(1423-1483) King of France form 1461-1483 who united most of France under one crown. He also laid the foundations for absolute monarchy in France, patronized the arts and sciences, and founded three universities.

Louis XI of France

(1423-1483) King of France form 1461-1483 who united most of France under one crown. He also laid the…

Crown

Crown

Crown

English regalia

English regalia

English regalia

King with crown

King

King with crown

King and young man watch old lady smash pots

King

King and young man watch old lady smash pots

King holding a white dove

King

King holding a white dove

King holding a silver bell

King

King holding a silver bell

Haughty queen with mace and orb.

Queen

Haughty queen with mace and orb.

King adjusting his glasses.

King

King adjusting his glasses.

King sitting on throne with scepter.

King

King sitting on throne with scepter.

Jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill fell tumbling after.

Jack and Jill

Jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill fell tumbling after.

Cordelia and King Lear.

Cordelia and King Lear

Cordelia and King Lear.

Cordelia and the King of France.

Cordelia and the King of France

Cordelia and the King of France.

Worn by British Royalty.

Crown, British

Worn by British Royalty.

Standing king.

King

Standing king.

A female German Nation Monument holding a crown.

German National Monument on the Niederwald

A female German Nation Monument holding a crown.

A tooth is generally described as possessing a crown, neck, and root. Side view of a tooth.

Human Tooth

A tooth is generally described as possessing a crown, neck, and root. Side view of a tooth.

A tooth is generally described as possessing a crown, neck, and root. Top view of a tooth.; 1. Central Nippers, worn to a plain surface.; 2. next pair still sowing a slight remnant of the cavity.; 3. Corner nippers, showing the mark plainly enough.; 4. Tushes, more worn down that in the lower jaw of the six-year-old mouth.

Human Tooth

A tooth is generally described as possessing a crown, neck, and root. Top view of a tooth.; 1. Central…

Side view of the human skull, showing the main nerves.

The Fifth Nerve

Side view of the human skull, showing the main nerves.

Old King Cole was a merry old soul, and a merry old soul was he.

Old King Cole

Old King Cole was a merry old soul, and a merry old soul was he.

Old King Cole was a merry old soul, and a merry old soul was he.

Old King Cole

Old King Cole was a merry old soul, and a merry old soul was he.

Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown, and Jill came tumbling after.

Jack and Jill

Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown, and Jill…

Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown, and Jill came tumbling after.

Jack and Jill

Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown, and Jill…

Sing a Song of Sixpence. And when the pie was opened, the birds began to sing.

King and Blackbirds

Sing a Song of Sixpence. And when the pie was opened, the birds began to sing.

Sing a Song of Sixpence. The Queen was in the parlour, eating bread and honey.

Queen in the Parlour

Sing a Song of Sixpence. The Queen was in the parlour, eating bread and honey.

"They frequent rocky regions desitute of woods, living on grass in the mild season and on lichens in the winter. They are about one third the size of the common ox, one of them weighing three to four hundred pounds. The horns are broad at the base, and meet and cover hte brow and crown of the head. General color of the hair is brown." — S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Musk Ox

"They frequent rocky regions desitute of woods, living on grass in the mild season and on lichens in…

Chimney Point Landing. This view is taken from the green in front of the inn at Chimney Point, looking west-southwest. The first land seen across the lake is Crown Point, with the remaining barracks and other works of the fortress, and the dwellings and outhouses of Mr. Baker, and a resident farmer. Beyond the point is Bulwaggy Bay, a broad, deep estuary much wider than the lake at Chimney Point. Beyond the bay, and rising from its western shore, is a Bulwaggy mountain, varying in perpendicular height from four to nine hundred feet, and distant from the fort between one and two miles. A little to the right of the larger tree on the shore is the site of Fort St. Frederic, and at the edge of the circle on the left, along the same shore, is the locality of the <em>Grenadiers' Battery.</em> The wharf and bridge in the foreground form the steam-boat and ferry landing at Chimney Point.

Chimney Point

Chimney Point Landing. This view is taken from the green in front of the inn at Chimney Point, looking…

Crown Point.

