ClipArt ETC
This figure reproduces a combination of orthorhombic forms observed on crystals of aluminum orthosilicate, or Andalusite: (a), (b), (c), (m), (l), (n), (r), (p), (s), and (k).

Andalusite

This figure reproduces a combination of orthorhombic forms observed on crystals of aluminum orthosilicate,…

An apparatus showing how to capture pure samples of gases.

Apparatus

An apparatus showing how to capture pure samples of gases.

This figure shows a crystal of basic Zinc Silicate (calamine, hemimorphite) showing hemimorphism.

Calamine, Hemimorphite

This figure shows a crystal of basic Zinc Silicate (calamine, hemimorphite) showing hemimorphism.

Also known as Diopside, this crystal exhibits symbols whose forms are: (c), (b), (a), (m), (o), and (u).

Calcium-Magnesium Metasilicate

Also known as Diopside, this crystal exhibits symbols whose forms are: (c), (b), (a), (m), (o), and…

In the orthorhombic system, tabular crystals of lead carbonite (cerussite), bounded by the forms ∞P∞̆, {010} (b); ∞P, {110} (m); and P, {111} (p), form groups in which both (m) and ∞P3̆, {130} act as twinning planes.

Cerussite

In the orthorhombic system, tabular crystals of lead carbonite (cerussite), bounded by the forms ∞P∞̆,…

"When one volume of hydrogen actually unites with one volume of chlorine, two volumes and not one volume of hydrogen chloride result. the volume of the acid is twice that of the hydrogen. Each of these two volumes must, according to Avagadro's hypothesis, contain four particles of the acid, or eight in all, so that in the eight particles of the acid there must be eight particles of hydrogen and eight particles of chlorine." -Brownlee 1907

Combinational Volume

"When one volume of hydrogen actually unites with one volume of chlorine, two volumes and not one volume…

"If the two wires from a battery be placed in pure water, it will be foud tat practically no current passes...If a small quantity of sulphuric acid is added to the water, the solution is a good conductor. During the passage of current, bubbles form at the ends of the wires: at the positive electrode (anode)...oxygen appear[s]; at the negative electrode (cathode) there is a rapid evolution of hydrogen." -Brownlee 1907

Electrolysis

"If the two wires from a battery be placed in pure water, it will be foud tat practically no current…

In some cases, the elongation of a crystal may be in the direction of the orthogonal axis, whose position is determined by the plane of symmetry. This crystal of the silicate mineral, Epidote, shows an example of this.

Elongation in the Direction of the Orthogonal Axis

In some cases, the elongation of a crystal may be in the direction of the orthogonal axis, whose position…

This illustration shows the first stage in the manufacturing of glue. The material used for making the glue (either animal bone or hide) is soaked in a milk of lime (or in some cases, Hydrochloric or Sulfurous acid) to purify and loosen particles.

First Stage in Glue Manufacturing

This illustration shows the first stage in the manufacturing of glue. The material used for making the…

"If it be required to separate the helium which is often found in the gases given off by a thermal spring, they are subjected to the action of charcoal cooled with liquid air. The result is the absoption of the less volatile constituents, i.e., all except hydrogen and helium. The gaseous residue, with the additon of oxygen is then sparked, and the water thus formed is removed together with the excess oxygen to leave only helium." —The Encyclopedia Britannica 1910

Apparatus Used to Seperate Volatile Gases

"If it be required to separate the helium which is often found in the gases given off by a thermal spring,…

This illustration shows the gills (breathing apparatus) of a perch, as well as the specific veins and arteries running along the branchial arch.

Gills (Branchial Arch of Perch)

This illustration shows the gills (breathing apparatus) of a perch, as well as the specific veins and…

This illustration shows the thorax of a crayfish with a portion of the carapace removed to show the gills.

Gills (Crayfish)

This illustration shows the thorax of a crayfish with a portion of the carapace removed to show the…

This figure shows hemimorphism in the direction of the axis of symmetry on a crystal of Pentacid Alcohol (C_6_H_12_O_5_). The forms on this crystal are (c), (p), (r), and (q).

Hemimorphism in the Direction of the Axis of Symmetry

This figure shows hemimorphism in the direction of the axis of symmetry on a crystal of Pentacid Alcohol…

Hemimorphism in the direction of the vertical axis has been observed on crystals of the tetragonal salt, Iodosuccinimide (C_4_H_4_O_2_NI, pictured). Its forms are (p), terminated at one end by (o) and (n), and at the other by (o) only.

