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Sand dollar, the name given to a flattened looking sea urchin, very common on sandy shores.

Sand dollar

Sand dollar, the name given to a flattened looking sea urchin, very common on sandy shores.

The pin-tailed grouse is common in Spain, Russia and Northern China.

Pin-Tailed Sand Grouse

The pin-tailed grouse is common in Spain, Russia and Northern China.

Pistil of Sand-Spurrey cut through lengthwise and magnified, (Gray, 1858).

Pistil

Pistil of Sand-Spurrey cut through lengthwise and magnified, (Gray, 1858).

Ovary of Sand-Spurrey, cut across (Gray, 1858).

Ovary

Ovary of Sand-Spurrey, cut across (Gray, 1858).

Pistil and flower of Catchfly cut through lengthwise, (Gray, 1858).

Pistil

Pistil and flower of Catchfly cut through lengthwise, (Gray, 1858).

"The ostrich-minded voter"

Women's Suffrage Cartoon - Head in Sand

"The ostrich-minded voter"

Front of a check for 100 Dollars.

Check

Front of a check for 100 Dollars.

The arms of the brittlestar are more flexible than those of the starfish. They move by lateral movements of the arms, and are much quicker than the typical starfish.

Brittlestar

The arms of the brittlestar are more flexible than those of the starfish. They move by lateral movements…

The spines are removed from most of the surface of this sand dollar.

Sand Dollar

The spines are removed from most of the surface of this sand dollar.

Foraminifera are minute shelled animalcules. They secrete a hard covering or shell made of sand or carbonate of lime. This lagena has a single-chambered shell.

Foraminifera

Foraminifera are minute shelled animalcules. They secrete a hard covering or shell made of sand or carbonate…

Foraminifera are minute shelled animalcules. They secrete a hard covering or shell made of sand or carbonate of lime. This Miliola shows a thread-like pseudopodia protruded from the mouth of the shell.

Foraminifera

Foraminifera are minute shelled animalcules. They secrete a hard covering or shell made of sand or carbonate…

Foraminifera are minute shelled animalcules. They secrete a hard covering or shell made of sand or carbonate of lime. This Discorbina shows the many-chambered shell with the psdeudopodia protruded from the entire surface of the shell by minute apertures.

Foraminifera

Foraminifera are minute shelled animalcules. They secrete a hard covering or shell made of sand or carbonate…

Foraminifera are minute shelled animalcules. They secrete a hard covering or shell made of sand or carbonate of lime. This section of Nodosaria shows the chambers.

Foraminifera

Foraminifera are minute shelled animalcules. They secrete a hard covering or shell made of sand or carbonate…

Foraminifera are minute shelled animalcules. They secrete a hard covering or shell made of sand or carbonate of lime. This is Nodosaria hispida.

Foraminifera

Foraminifera are minute shelled animalcules. They secrete a hard covering or shell made of sand or carbonate…

A steel arch bridge erected in 1874 and costed around one million dollars. Crosses over the Mississippi in St. Louis. Each arch is at least 500 feet in length.

Eads Bridge

A steel arch bridge erected in 1874 and costed around one million dollars. Crosses over the Mississippi…

Fort Beauregard, at Bay Point, on the point opposite Fort Walker, was built of sand and palmetto logs on a sand spit on the extreme southerly end of Hunting Island. The work on the harbor or sea front was what is termed a lunette, and mounted twelve guns. To the right of this lunette was a small salient mounting three guns, and to the left, a small work, or redan, mounting two guns. In the work was a large magazine which, when captured by the Frederal Troops, contained one thousand five hundred rounds of fixed ammunition, and in the wet ditch were large quantities of loose powder, destroyed by the Confederates before they evacuated the fort.

Interior View of Fort Beauregard

Fort Beauregard, at Bay Point, on the point opposite Fort Walker, was built of sand and palmetto logs…

A sea-urchin in the shape of a circle. Has 5 star-like markings on its top-side.

Sand-Dollar

A sea-urchin in the shape of a circle. Has 5 star-like markings on its top-side.

A sea-urchin very similiar to the Sand Dollar, but has 5 "keyholes" through its shell.

