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"View from above of the Atlas, the first cervical vertebra."—Finley, 1917

Atlas

"View from above of the Atlas, the first cervical vertebra."—Finley, 1917

The atlas, which is the first cervical vertebra. Labels: Aa, body of atlas, D, odontoid process of axis; Fas, facet on upper side of atlas with which the skull articulates; L, transverse ligament; Frt, vertebral foramen.

The Atlas (1st Cervical Vertebra)

The atlas, which is the first cervical vertebra. Labels: Aa, body of atlas, D, odontoid process of axis;…

The axis, which is the second cervical vertebra. Labels: D, odontoid process of axis; Fas, facet on upper side of atlas with which the skull articulates; Frt, vertebral foramen.

The Axis (2nd Cervical Vertebra)

The axis, which is the second cervical vertebra. Labels: D, odontoid process of axis; Fas, facet on…

Diagrammatic representation of a segment of the axial skeleton V, a vertebra; C, Cv, ribs articulating above with the body and transverse process of the vertebra; S, the breastbone. The lighter-shaded part between S and C is the costal cartilage.

Segment of the Axial Skeleton

Diagrammatic representation of a segment of the axial skeleton V, a vertebra; C, Cv, ribs articulating…

"Side view of the axis, the second cervical vertebra."—Finley, 1917

Axis

"Side view of the axis, the second cervical vertebra."—Finley, 1917

The bone of the middle line of the back.

Backbone

The bone of the middle line of the back.

A cervical vertebra of the spine, inferior surface. Labels: 1, spinous process, slightly bifid; 4, transverse process; 5, articular process, inferior surface. Below the arch, or hollow portion, is seen the solid portion, or body.

Human Cervical Vertebra Bone

A cervical vertebra of the spine, inferior surface. Labels: 1, spinous process, slightly bifid; 4, transverse…

The coccyx.

The Coccyx

The coccyx.

"Segment of Endoskeleton from Thoracic Region of Crocodile. C, centrum of a vertebra, over which rises the neural arch, inclosing the neural canal and ending in NS, the neural spine; Z, prezygapophysis; Z', postzygapophysis; Tt, transverse process which articulates with t, tubercle of a rib; Cpt, that which articulates with Cp, capitulum of a rib; Vr, ossified vertebral rib, or pleurapophysis; Vr', cartilaginous part of same; Str, sternal rib, or hemapophysis; St, segment of sternum; Pu, uncinate process of a rib or epipleura. From Cpt to St, on either side, is the hemal arch." -Whitney, 1911

Crocodile Thoracic Region

"Segment of Endoskeleton from Thoracic Region of Crocodile. C, centrum of a vertebra, over which rises…

"Dissected fish. a, air bladder; b, urinary bladder; b, urinary bladder; br, brain; c, spinal cord; d and da, dorsal fins; dv, anal fin; e, body of the vertebra; g, gills receiving the blood from the ventral aorta leading out of the heart h; i, intestine; k, kidney; l, liver; m, spines of the vertebra; n, auricle of the heart; ov, ovary; ovd, oviduct; st, stomach; sp, spleen; u, ureter." —Davison, 1906

Dissected Fish

"Dissected fish. a, air bladder; b, urinary bladder; b, urinary bladder; br, brain; c, spinal cord;…

Side view of the dorsal vertebra.

Dorsal vertebra

Side view of the dorsal vertebra.

The eleventh and twelfth ribs have each a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size; they have no neck or tuberosity, and are pointed at the extremity.

Eleventh Rib

The eleventh and twelfth ribs have each a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large…

The first rib is the shortest and the most curved of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. The head is of small size, rounded, and presents only a single articular facet for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra.

First Rib

The first rib is the shortest and the most curved of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces…

The last lumbar vertebra and the sacrum seen from the ventral side.

Lumbar and Sacrum of Spine

The last lumbar vertebra and the sacrum seen from the ventral side.

This is a diagram of a trunk vertebra in a mammal. c, centrum; ch., position originally occupied by the notochord; h., head of the rib; h.c., haemal cavity; n.a., neural arch; n.c., neural canal; n.s., neural spine; r., rib; st., sternum; s.c., sternal cartilage uniting ribs and sternum; t.p., transverse process of vertebra; tu., tuberole of rib.

Mammal Vertebrae

This is a diagram of a trunk vertebra in a mammal. c, centrum; ch., position originally occupied by…

"The vertebre of serpents are so formed as to admit a great pliancy of the body, which is capable of being coiled up, with the head in the center of the coil, and some serpents have the power of throwing themselves to some distance from this coiled position." — Chambers, 1881

Rattlesnake Skeleton

"The vertebre of serpents are so formed as to admit a great pliancy of the body, which is capable of…

The second rib is much longer than the first, but bears a very considerable resemblance to it in the direction of its curvature. The nonarticular portionof the tuberosity is occasionally only slightly marked.