Crown Point

Crown Point.

Split Rock. Soldiers left from Chimney Point to Crown Point.

Split Rock

Split Rock. Soldiers left from Chimney Point to Crown Point.

Sir Guy Carleton, afterward Lord Dorchester, was Wolfe's quartermaster at the storming of Quebec, and was appointed a major in the British army in 1772. In 1774 he was constituted Captain-general and Governor of Quebec or Canada. He successfully commanded the British at Quebec when attacked by Montgomery in 1775, compelled the Americans to raise the siege in 1776, and drove them out of the province. In October he recaptured Crown Point. He was unjustly superseded in military command by Burgoyne in 1777. He was appointed to succeed Sir Henry Clinton in 1782, and was in command of the British troops when they evacuated New York on the 25th of November, 1783. He died in England at the close of 1808, aged 83 years.

Sir Guy Carleton

Sir Guy Carleton, afterward Lord Dorchester, was Wolfe's quartermaster at the storming of Quebec, and…

Native to Mexico, the galeated curassow has a hard crest on its head.

Galeated curassow

Native to Mexico, the galeated curassow has a hard crest on its head.

"Society of the Cincinnati, member's certificate. This engraving is a fac simile of a certificate, about one fourth the size of the original, which is thirteen inches and a half in breadth, and twenty inches in length. The originals are printed on fine vellum. The plate was engraved in France by J. J. le Veau, from a drawing by Aug. le Belle. I am indebted to the late James G. Wilson, son of Ensign Wilson, named in the certificate, for the use of the orginal in making this copy. The former was engraved on copper; this is engraved on wood. The design represents American liberty as a strong man armed, bearing in one hand the Union flag, and in the other a naked sword. Beneath his feet are British flags, and a broken spear, shield, and chain. Hovering by his side is the eagle, our national emblem, from whose talons the lightning of destruction is flashing upon the British lion. Britannia, with the crown falling from her head, is hastening toward a boat to escape to a fleet, which denotes the departure of British power from our shore. Upon a cloud, on the right, is an angel blowing a trumpet, from which flutters a loose scroll."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Society of the Cincinnati

"Society of the Cincinnati, member's certificate. This engraving is a fac simile of a certificate, about…

"Gold medal awarded by Congress to General Wayne. This is a representation of the medal, the size of the original. On this side is a device repesenting an Indian queen crowned, a quiver on her back, and wearing a short apron of feathers. A mantle hangs from her waist behind, the upper end of which appears as if passed through the girdle of her apron, and hangs gracefully by her side. With her right hand she is presenting a wreath to General Wayne; in her left she is holding up a mural crown toward his head. At her feet, on the left, an alligator is lying. The American shield is resting against the animal. Over the figure is the legend 'Antonio Wayne duci exercitas,' and beneath, 'Comitia Americana,' 'The American Congress to General Anthony Wayne.'"&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Wayne Medal Front

"Gold medal awarded by Congress to General Wayne. This is a representation of the medal, the size of…

"The Nelson Mansion. This view is from the street looking northwest. A long wooden building, with steep roof and dormer windows, a portion of which is seen on the left, is also a relic of the Revolutionary era. It, too, was much damaged by the bombardment. A few feet from the door of Mr. Nelson's dwelling is a fine laurel-tree. On the occasion of La Fayette's visit to Yorktown in 1824, a large concourse of people were assembled; branches were taken from this laurel-tree, woven into a civic crown, and placed upon that of Preserved Fish, who accompanied him, remarked that none in all that company was better entitled to wear the mark of honor than he."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Nelson Mansion

"The Nelson Mansion. This view is from the street looking northwest. A long wooden building, with steep…

"British flag. This is a representation of one of the flags surrendered at Yorktown, and presented to Washington. I made this sketch of the flag itself, then in the Museum at Alexandria, in Virginia. It belonged to the seventh regiment. The size of the flag is six feet long, and five feet four inches wide. The ground is blue; the central stripe of the cross red; the marginal ones white. In the center is a crown, and beneath it a garter with its inscription, 'Honi soit qui mal y pense,' inclosing a full-blown rose. These are neatly embroidered with silk. The fabric of the flag is heavy twilled silk."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