Keyhole-Urchin

A sea-urchin very similiar to the Sand Dollar, but has 5 "keyholes" through its shell.

"The Federal siege works on Bogue Island, N. C., erected for the reduction of Fort Macon. Our sketch represents the covering of the working parties while constructing Captain Morris's Parrot-gun siege batteries on Bogue Island. Our correspondent said: 'Colonel White sometimes beguiles his leisure moments by throwing shells promiscuously about the sand spit upon which our works are located, doubtless to ascertain the exact position of the batteries and to annoy the working parties. The proceedings on such occasions are of the serio-comic order. At the word 'drop,' given by the sentinel in the 'rat hole' at the top of the sand hill upon seeing the flash from the gun at the fort, every man makes a bee-line at the double quick for the nearest cover, assuming a position as near the horizontal as possible. This gives comparative immunity from danger, and up to this time nobody has been hurt, except by falling pieces of shells which have exploded overhead.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Bogue Island

"The Federal siege works on Bogue Island, N. C., erected for the reduction of Fort Macon. Our sketch…

"The war on the Red River. Admiral Porter's fleet passing through Colonel Bailey's Dam, above Alexandria, May, 1864. Admiral David D. Porter's official report: 'The water had fallen so low that I had no hope or expectation of getting the vessels out this season, and, as the army had made arrangements to evacuate the country. I saw nothing before me but the destruction of the best party of the Mississippi squadron. There seems to have been an especial Providence looking out for us in providing a man equal to the emergency. Lieutenant Colonel Bailey, Acting Engineer of the Nineteenth Army Corps, proposed a plan of building a series of dams across the rocks at the falls, and raising the water high enough to let the vessels pass over. This proposition looked like madness, and the best engineers ridiculed it, but Colonel Bailey was so sanguine of success that I requested General Banks to have it done, and he entered heartily in the work. Provisions were short and forage was almost out, and the dam was promised to be finished in ten days, or the army would have to leave us. The work was successfully accomplished and the fleet passed over safely. Words are inadequate to express the admiration I feel for the abilities of Lieutenant Colonel Bailey. This is without doubt the greatest engineering feat ever performed. Under the best circumstances, a private company would not have completed this work under one year, and, to an ordinary mind, the whole thing would have appeared an utter impossibility. Leaving out his abilities as an engineer, he ws rendered a great service to the country, having saved to the Union a valuable fleet worth fully two million dollars.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Red River

"The war on the Red River. Admiral Porter's fleet passing through Colonel Bailey's Dam, above Alexandria,…

Gulliver gets a boat ready to sail to England.

Man flipping boat

Gulliver gets a boat ready to sail to England.

A vial, approximately one third full of a dark granular substance, with a cork stopper.

One-third full vial

A vial, approximately one third full of a dark granular substance, with a cork stopper.

The bank swallow (also known as the sand martin) lives in large communities, often of several hundred individuals.

Bank Swallow

The bank swallow (also known as the sand martin) lives in large communities, often of several hundred…

"The funeral cortege, at boston, Mass., of the Sixth Massachusetts soldiers killed at Baltimore. The funeral of the four soldiers of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment who were killed in Baltimore, April 19th, 1861, while en route to Washington, was held at Boston, May 1st. The bodies were received in the city by a military escort under Governor Andrew and Adjutant General Schouler, accompanied by a large concourse of citizens, and were temporarily deposited in the vaults of King's Chapel. The names of these 'first martyrs' were Luther C. Ladd, Addison O. Whitney, Charles A. Taylor and Sumner H. Needham. The Legislature of Maryland, on March 5th, 1862, appropriated seven thousand dollars, to be dispensed, under the direction of the Governor of Massachusetts, for the relief of the families of those who were killed and injured."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Funeral Cortege

"The funeral cortege, at boston, Mass., of the Sixth Massachusetts soldiers killed at Baltimore. The…

The Susquehanna at Monocasy Island. This view is from the left of eastern bank of the Susquehanna, opposite the center of Monocasy Island, looking up the river. Toward the foreground, on the right of the picture, a little beyond the bar-post, is seen a ravine, through which the fugitives who crossed the river in safety made their way. On the left are seen the upper end of Monocasy, and a sand-bar which divides the waters of the river. The distant hills on the left are those which bound the western side of the valley. From the head of Monocasy Island, across the sand-bar, the river is often fordable in summer to the eastern side.

