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Leaves - simple; alternate; edge lobed (edge of the lobes mostly entire, but oftenest with a few teeth toward the end). Outline - reverse egg-shape or oval. Base - usually rounded. Ends of the lobes and of the few teeth, sharp and bristle-pointed, especially when young. Leaf - five to eight inches long; three to five inches wide; very variable. The two types, a and b, are often found on the same tree; b is a variation toward the leaf of the Scarlet Oak. The upper surface is roughish, becoming smoother when mature; the undersurface, rusty-downy until mid-summer, when the down mostly disappears, except from the angles of the ribs. Bark - of trunk, blackish and deeply and roughly furrowed, with an inner bark that is very thick and yellow and bitter. Acorns - variable; usually small; on short stems. Cups - thick; somewhat top-shaped; scales distinct and rather large. . Nut - one half to two thirds of an inch long; rounded; nearly one third covered by the cup. Kernel, bright yellow or orange and bitter. October. Found - from Southern Maine southward and westward. Very common, especially in the Atlantic forests. General Information - A tree fifty to a hundred feet high, with wood that is inferior to that of the White Oak. The yellow inner bark (quercitron of the shops) is a valuable dye, and is rich in tannin. Late in the autumn the leaves turn to a rich yellowish-brown or russet. It is very probable that the "Black Oak" and the "Scarlet Oak" ought to be considered as one, and described, not as species and variety, but as slightly different forms of the single species Q. coccinea. Though the most distinctive leaves of the "Black Oak" are easily recognized, often others are so nearly like those of the "Scarlet Oak" that it is not easy to distinguish between then; and the same is true of the fruit and the bark. Michaux f. says: "The only constant difference between the acorns of the Scarlet Oak and the Black Oak is in the kernel, which is white in the Scarlet Oak and yellow in the Black Oak." The Gray Oak (Q. c., ambigua, Gray) is a variety sometimes found along the northeastern boundary of the States (as far as Lake Champlain) and northward. It combines the foliage of the Red Oak with the acorn of the Scarlet Oak. Quercus, possible from a Celtic word meaning to inquire, because it was among the oaks that the Druids oftenest practised their rites.

Genus Quercus, L. (Oak)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge lobed (edge of the lobes mostly entire, but oftenest with a few teeth…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness; arranged singly and thickly all around the branchlets. Leaf - needle-shape, five twelfths to two thirds of an inch long, four-sided, mostly straight, stiff, and sharp; dark green. Cones - three fourths to one and one half inches long, drooping at the ends of the branchlets; broad oval; dark purple when young, becoming reddish-brown as they ripen. Scales - long reverse egg-shape, thin, with a wavy or toothed edge toward their apex. Found - along the Alleghany Mountains from the high peaks of North Carolina to Pennsylvania, through the Northern States, and General Information - An evergreen tree thirty to sixty feet high, with straight, tapering trunk. The wood is light and straight-grained and is used for lumber, for the masts and spars of ships, in building, etc. From its twigs is prepared the "essence of spruce."

Genus Picea, Link. (Spruce)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness; arranged singly and thickly all…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and unequally toothed (sometimes with quite deep and sharp cuts, almost forming small lobes. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape Apex - slightly pointed Base - tapering in a hollow curve and along the sides of the leaf-stem to a point Leaf/Stem - bordered by the leaf, to its base Leaf - about three to five inches long, one and a half to three inches wide; upper surface smoothish, and furrowed above the ribs; under surface downy at least when young; rather thick; permanently downy on the ribs. Thorns - one to two inches long Bark - of trunk, smooth and gray. New twigs, light greenish-brown Flowers - often one inch across; white eight to twelve in a cluster; at the ends of the branches; fragrant. May, June. Fruit - about one half inch in diameter, round or pear-shaped; orange-red or crimson; edible. October. Found - through the Atlantic forests to Western Florida, and from Eastern Texas far westward. Common. General Information - A thickly branching tree (or often a shrub) eight to twenty feet high; the most widely distributed of the American Thorns. It varies greatly in size, and in the style of its fruit and leaves. From a Greek word meaning strength.