British Flag

"British flag. This is a representation of one of the flags surrendered at Yorktown, and presented to…

"Silver medal awarded to Washington. The following are the device and inscriptions on the front: An officer mounted at the head of a body of cavalry, charging flying troops; Victory is flying over the heads of the Americans, holding a laurel crown in her right hand and a palm branch in her left. Legend: Gulielmo. Washington Legionis Equit. Præfecto Comitia Americana- The American Congress to William Washington commander of a regiment of cavalry."—Lossing, 1851

Washington Medal Front

"Silver medal awarded to Washington. The following are the device and inscriptions on the front: An…

"Woodhull's Grave. Nathaniel Woodhull was born at Mastic, Long Island, December 30, 1722. Agriculture was the chief pursuit of his life. He was a major, under Abercrombie, in the attack upon Crown Point and Ticonderoga, and afterward accompanied Bradstreet against Fort Frontenac. He was a colonel, under Amherst, in 1760, and at the close of the campaign he returned home and married Ruth Floyd. He espoused the popular side in the Stamp Act movements, and, possessing the esteem of the people, he was elected, with William Nicoll, a representative of Suffolk county, in the Colonial Assembly in 1769. He represented Suffolk in the first Provincial Congress in 1775, and was elected president of that body. He was appointed a brigadier of militia in August of that year, and in July, 1776, he was summoned home to embody the militia of Suffolk and Queens, to assist in repelling invasion. He was engaged in this service when he ws made a prisoner, cruelly wounded by a British officer, and died of his injuries three weeks afterward, at New Utrecht. His wife, who was with him in his last moments, conveyed his body to Mastic, and there, in a secluded family cemetary, a short distance from his residence, his remains rest. A marble slab marks his grave, and bears the following inscription: 'In memory of General Nathaniel Woodhull, who, wounded and a prisoner, died on the twentieth of September, 1776, in the fifty-fourth year of his age; regretted by all who knew how to value his many private virtues, and that pure zeal for the rights of his country to which he perished a victim.'"&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Woodhull's Grave

"Woodhull's Grave. Nathaniel Woodhull was born at Mastic, Long Island, December 30, 1722. Agriculture…

"The Death of Caesar. Naturaly such extraordinary success made him enemies, and though the city seemed in the main to be contented with his rule, it was easy for his ill-wishers to play on the passions of the people by pointing out that he had aimed at the complete overthrow of the constitution and the establishment of a tyranny. It was said that he intended to assume the title of king. Several times a crown was publicly offered to him and he refused it; but his refusal was thought to proceed merely from his perception of the displeasure of the people. A plot was formed against him, and the Ides (15th day) of March, 44 B.C., was fixed upon for his assassination. The rumors of the intended murder got abroad and Caesar was warned of the plot, but he took no notice of these warnings. On the appointed day he was surrounded in the Senate by the conspirators and killed. Among the assassins was one of whom Caesar had always regarded as his especial friend. This was Brutus, and it is said that Caesar, when he recognized him among his assailants, ceased to offer resistance, and exclaiming, 'Thou too, Brutus!' allowed himself to be slain."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Caesar's Death

"The Death of Caesar. Naturaly such extraordinary success made him enemies, and though the city seemed…

"Papal Emblems, the rise of the Papal Power."—Colby, 1899

Papal Emblems

"Papal Emblems, the rise of the Papal Power."—Colby, 1899

The German Imperial Crown, from the Middle Ages; now in the Treasury at Vienna.

German Crown

The German Imperial Crown, from the Middle Ages; now in the Treasury at Vienna.