Hemimorphism in the Direction of the Vertical Axis

Hemimorphism in the direction of the vertical axis has been observed on crystals of the tetragonal salt,…

This illustration shows a test to show the proportions of weight between hydrogen and oxygen.

Hydrogen Weight

This illustration shows a test to show the proportions of weight between hydrogen and oxygen.

This figure reproduces a crystal of Hydrous Copper Sulphate whose forms are (c), (a), (b), (n), (m), (l), and (s).

Hydrous Copper Sulphate

This figure reproduces a crystal of Hydrous Copper Sulphate whose forms are (c), (a), (b), (n), (m),…

This figure exhibits a combination occurring on the ferro-magnesian meta-silicate, Hypersthene. Forms: (a), (b), (m), (n), (h), (o), (c), (i), and (u).

Hypersthene

This figure exhibits a combination occurring on the ferro-magnesian meta-silicate, Hypersthene. Forms:…

This illustration shows the proportions of volume in which hydrogen and oxygen combine by introducing the two gases into a tube, filled with mercury and inverted within a cylinder of mercury.

Mercury Tube

This illustration shows the proportions of volume in which hydrogen and oxygen combine by introducing…

This figure shows a crystal of Orthoclase, exhibiting forms (M), (P), (T), (x), (y), (o), and (n).

Orthoclase

This figure shows a crystal of Orthoclase, exhibiting forms (M), (P), (T), (x), (y), (o), and (n).

"A small cylinder of lime is heated to intense luminosity in the flame of a spirit lamp through which a jet of oxygen plays." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Oxy-calcium Lamp

"A small cylinder of lime is heated to intense luminosity in the flame of a spirit lamp through which…

This illustration shows oxygen escaping leaves when they are placed in water and then in sunlight.

Oxygen Release

This illustration shows oxygen escaping leaves when they are placed in water and then in sunlight.

This is a crystal of Polianite, also known as Manganese Dioxide.

Polianite

This is a crystal of Polianite, also known as Manganese Dioxide.

This illustration shows the transition from potassium chlorate to potassium chloride and oxygen.

Potassium Chlorate

This illustration shows the transition from potassium chlorate to potassium chloride and oxygen.

Apparatus used for collecting the oxygen relased when potassium chlorate is heated in the test tube.

Preparation of Oxygen

Apparatus used for collecting the oxygen relased when potassium chlorate is heated in the test tube.

Discoverer of oxygen gas.

Joseph Priestley

Discoverer of oxygen gas.

"Configuration used to wash out a radiometer using oxygen. A, bulb containing perchlorate of potash; B, charcol; C, radiometer; D, outlet; E, used for examing the gas given off." —The Encyclopedia Britannica 1910

Washing Out a Radiometer

"Configuration used to wash out a radiometer using oxygen. A, bulb containing perchlorate of potash;…

Furnace used in smelting ore; its' doors can be closed to control the air flow/oxygen.

Reverbatory Furnace

Furnace used in smelting ore; its' doors can be closed to control the air flow/oxygen.

This figure shows a crystal of Rhodonite (manganese meta-silicate), whose forms are: (c), (b), (a), (n), (h), (o), and (s).

Rhodonite

This figure shows a crystal of Rhodonite (manganese meta-silicate), whose forms are: (c), (b), (a),…

An alternate combination of manganese meta-silicate (Rhodonite), showing forms: (c), (b), (a), (n), (h), (o), and (s).

Rhodonite

An alternate combination of manganese meta-silicate (Rhodonite), showing forms: (c), (b), (a), (n),…

The tetragonal rutile grows upon the rhombohedral titanic iron, so that its prism of the second order, ∞ P ∞ (100), coincides with the basal pinacoid of the latter mineral, while its vertical axis has the direction of one of the intermediate lateral axes of the iron ore.

Rutile Growing Upon Titanic Iron

The tetragonal rutile grows upon the rhombohedral titanic iron, so that its prism of the second order,…

Striation of crystal planes may be produced by repeated polysynthetic twinning. This is well illustrated in the case of the triclinic feldspar, Albite. The twinning plane here is the brachypinacoid, and the contact of a large number of fine lamellæ, alternately in twinning position, would evidently produce a striation on the basal plane parallel to the brachydiagonal axis

Striation of Crystal Planes

Striation of crystal planes may be produced by repeated polysynthetic twinning. This is well illustrated…