Monocasy Island

The Susquehanna at Monocasy Island. This view is from the left of eastern bank of the Susquehanna, opposite…

Distant view of Compo. This view is from the top of a high hill northeast of the dwelling of Mr. Ebenezer Smith, near Norwalk. Its long sand-bar is seen stretching into the Sound on the right, and over the lowest extemity of the point the shade trees of Fairfield are visible. The water on the left is the mouth of the Saugatuck River, and that in the distance, on the right, is Long Island Sound.

Compo

Distant view of Compo. This view is from the top of a high hill northeast of the dwelling of Mr. Ebenezer…

A sand lizard, sunning itself on a rock.

Sand lizard

A sand lizard, sunning itself on a rock.

The Pine-Tree Shilling. This is a fac-simile of the first money coined in America. The mint-master, who was allowed to take fifteen pence out of every twenty shillings, for his trouble in coining, made a large fortune by it. Henry Sewall, the founder of Newbury, in Massachusetts, married his only daughter, a girl of eighteen years. When the wedding ceremony was ended, a large pair of scales was brought out and suspended. In one disk the blushing bride was placed, and "pine tree shillings," as the coin was called, were poured into the other until there was an equiposie. The money was then handed to Mr. Sewall as his wife's dowry, amounting to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. There are a few pieces of this money still in existence. One which I saw in the possession of a gentleman in New York was not as much worn as many of the Spanish quarters now in circulation among us. The silver appeared to be very pure.

Pine-Tree Shilling

The Pine-Tree Shilling. This is a fac-simile of the first money coined in America. The mint-master,…

"Five or six inches long; it is esteemed for the table, and resembles the common smelt in flavor; found in European waters." — Goodrich, 1859

Sand Smelt

"Five or six inches long; it is esteemed for the table, and resembles the common smelt in flavor; found…

"A tray strewn with dust or sand, used in ancient times for calculating. A contrivance for calculating, consisting of beads or balls strung on wires or rods set in a frame."—Wright, 1902

Abacus

"A tray strewn with dust or sand, used in ancient times for calculating. A contrivance for calculating,…

Continental currency

Continental Currency

Continental currency

"The <em>Panopaea Australis</em> is a large analogous species, found at Port Natal, on the coast of Africa. It buries itself several feet deep i nthe sand. In general form it resembles the long clam, but its siphon projects farther from the shell." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Panopaea australis

"The Panopaea Australis is a large analogous species, found at Port Natal, on the coast of…

"The <em>U. elongata</em> is found in Great Britain, and formerly produced numerous pearly; these were famous even in the time of Julius Caeser. In Ireland and Scotland this species has produced pearly, in modern times, valued at between twenty to four hundred dollars." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Unio elongata

"The U. elongata is found in Great Britain, and formerly produced numerous pearly; these were…

"Long Bodied fossorial aculeate hymenopterous insects, commonly called sand-wasps."-Whitney, 1902

Sand Wasp

"Long Bodied fossorial aculeate hymenopterous insects, commonly called sand-wasps."-Whitney, 1902

"The Common Sand-hopper, <em>Talitrus locusta</em>, which may be met with in thousands upon thousands of European shores, is a well-known example of this family. Although its length is not much more than half an inch, it can leap several inches into the air, and the facility with which it escapes pursuit by burrowing into the soft wet sand is truly wonderful." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Sand-hopper

"The Common Sand-hopper, Talitrus locusta, which may be met with in thousands upon thousands…

"Errantia means <em>wandering</em>, and is applied to numerous species, of which the Lob-worm or Lug-worm, <em>Arenicola piscatorum</em>, is a common example. This animal, much used by fishermen for bait, is nearly a foot long, and is found on sandy parts of the coast, where it bores into the sand left wet by the retiring tide; its head is large and rounded, quite destitute of eyes or tentacula, and furnished with a short, unarmed proboscis. The feet are very small, and confined to the anterior part of the body, while the branchial tufts, which are of considerable size, are placed on each side of the middle segments." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Lob-worm