Second Rib

The second rib is much longer than the first, but bears a very considerable resemblance to it in the…

"The prey of a serpent is oven thicker than the serpent itself, and to admit of its being swallowed, the throat and body are very dilatable. The bones of the head are adapted to the necessity of a great expansion of the mouth and dilation of the throat." — Chambers, 1881

Serpent Head

"The prey of a serpent is oven thicker than the serpent itself, and to admit of its being swallowed,…

"Lateral view of caudal vertebra of Basking Shark (Selache mazima). a, centrum; b, neurapophysis; c, intercrural cartilage; d, hemapophysis; e, spinal canal; f, intervertebal cavity; g, central canal for persistent portion of notochord; h, hemal canals for blood-vessels." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Shark Vertebra

"Lateral view of caudal vertebra of Basking Shark (Selache mazima). a, centrum; b, neurapophysis; c,…

"Longitudinal section of caudal vertebra of Basking Shark (Selache mazima). a, centrum; b, neurapophysis; c, intercrural cartilage; d, hemapophysis; e, spinal canal; f, intervertebal cavity; g, central canal for persistent portion of notochord; h, hemal canals for blood-vessels." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Shark Vertebra

"Longitudinal section of caudal vertebra of Basking Shark (Selache mazima). a, centrum; b, neurapophysis;…

"Transverse section of caudal vertebra of Basking Shark (Selache mazima). a, centrum; b, neurapophysis; c, intercrural cartilage; d, hemapophysis; e, spinal canal; f, intervertebal cavity; g, central canal for persistent portion of notochord; h, hemal canals for blood-vessels." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Shark Vertebra

"Transverse section of caudal vertebra of Basking Shark (Selache mazima). a, centrum; b, neurapophysis;…

The skeleton of a beaver.(c) cervical region of vertebral column; (d) dorsal region; (b) lumbar region; (s) sacrum; (t) caudal region.

Beaver Skeleton

The skeleton of a beaver.(c) cervical region of vertebral column; (d) dorsal region; (b) lumbar region;…

The conus and medullaris and the filum terminale exposed within the spinal canal.

Sacral Region of Spinal Canal

The conus and medullaris and the filum terminale exposed within the spinal canal.

Side view of the spinal column, with the vertebrae numbered: C1-7, cervical vertebrae; D1-12, dorsal vertebrae; L1-4, lumbar vertebrae; S1, sacrum; Co1-4, coccyx.

Spinal Column

Side view of the spinal column, with the vertebrae numbered: C1-7, cervical vertebrae; D1-12, dorsal…

Side view of spinal column, without sacrum and coccyx. Labels: 1 to 7, cervical vertebrae; 8 to 19, dorsal vertebrae; 20 to 24, lumbar vertebrae; A, A, spinous processes; C, D, transverse processes; E, intervertebral aperture or foramen; a, atlas; 2, axis.

Human Spinal Column

Side view of spinal column, without sacrum and coccyx. Labels: 1 to 7, cervical vertebrae; 8 to 19,…

"Magnified view of transverse section of the spinal cord through the middle of the Lumbad Enlargement: showing, on the right side, the course of the Nerve-roots, and on the left, the position of the principal tracts of Vesicular Matter. A, anterior columns; P, posterior columns; L, lateral columns; a, anterior median fissure; p, posterior median fissure; b, anterior roots of spinal nerves; c, posterior roots; d, tracts of vesicular matter in anterior column; e, tracts of vesicular matter in posterior column; f, spinal canal." — Chambers, 1881

Spinal Cord

"Magnified view of transverse section of the spinal cord through the middle of the Lumbad Enlargement:…

"Diagram of a slice across the spinal cord, showing the roots of a spinal nerve to the arm on the left. The arrows show which way the messages travel. The little circles are the cut ends of fibers extending up and down the cord. Only a few of the thousands of fibers really present are here shown." —Davison, 1910

Section of Spinal Cord

"Diagram of a slice across the spinal cord, showing the roots of a spinal nerve to the arm on the left.…

Transverse sections of spinal cord at different levels.

Transverse Sections of Spinal Cord

Transverse sections of spinal cord at different levels.

Diagram on frozen section, showing relations of bodies and spines of vertebrae to levels at which spinal nerves escape from vertebral canal.

Spine

Diagram on frozen section, showing relations of bodies and spines of vertebrae to levels at which spinal…

The tenth rib has only a single articular facet on its head.

Tenth Rib

The tenth rib has only a single articular facet on its head.

Two thoracic vertebrae seen from behind, i.e., the end turned from the head. Labels: C, the body; A, neural arch; Ps, spinous process; Pas, anterior articular process; Pai, posterior articular process; Pt, transverse process; Ft, facet for articulation with the tubercle of a rib; Fcs, Fci, articular surface on the centrum for articulation with a rib.

Thoracic Vertebrae

Two thoracic vertebrae seen from behind, i.e., the end turned from the head. Labels: C, the body; A,…

Transverse section through the trachea and its immediate surroundings at the level of each of the upper five dorsal vertebrae.