Genus Crataegus, L. (Thorn)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge sharply and unequally toothed (sometimes with quite deep and sharp…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, thirteen to twenty-one); alternate; edge of leaflets sharp-toothed. Outline of leaflet - long egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded or slightly heart-shaped, and one-sided. Leaf/Stem - slightly downy. Leaflet/Stem - very short. Leaf - twelve inches long, or more. Leaflets - about two to four inches long; the lower pairs shortest; slightly downy beneath. Bark - blackish and thick. Fruit - about two inches in diameter; rounded; the husk greenish-yellow when ripe, roughly dotted, spongy, decaying without splitting into sections; the nut dark, and deeply and roughly furrowed. October. Found - from Western Massachusetts westward and southward. Its finest growth is west of the Alleghany Mountains. Eastward it is now everywhere scarce.. General Information - A tree thirty to sixty feet high, or often much higher. Its rich, dark-brown heart-wood is of great value, and has been more widely used in cabinet-work, for interior finish, and for gun-stocks than the wood of any other North American tree. Juglans, from two Latin words meaning nut of Jupiter.

Genus Juglans, L. (Walnut)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, thirteen to twenty-one); alternate; edge of leaflets sharp-toothed.…

Also known as Salix nigra. The branch of a Black Willow tree, native to eastern North America.

Branch of Black Willow

Also known as Salix nigra. The branch of a Black Willow tree, native to eastern North America.

Leaves - simple; alternate; finely and sharply toothed. Outline - long and narrow. Apex - long, taper-pointed. Base - pointed or slightly rounded. Leaf/Stem - short and woolly. Leaf - one and a half to four inches long; commonest length about two inches; downy when young, becoming smooth excepting on the upper side of the mid-rib, which is usually woolly. Bark - of trunk, dark and rough; branches very brittle at the base and yellowish; twigs tough and purplish or yellow. Found - in Southern New Brunswick and Ontario, and from Northern Vermont southward. Common on low ground, especially in New York and Pennsylvania. General Information - A small tree, fifteen to twenty feet high; quite variable in the style of its foliage; the latest to flower, in May.

Genus Salix, L. (Willow)

Leaves - simple; alternate; finely and sharply toothed. Outline - long and narrow. Apex - long, taper-pointed.…

Also known as Quercus marilandica. The branch of a Blackjack Oak, native to the southern and central United States.

Branch of Blackjack Oak

Also known as Quercus marilandica. The branch of a Blackjack Oak, native to the southern and central…

The expanded portion of a leaf.

Blade

The expanded portion of a leaf.

Also known as Quercus douglasii. The branch of a Blue Oak tree, native to California.

Branch of Blue Oak

Also known as Quercus douglasii. The branch of a Blue Oak tree, native to California.

Leaves long petioled; flowers inconspicuous.

Boehmeria

Leaves long petioled; flowers inconspicuous.

Leaves long petioled; flowers minute, in sessile clusters on branch.

Boehmeria

Leaves long petioled; flowers minute, in sessile clusters on branch.

Also known as Salix bonplandiana. The branch of a Bonpland Willow, native to southern and southwest Mexico.

Branch of Bonpland Willow

Also known as Salix bonplandiana. The branch of a Bonpland Willow, native to southern and southwest…

An illustration of a full page border with simple leaves.

Leaf Border

An illustration of a full page border with simple leaves.

This scent bottle is made out of silver in a floral and leaf design. Used to store perfume, its shape is wide at the bottom and narrow and elongated at the neck with a small cover.

Scent Bottle

This scent bottle is made out of silver in a floral and leaf design. Used to store perfume, its shape…

"The flowers are large, of a most brilliant crimson color, and produced in the greatest profusion, if planted in pots, or better still, in small earthen hanging baskets, say about six bulbs in a six-inch basket."—Heinrich, 1887

Oxalis Boweii

"The flowers are large, of a most brilliant crimson color, and produced in the greatest profusion, if…

The leaf of Common Box (Buxus sempervirens) showing emarginations.

Common Box

The leaf of Common Box (Buxus sempervirens) showing emarginations.

This bracelet is designed in a swirling ribbon and leaf design all around. It is made of emeralds, and diamonds.