"George III (1760-1815). The first two Hanoverian kings were ignorant of English politics and obliged to rely on their ministers. Moreover, they cared more for Hanover than for England. But George II had English ideas. He was born and educated in England, and he made up his mind that he would rule in the manner of the old kings. He tried to restore the power of the crown at the expense of Parliament. In private morals and social relations he was better than his predecessors, and his character inspired respect. He had the loftiest ideas of royal dignity, and the greater part of his reign was taken up with the struggles with Parliament. But though he had some good qualities, he was narrow-minded, ill-educated, and imprudent. During the first twenty-four years of his reign he managed to estrange his people, check the prosperity of the nation, and lose forever the American colonies. His reign therefore was disastrous. The details of the struggle with the American colonies and the rise of the United States to the foremost rank among nations do not properly fall within the scope of this work. It is sufficient here to state that by the treaty of 1783 England's control over the thirteen colonies was lost forever. During the latter part of the reign of George III he was incapacitated for ruling. He was stricken with insanity, and the government passed into the hands of the prince regent, afterwards George IV. The most interesting side of the reign from the point of view of general history is the relations of England with foreign powers and the part where she played in the wars that arose from the French Revolution."&mdash;Colby, 1899

George III, King of England

"George III (1760-1815). The first two Hanoverian kings were ignorant of English politics and obliged…

"Steel Armet, about A.D. 1450. A, calotte or cap; a, neck-guard riveted to A, and having a prolongation upward toward the crown; B, upper vizor, or umbril, with sight- or eye-hole; C, vizor with opening for breathing; D, aventaile, opening sidewise on hinges; E, rim of the sidewise on hinges; E, rim of the gorgerin (it has a groove between two ridges, which groove recieves the loer edge of the armet proper); F, one of two upright pins upon which the pauldrons are adjusted. The gorgerin is of three pieces, movable upon one another, and all riveted to a leather band beneath."-Whitney, 1902

Steel Armet

"Steel Armet, about A.D. 1450. A, calotte or cap; a, neck-guard riveted to A, and having a prolongation…

"Corona (a crown) in astronomy is a halo or luminous circle round one of the heavenly bodies; specifically the portion of the aureola observed during total eclipses of the sun, which lies outside the chromosphere or region of colored prominences. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Corona of the Sun

"Corona (a crown) in astronomy is a halo or luminous circle round one of the heavenly bodies; specifically…

"The Dragon Fly has a large, broad head, very freely attached to the thorax, and large, convex, prominent eyes, which often meet upon the crown of the head. Some 1,400 species have been described from all parts of the world."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Dragonfly

"The Dragon Fly has a large, broad head, very freely attached to the thorax, and large, convex, prominent…

"The Goosander is a web-footed bird in the duck family. The adult male, which measures 26 inches in length, has the head and upper part of the neck of a rich shining green, the feathers of the crown and back of the head elongated, the back black and gray, the wings black and white, the breast and belly of a delicate reddish-buff color. The bill, legs, and feet are orange-red. the female, which is rather smaller, has the head reddish-brown, with a less decided tuft than the male, and much grayer plumage. The goosander is a native of the Arctic regions, extending into the temperate parts of America, Europe and Asia."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Goosander

"The Goosander is a web-footed bird in the duck family. The adult male, which measures 26 inches in…

"The Goosander is a web-footed bird in the duck family. The adult male, which measures 26 inches in length, has the head and upper part of the neck of a rich shining green, the feathers of the crown and back of the head elongated, the back black and gray, the wings black and white, the breast and belly of a delicate reddish-buff color. The bill, legs, and feet are orange-red. the female, which is rather smaller, has the head reddish-brown, with a less decided tuft than the male, and much grayer plumage. The goosander is a native of the Arctic regions, extending into the temperate parts of America, Europe and Asia."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Goosander

"The Goosander is a web-footed bird in the duck family. The adult male, which measures 26 inches in…

"The Iron Crown was a golden crown, set with precious stones, with which anciently the kings of Italy, and afterward the German emperors were crowned when they assumed the character of kings of Lombardy. It has received the above name from an iron circle, forged, according to a tradition opposed by some and accepted by others, from a nail of the cross of Christ, and introduced into the interior of it."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Iron Crown of Lombardy

"The Iron Crown was a golden crown, set with precious stones, with which anciently the kings of Italy,…

"Atef-crown borne by the deity Khnum."-Whitney, 1902.

Atef Crown

"Atef-crown borne by the deity Khnum."-Whitney, 1902.