Sections Through Trachea

Transverse section through the trachea and its immediate surroundings at the level of each of the upper…

Frozen section across body at level of twelfth thoracic vertebra.

Section Across Trunk

Frozen section across body at level of twelfth thoracic vertebra.

The eleventh and twelfth ribs have each a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size; they have no neck or tuberosity, and are pointed at the extremity.

Twelfth Rib

The eleventh and twelfth ribs have each a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large…

A vertebra of the spinal column seen from above.

Vertebra

A vertebra of the spinal column seen from above.

A vertebra of the spine seen from the side.

Vertebra

A vertebra of the spine seen from the side.

Cervical vertebrae seen from in the front.

Vertebra

Cervical vertebrae seen from in the front.

A vertebra of the spine.

A Vertebra of the Spine

A vertebra of the spine.

A vertebra of the spine.

A Vertebra of the Spine

A vertebra of the spine.

A vertebra seen from above.

Vertebra Seen From Above

A vertebra seen from above.

The dorsal vertebra seen from behind, i.e. the end turned from the head. Labels: C, the body; A, neural arch; Fv, the neural ring; Ps, spinous process; Pai, posterior articular process; Pt, transverse process; Fci, articular surfaces on the centrum for articulation with a rib.

Dorsal Vertebra

The dorsal vertebra seen from behind, i.e. the end turned from the head. Labels: C, the body; A, neural…

Two dorsal vertebrae viewed from the left side, and in their natural relative positions. Labels: C, the body; A, neural arch; Fv, the neural ring; Ps, spinous process; Pas, anterior articular process; Pai, posterior articular process; Pt, transverse process; Ft, facet for articulation with the tubercle of a rib; Fcs, Fci, articular surfaces on the centrum for articulation with a rib.

Dorsal Vertebra

Two dorsal vertebrae viewed from the left side, and in their natural relative positions. Labels: C,…

A vertebra of the loins; a, a, their bodies, larger and more spongy than those of the others; b,b,b, the superior; c,c,c the inferior articular processes, strong and deep, the superior concave; the inferior convex; d,d,d, the transverse processes, small and long, serving as levers for the attachment of muscles; e,e, the spinous processes, strong, horizontal, and flattened at the sides; f, the spinal foramen.

Vertebra of the Loins

A vertebra of the loins; a, a, their bodies, larger and more spongy than those of the others; b,b,b,…

A section of a human vertebra, showing structure.

Section of Vertebra

A section of a human vertebra, showing structure.

The atlas, the uppermost vertebra of the spinal column. Labels: 1, anterior tubercle; 2, articular face for the dentata; 3, posterior surface of spinal canal; 4, 4, intervertebral notch; 5, transverse process; 6, foramen for vertebral artery; 7, superior oblique process; 8, tubercle for the transverse ligament.

The Atlas Vertebra

The atlas, the uppermost vertebra of the spinal column. Labels: 1, anterior tubercle; 2, articular face…

Two views of vertebra. 24 vertebrae make up the spinal column. On the left figure, <em>a</em> is the body of the bone; <em>b</em> is the hole through the vertebra which forms its part of the canal for the spinal marrow; and <em>c</em> is the spinous process. On the right is a side view of the same vertebra.

Two Views of a Vertebra

Two views of vertebra. 24 vertebrae make up the spinal column. On the left figure, a is the…

The vertebra of the whale. (c) body; (n n ) arches enclosing the spinal cord.

Whale vertebra

The vertebra of the whale. (c) body; (n n ) arches enclosing the spinal cord.

"Section of two lumbar vertebrae, showing ligaments."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Lumbar vertebrae

"Section of two lumbar vertebrae, showing ligaments."—Finley, 1917

The upper two vertebrae of the spinal column, involved in head movement. In performing the rotary motion of turning your head, the skull does not move alone, but it moves together with the first vertebra. The first vertebra in this motion moves on the second around a tooth-like process that stands up from this second vertebra. This tooth works in a smooth notch on the inside of the first vertebra. It is bound very fast in this notch by a strong ligament, so that it may not, in any of the quick motions of the head, be made to press on the delicate spinal marrow which lies against it.

Upper Two Vertebrae

The upper two vertebrae of the spinal column, involved in head movement. In performing the rotary motion…

"Third cervical vertebra of Woodpecker (Picus viridis). (Viewed anteriorly.) Ft, vertebrarterial foramen; Ob, upper arch ; Pa, articular process; Psi, haemal spine ; Pt, Pt, the two bars of the transverse process, shewn on one side ancylosed with the cervical rib (R); Sa articular surface of centrum. (From Wieersheim.) A. H. Evans, 1900

The Diagram of a Third Cervical Vertebra of a Woodpecker

"Third cervical vertebra of Woodpecker (Picus viridis). (Viewed anteriorly.) Ft, vertebrarterial foramen;…