Bracelet

This bracelet is designed in a swirling ribbon and leaf design all around. It is made of emeralds, and…

A modified leaf usually subtending a flower or flowers.

Bract

A modified leaf usually subtending a flower or flowers.

The Laurel Intarsia Panel Branch is inlayed wood that was found in the Palazzo Ducal, Mantua, Italy.

Laurel Intarsia Panel Branch

The Laurel Intarsia Panel Branch is inlayed wood that was found in the Palazzo Ducal, Mantua, Italy.

The Laurel Spanrail Branch is a Louis XVI style.

Laurel Spanrail Branch

The Laurel Spanrail Branch is a Louis XVI style.

The Laural branches design was used on Greek vases and in conventional painting.

Laurel Branches

The Laural branches design was used on Greek vases and in conventional painting.

The Laural branches design was used on Greek vases and in conventional painting.

Laurel Branches

The Laural branches design was used on Greek vases and in conventional painting.

The Laurel branches were found in a the silver treasure of Hildesheim, Rome.

Laurel Branches

The Laurel branches were found in a the silver treasure of Hildesheim, Rome.

Leaves elliptic, the petiole ad under surface coated with a thick jelly-like material.

Brasenia

Leaves elliptic, the petiole ad under surface coated with a thick jelly-like material.

A stout plant with grey scales. The fronds range between 1 and 2 feet, and approximately 1 foot in width. They are commonly found in Brazil.

Polypodium Brasiliense

A stout plant with grey scales. The fronds range between 1 and 2 feet, and approximately 1 foot in width.…

"D. Brasiliensis is exceedingly handsome for the center of a vase or stand, forming a beautiful object, with its fine, broad, recurving foliage."—Heinrich, 1887

Dracaena Brasiliensis

"D. Brasiliensis is exceedingly handsome for the center of a vase or stand, forming a beautiful object,…

Leaves alternate, not prominently toothed, subcordate at the base.

Breweria

Leaves alternate, not prominently toothed, subcordate at the base.

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American. The golden-rods are erect plants, little branched, and often somewhat woody at the base. The foliage is various, usually somewhat lanceolate in shape, and sometimes conspicuously veined. The tiny heads have one series of white or yellow ray-flowers, and are gathered into various forms of inflorescence, often of a massive character; they appear in late summer and early autumn. Although of no commercial value (except as forage for sheep) the golden-rods are conspicuous for their bright color, especially as they are apt to grow in huge colonies in fields and along roadsides.

British Golden-rod

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American.…

"Leaf-shaped bronze sword." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Bronze Sword

"Leaf-shaped bronze sword." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

This brooch is made of pink pearls and diamonds, in a flower and leaf design.

Brooch

This brooch is made of pink pearls and diamonds, in a flower and leaf design.

"L. Brownii has been considered by some a very difficult species to grow, whereas the whole secret of success is in getting healthy bulbs, which seldom arrive in good condition, as they are very sensitive to rough handling and to being kept long out of the ground."—Heinrich, 1887

Lilium Brownii

"L. Brownii has been considered by some a very difficult species to grow, whereas the whole secret of…

"Coiling of a tendril of bryony." -Bergen, 1896

Bryony

"Coiling of a tendril of bryony." -Bergen, 1896

Also known as Rhamnus cathartica. It is a deciduous shrub with grey-brown bark and spiny branches. The leaves are ovate and acutely serrated. The height of this plant reaches between 5 feet and 10 feet.

Buckthorn

Also known as Rhamnus cathartica. It is a deciduous shrub with grey-brown bark and spiny branches. The…

"Transverse section of a bud, in which the leaves are arranged in an accumbent manner." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Bud

"Transverse section of a bud, in which the leaves are arranged in an accumbent manner." — Encyclopedia…

"Transverse section of a bud, in which the leaves are arranged in an equitant manner." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Bud

"Transverse section of a bud, in which the leaves are arranged in an equitant manner." — Encyclopedia…

"Transverse section of a bud, showing two leaves folded in an obvolute manner. Each is conduplicate, and one embraces the edge of the other." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Bud

"Transverse section of a bud, showing two leaves folded in an obvolute manner. Each is conduplicate,…

"Transverse section of a bud, showing two leaves arranged in a supervolute manner." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Bud

"Transverse section of a bud, showing two leaves arranged in a supervolute manner." — Encyclopedia…

Also known as Quercus macrocarpa. The branch of the Bur Oak tree, native to North America.

