Blaisedell, 1904

"In each papilla are seen vascular loops (dark lines) running up from the vascular network below; the tactile corpuscules (white lines) which supply the papillae are also shown." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Papillae of the skin

"In each papilla are seen vascular loops (dark lines) running up from the vascular network below; the…

"A block out of the skin. a, dead part and d live part of the epidermis; e, sweat glands; n, nerve endings." &mdash;Davison, 1910

Section of skin

"A block out of the skin. a, dead part and d live part of the epidermis; e, sweat glands; n, nerve endings."…

Adult skull, side view.

Adult skull

Adult skull, side view.

Front view of an adult skull.

Adult skull

Front view of an adult skull.

A bottom view of an adult human skull.

Adult skull

A bottom view of an adult human skull.

A top down view of a human skull.

Adult skull

A top down view of a human skull.

"A, Palate process of upper jawbone; B, zygoma, forming zygomatic arch; C, condyle, for forming articulation with atlas; D, foramen magnum; E, occipital bone" &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Base of skull

"A, Palate process of upper jawbone; B, zygoma, forming zygomatic arch; C, condyle, for forming articulation…

"Showing how the Bones of the Skull may be artificially deformed by "head-binding." From the photograph of a "triangular" skull found in an Indian grave in Ancon, Peru." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Deformed skull

"Showing how the Bones of the Skull may be artificially deformed by "head-binding." From the photograph…

"A, frontal bone; B, parietal bone; C, temporal bone; D, sphenoid bone; E, malar bone; F, upper jawbone; G, lower jawbone" &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Human skull

"A, frontal bone; B, parietal bone; C, temporal bone; D, sphenoid bone; E, malar bone; F, upper jawbone;…

A side view of the human skull at birth.

Infant skull

A side view of the human skull at birth.

A top down view of the human skull at birth.

Infant skull

A top down view of the human skull at birth.

An illustration of the skull of a megalosaurus. Megalosaurus is a genus of large meat-eating theropod dinosaurs of the Middle Jurassic period (Bathonian) of Europe (Southern England, France, Portugal). It is significant as the first genus of dinosaur (outside of birds) to be described and named.

Megalosaurus Skull

An illustration of the skull of a megalosaurus. Megalosaurus is a genus of large meat-eating theropod…

"The Top of the Skull, showing the Sutures." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Top of skull

"The Top of the Skull, showing the Sutures." — Blaisedell, 1904

"<em>A, B,</em> glands seen in vertical section with their orifices at <em>C</em> opening upon the membrane between the villi; <em>D</em>, villus." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Glands and villi of the small intestine

"A, B, glands seen in vertical section with their orifices at C opening upon the membrane…

"Piece of small intestine cut open to show wrinkling of inner coat bearing villi." &mdash;Davison, 1910

Piece of small intestine

"Piece of small intestine cut open to show wrinkling of inner coat bearing villi." —Davison, 1910

"In the figure on the left are seen the artery and vein of a villus. In the right figure are represented the central lacteal of the villus, with the plexus of lymph vessels at the base. The mucous, submucuous, muscular, and serous coats are indicated at the base of the right-hand figure.  The epithelium of each villus is well shown." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Transverse section of the small intestine

"In the figure on the left are seen the artery and vein of a villus. In the right figure are represented…

"Anatomy of the Snail: a, the mouth; bb, foot; c, anus; dd, lung; e, stomach, covered above by the salivary glands; ff, intestine; g, liver; h, heart; i, aorta; j, gastric artery; l, hepatic artery; k, artery of the foot; mm, abdominal cavity, supplying the place of a cenous sinus; nn, irregular canal in communication with the abdominal cavaty, and carrying the blood to the lung; oo, vessel carrying the blood from the lung to the heart." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Snail Anatomy

"Anatomy of the Snail: a, the mouth; bb, foot; c, anus; dd, lung; e, stomach, covered above by the salivary…

In this species of pond snail, the aperture of the shell is not closed by an operculum.

Pond Snail

In this species of pond snail, the aperture of the shell is not closed by an operculum.

In this species of pond snail, the aperture of the shell is closed by an operculum.

Pond Snail

In this species of pond snail, the aperture of the shell is closed by an operculum.

In this species of pond snail, the aperture of the shell is closed by an operculum.

Pond Snail

In this species of pond snail, the aperture of the shell is closed by an operculum.

Structure of internal anatomy of a snake.

Snake

Structure of internal anatomy of a snake.

"The <em>spine</em> or backbone, serves as a support for the whole body. It is made up of a number of seperate bones called vertebrae, between which are placed elastic pads, or cushions, of cartilage." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Spinal column

"The spine or backbone, serves as a support for the whole body. It is made up of a number of…

"Diagrammatic section of spinal cord in cervical region."—Finley, 1917

Section of a Spinal Cord

"Diagrammatic section of spinal cord in cervical region."—Finley, 1917

"The spine, sawn in two lengthwise, showing the spinal canal and the holes between the vertebrae, where nerves and blood-vessels pass out." &mdash; Tracy, 1888

Spine

"The spine, sawn in two lengthwise, showing the spinal canal and the holes between the vertebrae, where…

"Showing how a pillow, an inside coat, a "sweater", or a blanket may be used as a temporary splint on a broken leg." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Temporary splint

"Showing how a pillow, an inside coat, a "sweater", or a blanket may be used as a temporary splint on…

"<em>A</em>, cardiac end; <em>B</em>, pyloric end." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Stomach

"A, cardiac end; B, pyloric end." — Blaisedell, 1904

"The stomach is a half-gallon sac, with an outer wall of muscle lined within by mucous membrane, made largely of gastric glands of which there are more than a million. These glands, each consisting of a tube with several branches, give out daily three quarts of gastric juice to dissolve the lean meat and other like foods." &mdash;Davison, 1910

Stomach

"The stomach is a half-gallon sac, with an outer wall of muscle lined within by mucous membrane, made…

"A tiny block out of the stomach wall. a, the mucous membrane; c and d, the muscles; h, gastric glands; m and n, blood tubes to the glands; e, mouths of glands within the stomach." —Davison, 1910

Cross-Section of Stomach Wall

"A tiny block out of the stomach wall. a, the mucous membrane; c and d, the muscles; h, gastric glands;…

"A Portion of a Striped Muscular Fiber. Highly magnified. A, fiber separating into disks; B, fibrillae; C, cross-section of a disk." — Blaisedell, 1904

Striped Muscular Fiber

"A Portion of a Striped Muscular Fiber. Highly magnified. A, fiber separating into disks; B, fibrillae;…

"A Portion of Striped Muscular Fiber, showing Stripes and Nuclei. Highly magnified." — Blaisedell, 1904

Striped Muscular Fiber

"A Portion of Striped Muscular Fiber, showing Stripes and Nuclei. Highly magnified." — Blaisedell,…