"Pasiflora is the passion-flower. Generally climbing herbs or shrubs. Fruit succulent, seeds many. Found chiefly in tropical America. The three stigmas seemed to the devout Roman Catholics of South America to represent nails; one transfixing each hand, and one the feet of the crucified Saviour; the five anthers, His five wounds; the rays of the corona, His crown of thorns, or the halo of glory around His head; the digitate leaves, the hands of those who scourged Him; the tendrils, the scourge itself; while, finally, the 10 parts of the perianth were the 10 apostles&ndash; that is, the 12 wanting Judas who betrayed, and Peter who denied, his Lord."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Passion Flower

"Pasiflora is the passion-flower. Generally climbing herbs or shrubs. Fruit succulent, seeds many. Found…

Quills, a crown, olive branches, and books

Quill doodad

Quills, a crown, olive branches, and books

"Pineapple is a plant of the natural order Bromeliac&aelig;. The flowers rise from the center of the plant, and are in a large conical spike, surmounted by spiny leaves called the crown. The conical spike of flowers ultimately becomes enlarged and juicy, constituting the pineapple, considered one of the finest of fruits. More than 50 varieties have been produced. The plant grows in the S. portion of the United States and in Hawaii. In the islands they sometimes reach the weight of 17 pounds, though the average weight is six. Since 1883 there have been large exports of this fruit from the various islands."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Pineapple

"Pineapple is a plant of the natural order Bromeliacæ. The flowers rise from the center of the…

"A crown, that is, a circular ornament of metal, leaves, or flowers, worn by the ancients round the head or neck, and used as a festive as well as funeral decoration, and as a reward of talent, military or naval prowess, and civil worth." &mdash; Smith, 1873 This image shows a Corona Civica.

Corona

"A crown, that is, a circular ornament of metal, leaves, or flowers, worn by the ancients round the…

"A crown, that is, a circular ornament of metal, leaves, or flowers, worn by the ancients round the head or neck, and used as a festive as well as funeral decoration, and as a reward of talent, military or naval prowess, and civil worth." &mdash; Smith, 1873 This image shows a Corona Triumphalis.

Corona

"A crown, that is, a circular ornament of metal, leaves, or flowers, worn by the ancients round the…

"The Nemian and Isthmian games occurred more frequently than the Olympic and Pythian. They were celebrated once in two years, the Nemian in the valley of Nemea between Phlius and Cleonae, and the Isthmian by the Corinthians, on their isthmus, in honour of Poseidon (Neptune)." &mdash; Smith, 1882

Isthmian crowns

"The Nemian and Isthmian games occurred more frequently than the Olympic and Pythian. They were celebrated…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, T&aelig;nia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as alg&aelig; derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] Portion of tapeworm, natural size, showing the alternating arrangement of the generative pores."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, T&aelig;nia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as alg&aelig; derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] A single segment or proglottis magnified; 1, generating pore; 2, water vessels; 3, dendritic ovary."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, T&aelig;nia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as alg&aelig; derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] Head of t&aelig;nia solium (enlarged)."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, T&aelig;nia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length is from 5 to 15 yards, and its breadth from two lines at the narrowest part to four or five at the other or broader extremity. At the narrow end is the head, which is terminated anteriorly by a central rostellum, surrounded by a crown of small recurved hooks, and behind them four suctorial depressions; then follow an immense number of segments, each full of microscopic ova. The segments are capable of being detached when mature, and reproducing the parasite. There is no mouth; but nutrition appears to take place through the tissues of the animal, as alg&aelig; derive nourishment from the sea water in which they float. The digestive system consists of two tubes or lateral canals, extending from the anterior to the posterior end of the body, and a transverse canal at the summit of each joint. [Pictured] A, ovum with contained embryo, B, Cystericus longicollis."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tapeworm

"The Tapeworm is an intestinal worm, Tænia solium, in form somewhat resembling tape. Its length…

"The Municipal Arms of Rome." &mdash; Young, 1901

Arms of Rome

"The Municipal Arms of Rome." — Young, 1901