Branch of Bur Oak

Also known as Quercus macrocarpa. The branch of the Bur Oak tree, native to North America.

Leaves - simple; alternate; lobed (the edge of the lobes entire, or of the larger ones sometimes wavy). Outline - reverse egg-shape. Apex - of the lobes, rounded. Base - wedge-shape. Leaf - six to fifteen inches long (the longest of the oak-leaves); smooth above, downy beneath; the lobes usually long and rather irregular, the middle ones longest and often extending nearly to the middle rib. Bark - of the young branches always marked with corky wings or ridges. Acorns - large, with short stems. Cup - two thirds to two inches across, roughly covered with pointed scales, and heavily fringed around the nut. Nut - very large (one to one and a half inches long); broad egg-shape; one half to two thirds or often wholly enclosed by the cup. Found - along the coast of Maine southward as far as the Penobscot, in Western New England, in Western New York, in Pennsylvania, and thence westward to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, and from Central Nebraska and Kansas southwest to the Indian Territory and Texas. It is found farther west and northwest than any other oak of the Atlantic forests. In the prairie region it forms a principal growth of the "Oak Openings." General Information - One of the most valuable and widely distributed oaks in North America, growing sixty to eighty feet in height, or more, with hard, tough wood resembling that of the White Oak. "The most interesting thing about this tree, perhaps is its power, quite unknown in the other White Oaks, of adapting itself to very different climatic conditions, which enables it to live in the humid climate of Maine and Vermont, to flourish in the somewhat drier climate of the Mississippi Valley, and to exist (still farther west) in the driest and most exposed region in habited by any of the Eastern America Oaks." - Sargent. Q. m. olivaformis is a variety found only in a few districts (near Albany and in Pennsylvania), having narrower and rather more deeply lobed leaves. Quercus, possible from a Celtic word meaning to inquire, because it was among the oaks that the Druids oftenest practised their rites.

Genus Quercus, L. (Oak)

Leaves - simple; alternate; lobed (the edge of the lobes entire, or of the larger ones sometimes wavy).…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, fifteen to seventeen); alternate; edge of leaflets sharp-toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long egg-shaped or long oval. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded. Leaf/Stem - downy and sticky. Leaf - twelve to twenty inches long. Leaflet - three inches or more in length; downy, especially beneath. Bark - of the branches, light gray and smoothish. Twigs - as well as leaf-stems and fruit, very sticky. Fruit - long (two to three inches), pointed. Husk - very sticky; green at first; brown when ripe, becoming very dark; not splitting in sections. Nut - deeply and roughly furrowed and sharp-ridged, with a sweet oily kernel. September. Found - in Southern Canada, and common in New England and the Middle and Western States. General Information - A tree twenty to fifty feet high, with a short, stout trunk and very wide-reaching, horizontal branches. The heart-wood is reddish or light brown, not as dark nor as hard as in the Black Walnut. It is used for ornamental cabinet-work and interior finish.