"Errantia means wandering, and is applied to numerous species, of which the Lob-worm or Lug-worm,…

"The <em>Serpulae</em>, which form irregularly twisted calcareous tubes, often grow together in large masses, generally attached to shells and similar objects; while those genera which, like the <em>Terebella</em>, build their residences of sand and stones, appear to prefer a life of single blessedness." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Serpula contortiplicata

"The Serpulae, which form irregularly twisted calcareous tubes, often grow together in large…

"Distinguished by their habit of forming a tube or case, within which the soft parts of the animal can be retracted. This tube is usually attached to stones or other submarine bodies. It is often composed of carious foreign materials, such as sand, small stones, and the debris of shells, lined internally with a smooth covering of hardened mucus." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Terebella medusa

"Distinguished by their habit of forming a tube or case, within which the soft parts of the animal can…

"Among the British species are the Common Sand-Star, <em>Ophiura texturata</em>." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Sand-star

"Among the British species are the Common Sand-Star, Ophiura texturata." — Goodrich,…

"Turtle is, in zoology, the popular name for any species of the Cheloniid&aelig;. They may be distinguished by their long, compressed, fin-shaped, non-retractile feet, with the toes inclosed in a common skin, from which only one or two claws project. The carapace is broad and much depressed, so that when these animals are on shore, and are turned over on their backs, they cannot regain the natural position. Turtles are marine animals; their pinnate feet and light shell render them excellent swimmers. They sometimes live at a great distance from land, to which they periodically return to deposit their soft-shelled eggs in the sand."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Skeleton of Turtle

"Turtle is, in zoology, the popular name for any species of the Cheloniidæ. They may be distinguished…

"Whelk is a popular name for a number of marine gasteropods, and especially applied to species of Buccinum common on the coasts of Northern seas. The well-known common whelk is often dredged for bait or as food for the poor. It occurs from low water to a depth of about 140 fathoms, and burrows in the sand for bivalves, on which it feeds."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Egg of Common Whelk

"Whelk is a popular name for a number of marine gasteropods, and especially applied to species of Buccinum…

"This is the <em>Aquarium</em>, consisting of a glass tank or fountain, usually of an oblong shape, with straight sides, and of a larger or smaller size, but yet of sufficient dimensions to admit of a floor of sand and stones, with a few water-plants, so that fishes of various kinds may freely move in the water above and below these objects." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Fountain aquarium

"This is the Aquarium, consisting of a glass tank or fountain, usually of an oblong shape,…

"Sand Blast is one of the most wonderful uses of sand, by means of which glass, stone, metals, or any other hard substance may be cut or engraved. If a stream of sharp sand be let fall from a high box (as high as the ceiling of a room) through a tube on to a plate of glass held under it, the sand will cut away little grains of the glass till at length the whole surface will be cut or scratched and it will look like ground glass. If, instead of cutting the glass all over, it is wanted to engrave a pattern or figure on it, the workman has only to cover the parts of the glass which he does not want cut with a stencil plate made of leather, rubber, paper, wax, etc., for the sand will not cut any soft substance. Metals and stones may also be cut by means of the sand blast, which will not only scratch the surface, but will cut it away to any depth."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sand Blast Apparatus

"Sand Blast is one of the most wonderful uses of sand, by means of which glass, stone, metals, or any…

"The Sand Lizard is a common European lizard, about seven inches long, of which the tail is four. Usual color, sandy-brown, with obscure longitudinal bands of a darker hue, line of round black spots on side. The female lays 12 to 14 eggs in the sand, covers them, and leaves them to be hatched by solar heat."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sand Lizard

"The Sand Lizard is a common European lizard, about seven inches long, of which the tail is four. Usual…

"Sandpiper is a popular name for several wading birds."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Fighting Sandpiper