Genus Juglans, L. (Walnut)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, fifteen to seventeen); alternate; edge of leaflets sharp-toothed.…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge variable, either coarse-toothed or somewhat lobed; with the teeth or lobes sharp, and the hollows between them rounded. Outline - rounded. Apex - pointed. Base - more or less heart-shaped, squared, or rounded. Leaf/Stem - downy when young, smoothish when old; and covering the leaf-bud with its swollen base. Leaf - three and a half to eight inches wide, and usually broader than long; downy beneath when young, becoming smooth. Bark - the thin outer bark peels off each year in hard and brittle strips, leaving the branches and parts of the trunk with a mottled, whitish, polished-looking surface. Flowers - small, in compact, round balls (about one inch in diameter) like round buttons, which dry and harden, and cling to the branches by their slender stems (three to four inches long), and swing like little bells during a good part of the winter. Found - from Southern Main, southward and westward, in rich, moist soil, oftenest along streams. Its finest growth is in the bottom lands of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. General Information - The largest of the trees of the Atlantic forests, commonly sixty to eighty feet high; along the western rivers often eighty to one hundred and thirty feet high, sometimes more, with a circumference of forty to fifty feet. A tree in Eaton, N. J., is one of the largest in the Sate. It is eighty-five feel high. At a point eight fee from the ground its circumference is fourteen feet three inches. The largest trunks are usually hollow. The wood is hard and compact, difficult to split and work, of a reddish-brown color within. Its principle use is in the making of tobacco boxes. There is a fine and somewhat noted group of these trees on the grounds of James Know, in Knoxboro, N. Y. In old times they formed a favorite camping place for the Indians in their trading expeditions. They all measure not far from three feet in diameter. The name "sycamore," though a common one, should be dropped - it belongs to another and very different tree. From a Greek word meaning broad, in reference to the breadth of the buttonwood's shade or of its leaf.

Genus Platanus, L. (Buttonwood)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge variable, either coarse-toothed or somewhat lobed; with the teeth or…

"Byrsanthus Brownii. 1. diagram of the flower; 2. section of a flower; 3. section across the ovary; 4. section of a seed." -Lindley, 1853

Byrsanthus

"Byrsanthus Brownii. 1. diagram of the flower; 2. section of a flower; 3. section across the ovary;…

This large cabinet is engraved in ebony and pear tree wood. Its design is elaborate with carved figures at the top, on the panels and the base of the cabinet. It also has fruit and leaf designs throughout.

Large Cabinet

This large cabinet is engraved in ebony and pear tree wood. Its design is elaborate with carved figures…

Submerged leaves opposite; leaflets not toothed.

Cabomba

Submerged leaves opposite; leaflets not toothed.

Also known as Quercus kelloggii. The branch of a California Black Oak, native to western North America.

Branch of California Black Oak

Also known as Quercus kelloggii. The branch of a California Black Oak, native to western North America.

Upper leaves shorter and broader.

Callitriche

Upper leaves shorter and broader.

Plant small, less than 4dm tall; flowers yellow.

Caltha

Plant small, less than 4dm tall; flowers yellow.

The outermost circle of flower parts; made up of sepals.

Calyx

The outermost circle of flower parts; made up of sepals.

The Akanthos Calyx are the leaves and flower of the Akanthos Mollis.

Akanthos Calyx

The Akanthos Calyx are the leaves and flower of the Akanthos Mollis.

A fern with fronds between 12 inches and 20 inches in length, with the width ranging between 4 inches and 8 inches.

Polypodium Vulgare Cambricum

A fern with fronds between 12 inches and 20 inches in length, with the width ranging between 4 inches…

Sepals longer than the calyx tube, reflexed.

Campanula

Sepals longer than the calyx tube, reflexed.

With a cellular-like surface.

Cancellate

With a cellular-like surface.

Leaves large, mostly over 6 cm wide; flowers yellow, very large.

Canna

Leaves large, mostly over 6 cm wide; flowers yellow, very large.

"This is a genus worthy of cultivation in all collections, as its lively flowers are produced in great abundance and at all seasons; many species are now in our collections; and a rich light soil suits all of them best. They are propagated by divisions of the roots or by seeds, which they produce in abundance."—Heinrich, 1887

Cannas

"This is a genus worthy of cultivation in all collections, as its lively flowers are produced in great…

Also known as Quercus chrysolepis. The branch of a Canyon Live Oak tree, native to the southwestern North America.

Branch of Canyon Live Oak

Also known as Quercus chrysolepis. The branch of a Canyon Live Oak tree, native to the southwestern…

Decorated capital from Beverley Cathedral

Capital

Decorated capital from Beverley Cathedral

Early English capital from Lincoln Cathedral.

Capital

Early English capital from Lincoln Cathedral.

Decorated English capital from Beverley Cathedral.

Capital

Decorated English capital from Beverley Cathedral.

Decorated English capital from Beverley Cathedral.

Capital

Decorated English capital from Beverley Cathedral.

Achene enclosed in a sac.

Carex

Achene enclosed in a sac.