"Sandpiper is a popular name for several wading birds."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asterid&aelig;, a familiar object on the Atlantic coasts. The body is more or less star shaped, and consists of a central portion, or disk, surrounded by five or more lobes, or arms, radiating from the body and containing prolongations of the viscera. The mouth is situated in the center of the lower surface of the body, and the anus is either absent or on the upper surface. Locomotion is effected by means of peculiar tube-like processes, which are protruded from the under surface of the arms. They possess in a high degree the power of reproducing lost members and abound in all seas. [Pictured] Lesser Sand-star (Ophiura albida)"&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lesser Sand-Star Starfish

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the…

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asterid&aelig;, a familiar object on the Atlantic coasts. The body is more or less star shaped, and consists of a central portion, or disk, surrounded by five or more lobes, or arms, radiating from the body and containing prolongations of the viscera. The mouth is situated in the center of the lower surface of the body, and the anus is either absent or on the upper surface. Locomotion is effected by means of peculiar tube-like processes, which are protruded from the under surface of the arms. They possess in a high degree the power of reproducing lost members and abound in all seas. [Pictured]Gibbous Starlet (Asterina gibbosa)"&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lesser Sand-star Starfish

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the…

"An athletic game, in which all the powers of the fighter were called into action. The pancratium was one of the games or gymnastic contests which were exhibited at all the great festivals of Greece; it consisted of boxing and wrestling, and was reckoned to be one of the heavy or hard exercises, on account of the violent exertions it required, and for this reason it was not much practised in the gymnasia. In Homer we find neither the game nor the name of the pancratium mentioned, and as it was not introduced at the Olympic games until Ol. 33, we may presume that the game, though it may have existed long before in a rude state, was not brought to any degree of perfection until a short time before that event. The name of the combatants was Pancratiastae, or Pammachi. They fought naked, and had their bodies anointed and covered with sand, by which they were enabled to take hold of one another. When the contest began, each of the fighters might commence by boxing or by wrestling, accordingly as he thought he should be more successful in the one than in the other. The victory was not decided until one of the parties was killed, or lifted up a finger, thereby declaring that he was unable to continue the contest either from pain or fatigue." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Pancratium

"An athletic game, in which all the powers of the fighter were called into action. The pancratium was…

The front of a French gold coin first issued by Louis IX. in the thirteenth century. It was equal to aout three United States gold dollars.

Chaise

The front of a French gold coin first issued by Louis IX. in the thirteenth century. It was equal to…

The rear of a French gold coin first issued by Louis IX. in the thirteenth century. It was equal to aout three United States gold dollars.

Chaise

The rear of a French gold coin first issued by Louis IX. in the thirteenth century. It was equal to…

A sand-hill crane

Crane

A sand-hill crane

An instrument for measuring time, especially the interval of an hour, by the running of sand out of a glass vessel.

Hour-glass

An instrument for measuring time, especially the interval of an hour, by the running of sand out of…

Coin, stamped metal, and notes used as the medium of commerce.

Money

Coin, stamped metal, and notes used as the medium of commerce.

Also called the sand cricket.

Cricket

Also called the sand cricket.

Crusoe sees a footprint in the sand.

Robinson Crusoe

Crusoe sees a footprint in the sand.

The "Forty-Niners" examining sand in serach of gold.

Forty-Niners

The "Forty-Niners" examining sand in serach of gold.

A grain of sand as it appears under a microscope.

Grain of Sand

A grain of sand as it appears under a microscope.

This illustration shows the creeping subterranean stem of Carex arenaria.

Carex arenaria

This illustration shows the creeping subterranean stem of Carex arenaria.

Dredging, the excavating or scooping out of soil, mud, sand or rock under water by a machine called a dredge. Dredging is used in deepening and widening the beds of rivers, canals, harbors. The forms of modern dredges are very numerous, different conditions requiring different forms.

Dredge

Dredging, the excavating or scooping out of soil, mud, sand or rock under water by a machine called…

A coin of Portugal made in the 16th century weighing 540 grains and worth about $22.50 United States Dollars.

Portugues

A coin of Portugal made in the 16th century weighing 540 grains and worth about $22.50 United States…